



I fllSft 

1HHSI 



uaH 



1M 



HI 

fflnMBMjffilftiB 




t 



ii ■hhh 

llnHI 
-IH mBbW I 



BhHHKHiiIh 



IlilSlI 

gill 















V 

v. 



















0' 






Tji. 









v 



-v^ 



1><£ 






\ v ^ 






\^> 



vV ^ 












- 



^ /- ~^ 



















s 





•w 







MATERIA MEDIOA 



THE USE OF STUDENTS 



JOHN B. BIDDLE, M.D., 

PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA AND GENERAL THERAPEUTICS IN THE JEFFERSON MEDICAL 

COLLEGE, MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETT, FELLOW OF 

THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, ETC., ETC. 



SIXTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED, 



WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. 



\A 



<®&; 



PHILADELPHIA: 

LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, 

1874. 







Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S74, 
BY LIXDSAY & BLAKISTOJs T , 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



HESRY B. ASHMEAD, PRINTER. 



PREFACE 

TO THE SIXTH EDITION 



Although little more than a year has elapsed since the 
publication of the fifth edition of the Materia Medica, the 
author is gratified to find that it has been entirely exhausted. 
He has bestowed unusual care upon the preparation of the 
present edition, having recast and often rewritten the thera- 
peutical articles, and remodelled the chemical descriptions. 
The new method of chemical notation is now so universally 
used, that it has been adopted in this edition. Many new 
articles have been introduced, and the work has been, in every 
respect, revised. 

The illustrations of the book comprise, as in previous edi- 
tions, representations of most of the important indigenous and 
naturalized plants, as well as diagrams of instruments em- 
ployed in the atomization of liquids, in the new operation of 
pneumatic aspiration, and in the transfusion of blood. 

The author has aimed in this, as in previous editions, to pre- 
sent a succinct account of the articles of the Materia Medica, 
in general use in the United States, and discussed in the courses 
of lectures delivered upon the subject, to which he trusts the 
work will be found, as heretofore, to furnish a suitable text- 
book. He takes pleasure in renewing his dedication of it to 
the gentlemen in attendance upon the various medical schools 
of North America. 



Philadelphia, June, 1874. 



CONTENTS 



Remedies — Definition of, 
Division of, 



PARE 

17 
IT 



PART I. 

MECHANICAL REMEDIES. 

General Bloodletting, ..... 

Leeches and Cups, ..... 

Scarifications, ...... 

Setons and Issues, ..... 

Bandages, Frictions, Acupuncture, 
Pneumatic Aspiration, ..... 



IT 
18 
19 
19 
19 
20 



PART II. 

IMPONDERABLE REMEDIES. 



Light, . 
Heat, 
Cold, . 
Electricity, 



PART III. 



PHARMACOLOGICAL REMEDIES, OR MEDICINES. 

Medicines — Definition of, ...... . 

Modus Operandi of, ..... . 

Circumstances which modify the Effects of, 
Forms in which they are used, .... 

Solids, ....... 

Liquids, ....... 

Semi-solids, ....... 

Gases and Vapours, ..... 

Weights and Measures, 

Effects of Age, Sex, Temperament, Idiosyncrasy, Habit 

Disease, &c, upon, ..... 

Parts to which Medicines are applied, . ' . 

To the Skin, 

The Hypodermic method, .... 



22 

22 
23 
24 



26 
.27 
29 
30 
30 
32 
3T 
38 
38 

40 
42 
42 
43 



VI 



CONTENTS. 



To Mucous Membranes, 

At utilization, 

To Serous Membranes, 

To Ulcers, Wounds, Abscesses, &c 

Transfusion of Blood, . 
Classification of Medicines 
Class I. — Neurotics, . 
Order 1. Narcotics, 

Opium, ... 

Chloral, . 

Lactucarium, . 

Belladonna, 

Stramonium, . 

Hyoscyamus, . 

Tabacum (Tobacco), 

Lobelia, ... 

Conium, . . . 

Aconitum (Aconite), 

Cannabis Americana, 

Cannabis Indica, 

Humulus (Hops), 

Dulcamara (Bittersweet), 

Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum (Diluted Hydrocyanic 

Acid), 

Potassii Cyanidum (Cyanide of Potassium) 
Oleum Amygdalae Amarse (Oil of Bitter Almond) 
Camphora (Camphor), 
Physostigma (Calabar Bean), 
Cocculus (Cocculus Indicus) 
"Woorara, 
Order II. Ethereal Anaesthetics, 
.Ether (Ether), 
Chloroformum (Chloroform), 
Rhigolene, 

Bichloride of Methylene, 
Methylic Ether, 
Compounds of Amyl, 
Tetrachloride of Carbon, 
Tetrabromide of Carbon, 
Nitrous Oxide, 
Order III. Antispasmodics, 

Assafoetida (Assafetida), . 
Galbanum, 

Ammoniacum (Ammoniac), 
Valeriana (Valerian), 



CONTENTS. 



Vll 







PAGE 


Acidum Valerianicuui (Valerianic Acid), 


104 


Ammonii Valerianas (Valerianate of Ammonium), 


104 


Cypripedium, ........ 


105 


Scutellaria (Skullcap), . 




105 


Dracontium (Skunk-Cabbage), 




105 


Thea (Tea), .... 




106 


Caffea (Coffee), 




106 


Theobroma (Chocolate), 




106 


Erythroxylon Coca (Coca), 




106 


Paullinia (Guarana), 




107 


Mate, ..... 




107 


Moschus (Musk), 




107 


Castoreum (Castor), 




108 


Oleum Succini Rectificatum (Rectified Oil of Amber), 


109 


Oleum iEthereum (Ethereal Oil), 


109 


Spiritus JEtheris Compositus (Compound Spirit of Ethei 


)i no 


Order IV. Tonics, 


110 


Vegetable tonics, . . ■ . 




112 


Simple Bitters, .... 




112 


Quassia, .... 




112 


Simaruba, .... 




113 


Coptis (Goldthread), 




113 


Gentiana (Gentian), 




114 


Frasera (American Columbo), 




115 


Sabbatia, .... 




115 


Calumba (Columbo), 




116 


Chiretta, .... 




118 


Xanthorriza (Yellow-root), 




118 


Aromatic Bitters, .... 




118 


Serpentaria, .... 




118 


Anthemis (Chamomile), 




120 


Cotula (Mayweed), 




120 


Matricaria (German Chamomile), 




121 


Eupatorium (Thoroughwort), 




121 


Absinthium (Wormwood), 




122 


Magnolia, .... 




122 


Liriodendron (Tulip-Tree Bark), 




123 


Angustura, .... 




123 


Cascarilla, .... 




124 


Canella, .... 




124 


Achillea (Yarrow), 




125 


Astringent Bitters, .... 




125 


Cinchona, .... 




125 


Eucalyptus Globulus, 




134 


Cornus Florida (Dogwood)-, . 




134 



Vlll 



CONTENTS. 



Salix (Willow), .... 
Pnmus Virginiana (Wild-Cherry), 
Nectandra, 

Geum Rivale (Water Avens), 
Spiraea Tomcntosa (Hardhack), 
Prinos Verticillatus (Black Alder), 
Pepsina (Pepsin), .... 
Pancreatinum (Pancreatin), . 

.Mineral Tonics, 

Ferri Prseparata (Preparations of Iron), 
Cupri Praparata (Preparations of Copper), 
Zinci Praeparata (Preparations of Zinc), 
Argenti Prreparata (Preparations of Silver), 
Bismuthi Subnitras (Subnitrate of Bismuth), 
Cadmii Sulphas (Sulphate of Cadmium), 
Cerii Oxalas (Oxalate of Cerium), 
Acida Mineralia (Mineral Acids), 
Order V. Astringents, .... 
Vegetable Astringents, 

Acidum Tannicum (Tannic Acid), 
Acidum Gallicum (Gallic Acid), 
Galla (Nutgall), 

Catechu, 

Kino, 

Krameria (Rhatany), 
Haematoxylon (Logwood), 
Quercus Alba (White Oak), . 
Quercus Tinctoria (Black Oak), 
Geranium, . . 
Uva Ursi, .... 

Chimaphila (Pipsissewa), 
Granati Fructus Cortex (Pomegranate Rind) 
Rosa Gallica (Red Rose), 
Rosa Centifolia (Pale Rose), . 
Diospyros (Persimmon), . 
Tormentilla (Tormentil), 
Rubus (Blackberry), 
Heuchera (Alum-Root), 
Creasotum (Creasote), 
Acidum Carbolicum (Carbolic Acid) 
Sulpho-Carbolic Acid, 
Sulpho-Carbolates, 
Mineral Astringents, 

Plumbi Praparata (Preparations of Lead) 

Alumen (Alum), 

Alumiuii Sulphas (Sulphate of Aluminum) 



CONTENTS. 



IX 



PAGE 

Order VI. Stimulants, . 184 

Diffusible Stimulants, 185 

Alcohol, 185 

Vinum (Wine), 186 

' Spiritus Vini Gallici (Brandy), 187 

Spiritus Frumenti (Whisky), 187 

Spiritus Juniperi (Gin), 187 

Spiritus Myrciae (Spirit of Myrcia), .... 187 

Ammoniae Praeparata (Preparations of Ammonia), . 188 

Arnica, . . . 190 

Phosphorus, 190 

Phosphuret of Zinc, 191 

Aromatics, ........... 191 

Capsicum, . . . . . . . . . 191 

Piper (Black Pepper), 193 

Cinnamomum (Cinnamon), 193 

Myristica (Nutmeg), • . . . . . 194 

Macis (Mace), 194 

Caryophyllus (Cloves), . 195 

Pimenta (Pimento), 196 

Oleum Cajuputi (Cajeput Oil), ..... 196 

Oleum Terebinthinae (Oil of Turpentine), . . . 196 

Zingiber (Ginger), ........ 197 

Cardamomum (Cardamom), ...... 198 

Calamus (Sweet Flag), 199 

Gaultheria, 200 

Aurantii Amari Cortex (Bitter Orange Peel) . . . 201 

Aurantii Dulcis Cortex (Sweet Orange Peel), . . 201 

Those belonging to Nat. Ord. Lamiaceae, . . . 201 

Those belonging to Nat. Ord. Apiaceae, .... 203 

Vanilla, .203 

Order VII. Sedatives, 204 

Digitalis, 204 

Veratrum Viride (American Hellebore), . . . 207 
Veratrum Album (White Hellebore), . . . .208 

Veratria, 208 

Gelsemium (Yellow Jasmine), ..... 209 

Antimonii Praeparata (Preparations of Antimony), . 210 
Potassii Nitras (Nitrate of Potassium), . . . .215 

Sodii Nitras (Nitrate of Sodium), 216 

Refrigerants. 216 

Sodii Boras (Borate of Sodium), ..... 216 
Potassii Citras (Citrate of Potassium), .... 217 
Liquor Ammonii Acetatis (Solution of Acetate of Am- 
monium), 218 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

218 



SpirituB -Etheris Nitrosi (Spirit of Nitrous Ether), 
A cida Vcgetabilia (Vegetable Acids), . 

221 
Order VIII. Spinants, 

Nux Vomica, 221 

chnia, 222 

Strychnia? Sulphas (Sulphate of Strychnia), . . .223 

Ignatia, 

Toxicodendron (Poison Oak), 224 

Ergota (Ergot), 225 

GossypiiRadicis Cortex (Bark of Cotton Root), . . 227 

Class II.— Eccritics, , • • • -228 

Order I. Emetics, 228 

Vegetable Emetics, . . 228 

Ipecacuanha, 229 

Sanguinaria (Bloodroot), 231 

Euphorbia Corollata (Large Flowering Spurge), . . 232 

Euphorbia Ipecacuanha (Ipecacuanha Spurge), . . 232 

Gillenia, 233 

Sinapis (Mustard), 233 

Mineral Emetics, 233 

Order II. Cathartics, 234 

Laxatives, 235 

Tamarindus (Tamarind), 236 

Manna, * . . . • • • • 236 

Cassia Fistula (Purging Cassia), 237 

Oleum Olivse (Olive Oil), 23 ? 

Oleum Amygdalse Expressum (Expressed Oil of Almond), 237 

Oleum Ricini (Castor Oil), 23 8 

Sulphur, 23 9 

Potassii Sulphuretum (Sulphuret of Potassium), . . 240 

Saline Cathartics, 241 

Magnesia, ......... 241 

Magnesii Carbonas (Carbonate of Magnesium), . . 242 
Magnesii Sulphas (Sulphate of Magnesium), . . . 242 
Liquor Magnesii Citratis (Solution of Citrate of Mag- 
nesium), . . 243 

Sodii Sulphas (Sulphate of Sodium), . . . .243 

Manganesii Sulphas (Sulphate of Manganese), . . 244 

Sodii Phosphas (Phosphate of Sodium), . . . 244 

Potassii Sulphas (Sulphate of Potassium), . . .244 
Potassii Bitartras (Bitartrate of Potassium), . . .245 

Potassii Tartras (Tartrate of Potassium), . . . 246 

Potassii et Sodii Tartras (Tartrate of Potassium and 

Sodium), 246 



CONTENTS. 


XI 




PAGE 


Mild Acrid Cathartics, 


. 246 


Rheum (Rhubarb) 


. 246 

% 


Juglans (Butternut), . 


. 249 


Aloe (Aloes), ...... 


. 249 


Leptandra. . . . . 


. 252 


Senna, 


. 252 


Cassia Marilandica (American Senna), . 


. 254 


Sambucus (Elder), 


. 255 


Drastic Cathartics, ...... 


. 255 


Jalapa (Jalap), . 


. 255 


Podophyllum (May Apple), 


. 256 


Scammonium (Scammonr), 


. 258 


Helleborus (Black Hellebore), 


. 259 


Colocynthis (Colocynth), 


. 259 


Gambogia (Gamboge), . 


. 260 


Elaterium, ...... 


. 261 


Oleum Tiglii (Croton Oil), 


. 262 


Mercurial Cathartics, . 


. 263 


Enemata, ........ 


. 264 


Order III. Diaphoretics, . . . 


. 264 


Alterative Diaphoretics, .... 


. 266 


Sarsaparilla, 


. 266 


Aralia Xudicaulis (False Sarsaparilla), . 


. 268 


Guaiaci Lignum et Resina (Guaiacum Wo 


3d and Guaiac), 268 


Mezereum (Mezereon), 


. 269 


Sassafras, . . . . 


. 270 


Stillingia, ..... 


. 270 


Order IY. Diuretics, ..... 


. 271 


Potassii Acetas (Acetate of Potassium), 


. 272 


Sodii Acetas (Acetate of Sodium), 


. 272 


Scilla (Squill), . . . . 


. 273 


Colchicum, ..... 


. 275 


Erigeron (Fleabane), 


. 277 


Apocynum Cannabinum (Indian Hemp), 


. 278 


Taraxacum (Dandelion), . 


. 279 


Juniperus (Juniper), 


. 280 


Carota (Carrot Seed), 


. 280 


Scoparius (Broom), 


. 281 


Cantharis (Cantharides), 


. 282 


Hydrastis Canadensis (Yellow Root), 


. 282 


Delphinium Consolida (Larkspur), 


. 282 


Petroselinum Sativum (Parsley). 


. 282 


Cochlearia Armoracia (Horse-Radish), 


. 283 


Order Y. Blennorrheas, .... 


. 283 


Senega (Seneka), .... 


. 284 



Xll 



CONTENTS. 



urpentine) 



Cimicifuga. 

Allium (Garlic), 

Scilla (Squill), 

Terebinthina (Turpentine), 

Oleum Terebinthina (Oil of T 

Pix Liquida (Tar), . 

Resina (Resin), 

Copaiba, . 

Cubeba (Cubeb), 

Matico, 

Pareira (Pareira Brava 

Buchu, 

Myrrha (Myrrh), 

Benzoinum (Benzoin), 

Acidum Benzoicum (Benzoic Acid), 

Ammonii Benzoas (Benzoate of Ammonium), 

Styrax (Storax), 

Balsamum Peruvianum (Balsam of Peru), 
Balsamum Tolutanum (Balsam of Tolu), 
Order VI. Emmenagogues, 
Sabina (Savine), 
Ruta (Rue), . 
Rubia (Madder), 
Class III. — Haematics, 
Order I. Haematinics, 
Order II. Alteratives, 

Hydrargyri Prreparata (Preparations 

Iodinium (Iodine), . 

Sulphuris Iodidum (Iodide of Sulphur), 

Potassii Iodidum (Iodide of Potassium), 

Ammonii Iodidum (Iodide of Ammonium), 

Sodii Iodidum (Iodide of Sodium), 

Iodoformum (Iodoform), .... 

Brominium (Bromine), .... 

Potassii Bromidum (Bromide of Potassium), 

Ammonii Bromidum (Bromide of Ammonium] 

Bromide of Sodium, . . . 

Bromide of Lithium, .... 

Bromide of Magnesium, .... 

Oleum Morrhua? (Cod-liver Oil), 

Arsenici Pra?parata (Preparations of Arsenic) 

Calcii Phosphas Prajcipitata (Precipitated Phosphate of 

Calcium), 

Calcii Hypophosphis (Hypophosphite of Calcium), 
Potassii Hypophosphis (Hypophosphite of Potassium), . 



s of Mercury) 



337 

337 
337 



CONTENTS. Xlll 

PAGE 

Sodii Hypophosphis (Hypophosphite of Sodium), . . 338 

Ammonii Chloriduru (Chloride of Ammonium), . . 338 

Ammonii Phosphas (Phosphate of Ammonium), . . 339 

Potassii Chloras (Chlorate of Potassium), . . . 340 

Potassii Bichromas (Bichromate of Potassium), . . 341 

Potassii Permanganas (Permanganate of Potassium), . 342 

Aqua Chlorinii (Chlorine Water), 343 

Calx Chlorinata (Chlorinated Lime), ... . . 343 

Liquor Sodas Chlorinatas (Solution of Chlorinated Soda), 344 

Peroxide of Hydrogen, ....... 344 

Order III. Antacids,* 345 

Potassii Praeparata (Preparations of Potassium), . . 347 

Sodii Prasparata (Preparations of Sodium), . . . 349 

Lithii Praeparata (Preparations of Lithium), . . . 352 

Ammonii Prasparata (Preparations of Ammonium), . 353 

Magnesii Prasparata (Preparations of Magnesium), . . 353 

Calcii Prasparata (Preparations of Calcium), . . . 353 

Class IV. — Topical Medicines, 355 

Order I. Irritants, 355 

Rubefacients, . . . . . . . . . . 356 

Sinapis (Mustard), 357 

Capsicum, ......... 359 

Oleum Terebinthinae (Oil of Turpentine), . . . 359 

Linimentum Ammonias (Liniment of Ammonia), . . 359 

Pix Burgundica (Burgundy Pitch), .... 359 

Pix Canadensis (Canada Pitch), 361 

Epispastics, 361 

Cantharis (Cantbarides), . . . . . 363 

Cantharis Vittata (Potato Flies) 367 

Aqua Ammonias (Water of Ammonia), .... 367 

Suppurants, .......... 367 

Oleum Tiglii (Croton Oil), 367 

Unguentum Antimonii (Antimonial Ointment), . . 368 

Escharotics, .......... 368 

Argent! Nitras Fusa (Fused Nitrate of Silver), . . 369 

Potassa, 369 

Potassa cum Calce (Potassa with Lime), . . . 370 

Soda, 370 

Acidum Chromicum (Chromic Acid), .... 371 
Acidum Arseniosum (Arsenious Acid), .... 371 
Zinci Chloridum (Chloride of Zinc), . . .371 
Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis (Solution of Nitrate of Mer- 
cury), 372 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum (Corrosive Chloride of 

Mercury), ......... 372 



XIV 



CONTENTS. 



Potassii Bicbromaa (Bichromate of Potassium 
Acida Mineralia (Mineral Acids 
Order II. Demulcents, • ■ 

Aqua (Water), 
Acacia (Gum Arabic), 

_ Hiintlia (Tragacanth), 
Linum (Flaxseed), . 
Ulmus (Slippery-Elm Bark), . 
Sassafras Medulla (Sassafras Pith), 
Althaea (Marshmallow), . 
Sesamum (Benne), . 
Cydonium (Quince Seed), 
Glycyrrhiza (Liquorice Root), 
Extractum Glycyrrhiza? (Liquorice 
Cetraria (Iceland Moss), 
Chondrus (Irish Moss), . 
Amylum (Starch), . 
Maranta (Arrow-root), 
Canna, ..... 

Tapioca, 

Sago. 

Hordeum (Barley), . 
Arena? Farina (Oatmeal), 
Oryza (Rice), .... 
Zea Mays. .... 

Salep, 

Gelatina (Gelatin), . 
Ichthyocolla (Isinglass), . 
Adeps (Lard), .... 
Sevum (Suet), .... 
Cetaceum (Spermaceti), . 
Cera (Wax), .... 
Oleum Theobromse (Oil of Theobroma 
Glycerina (Glycerin), 
Pyroxylon, .... 
Collodium (Collodion), . 
Liquor Gutta-Perchse (Solution of 
Fermentum (Yeast), 
Saccharum (Sugar), 
Mel (Honey), .... 
Saccharum Lactis (Sugar of Milk) 
Carbo Ligni (Charcoal), . 
Order III. Colouring Agents, . 
Crocus (Saffron), 
Santalum (Red Saunders), 
Coccus (Cochineal), 



Gutta 



Perc 



ha) 



CONTENTS. XV 

PAGE 

Order IV. Anthelmintics, 398 

Spigelia, 398 

Chenopodium (Wormseed), ...... 400 

Santonica, 402 

Azedarach, 403 

Mucuna (Cowhage) ........ 403 

Filix Mas (Male Fern), 403 

Granati Radicis Cortex (Bark of Pomegranate Root), . 404 

Oleum Terebinthinae (Oil of Turpentine), . . . 404 

Calomel, 404 

Brayera (Koosso), 404 

Rottlera (Kameela), . . . . . . . 405 

Pepo (Pumpkin Seed), ....... 405 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



The agents employed in the treatment of diseases are de- 
nominated Remedies, and the branch of medicine which is 
devoted to their consideration is termed Materia Medica. 
Remedies may be divided into Hygienic, Mechanical, Impon- 
derable, and Pharmacological agents. 

Hygienic Remedies are usually treated of in works spe- 
cially devoted to the subject. 



PART I. 

MECHANICAL REMEDIES. 

Mechanical Remedies belong chiefly to Surgery. A few 
agents of this class are, however, employed in the practice of 
medicine, and are included in the Materia Medica. They are 
bloodletting (general and local), setons, issues, bandages, friction, 
acupuncture, and aspiration. 

1. General Bloodletting is performed principally by 
venesection or phlebotomy, which is usually practised on the 
median-cephalic or basilic veins of the arm — sometimes also 
on the external jugular and other veins. Arteriotomy is occa- 
sionally resorted to, on the temporal artery, in cerebral affec- 
tions. 

2 



18 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Bloodletting is employed, to moderate vascular excitement, 
reduce inflammatory action, relieve congestion, allay spasm 
and pain, relax the muscular system, promote absorption, and 
arrest hemorrhage ; and for these purposes it has long been con- 
sidered a valuable therapeutical resource. So powerful and 
exhausting an agent is, however, always to be resorted to with 
caution and discrimination ; is not to be unduly repeated, even 
in inflammatory cases; and is seldom or never proper in dis- 
eases of a typhoid tendency, or where a tubercular diathesis is 
suspected, or in extreme infancy and old age. 

2. The Local Abstraction of Blood is practised by 
means of leeches, cups, and scarification. The leech (hirudo) 
is an annulated aquatic worm, with a flattened body, tapering 
towards each end and terminating in circular flattened disks, 
which is found throughout Europe, America, and India. 
The European leech (h. medicinalis, termed also sanguisuga 
officinalis), is of a blackish or grayish-green colour on the 
back, from two to three or four inches in length, and is 
characterized by six longitudinal dorsal ferruginous stripes, the 
four lateral ones being interrupted or tesselated with black 
spots. The American leech (h. decora), is usually from two to 
three inches long, and is of a deep green colour, with three 
longitudinal dorsal rows of square spots. Both the imported 
and indigenous leech are employed in this country, but the 
latter makes a smaller incision, and is preferable in infantile 
cases. When the discharge of blood from leech-bites is ex- 
cessive, it may be arrested by pressure, by compresses of lint, 
the application of alum, creasote, solution of subsulphate of 
iron, and other styptics, by cauterizing the wounds with nitrate 
of silver or a red-hot probe; and, if these means fail, the 
wounds may be sewed. 

In the operation of cupping, cupping-glasses and a scarifi- 
cator are employed. The removal of atmospheric pressure, 
by the application of glasses partially exhausted of air, pro- 
duces a determination of blood to the capillaries of a part, and 
it is afterwards readily drawn by scarification. When blood is 



MECHANICAL REMEDIES. 19 

not abstracted, the operation is termed dry cupping, and is a 
valuable revulsive agent. The topical abstraction of blood by 
leeches and cut cups combines the advantages of depletion and 
revulsion. Leeches are employed in external inflammations, 
in situations where cups are inadmissible, and in infantile cases. 
Cups are generally preferable in internal inflammations, from 
their more decided revulsive influence. When blood is drawn 
by leeches, its continued flow may be promoted by the applica- 
tion of warm fomentations to the wounds. 

Scarifications are slight incisions made in inflamed parts, to 
relieve the engorged capillary vessels ; they are often employed 
with benefit in inflammations of the conjunctiva and of the 
tonsils. 

3. Setons {Setaced) and Issues (Fonticuli), are employed 
when a permanent counter-irritant effect is desired. A seton 
is established by passing through the integument a seton-needle, 
armed with a skein of silk, or, a piece of tape or a strip of 
sheet-lead may be used for the purpose. An issue is made with 
a cauterant, usually potassa ; and after the slough has sepa- 
rated, a discharge is maintained by the introduction of an issue- 
pea, for which purpose a common dried pea is used, or a dried 
unripe Curacoa orange, or a small round ball, made of Floren- 
tine orris-root. 

4. Bandages are employed, in the practice of medicine, to 
promote the absorption of dropsical effusions. For the same 
purpose, strips of adhesive plaster may be applied to the chest, 
in chronic pleurisy and empyema, in the manner in which they 
are employed in the treatment of fractured ribs. 

5. Frictions are useful as revellents, and as local stimu- 
lants. They may be employed either with the dry hand, or 
with horse-hair gloves, or with liniments. 

6. Acupuncture consists in the introduction into the body 
of fine, well-polished, sharp-pointed needles. It is a useful 



20 MATERIA MEDICA. 

remedy in rheumatism, neuralgia, local paralysis, &c., and is 
sometimes conjoined with electricity, when the operation is 
known as Electro-puncture. 

7. Pneumatic Aspiration is the employment of an instru- 
ment termed an Aspirator (invented by Dieulafoy), for the 
removal by suction of pathological fluids. 

The Aspirator consists of — 

1. A Glass Bottle or Reservoir, A, mounted with a two-way 

stop-cock, B, and having an opening at the bottom for 
the insertion of the tube, C. 

2. An exhausting syringe, D, with elastic connecting tube, H. 

3. A tubular needle, E, to be attached to the reservoir by 

an india-rubber tube, F. 
A syringe and stop-cock for injecting astringents or other 
fluids is supplied if desired. The stop-cock is in such cases 
fixed to the tube F at its juncture with stop-cock B. Thus the 
tube can be detached from the aspirator without any chance 
of air entering the morbid cavity. 

Directions for Use. — Adjust the aspirator as figured in the 
diagram with the stop-cock B turned vertically, that is, open 
to the bottle; close the stop-cock in the tube C, and form a 
vacuum by a few upward and downward movements of the 
piston of the exhausting syringe D. 

Insert one of the needles beyond the two eyes, attach tube 
F to it, turn the stop-cock B towards the needle, namely, 
horizontally, and continue the insertion of the needle until 
fluid is seen to flow through the short glass tube G into the 
reservoir. 

To empty the latter turn stop-cock B vertically, detach the 
syringe tube, and open the stop-cock in tube C. 

The presence of fluid having been established by the use of 
one of the fine needles, it is recommended for more quickly 
emptying the cavity to use one of the larger needles or trocars. 

The introduction of the needle into the tissues requires some 
precautions. In place of endeavoring to penetrate by pressure 
as with an ordinary trocar, it is preferable to combine pressure 



MECHANICAL REMEDIES. 



21 




2 



00 MATERIA MEDICA. 

with rotation, by taking the needle in the forefinger and thumb, 
and lolling it between them. Such a manoeuvre is rendered 
»ary by the extreme fineness of the needle, which would 
be liable to bend or twist if driven in by direct pressure. 
Before using a needle it is well to be assured of its permeability. 
Aspiration has been employed with safety and success in 
the removal of intrathoracic effusions (as in chronic pleurisy, 
empyema, and pericarditis), of the fluid of hydrocephalus, 
ascites, cysts and abscesses of the liver, of the urine in reten- 
tion, and of poisonous liquids from the stomach. It is also 
applicable to the diagnosis and treatment of morbid fluids, and 
to the arrest of internal hemorrhage. 



PART II. 
IMPONDERABLE REMEDIES. 

Under this head are included Light, Heat, Cold, and Elec- 
tricity. 

1. Light (Lux), exercises an important influence in the 
organized world as a vivifying stimulus. It is useful as a 
therapeutic agent, in diseases dependent on imperfect nutrition 
and sanguification; and the exposure of the surface of the 
body to its action, as far as nudity is compatible with proper 
warmth, promotes the regular development and strength of the 
organs. On the other hand, in many diseases the action of 
light is injurious, and darkness is resorted to as a sedative and 
tranquilizing agent. 

2. Heat (Oalor), applied to the human system in moderate 
amount, acts, both locally and generally, as a stimulant; in 
intense degree, it destroys vitality and organization. It is 
employed as a local excitant and revulsive, by means of hot 
bottles, hot bricks, the hot foot-bath, &c, and as an applica- 
tion to painful and inflamed parts in the form of elastic bags 
containing hot water, and of poultices and fomentations. As 



IMPONDERABLE REMEDIES. 23 

a general application, heat is chiefly resorted to in the form 
of the water-bath and vapour-bath. The warm bath, at a 
temperature from 92° to 98° F., is used as a relaxant in dis- 
locations, herniae, spasm, infantile convulsions, croup, &c, 
and also for its action on the skin in rheumatic and chronic 
cutaneous affections. The hot bath has a temperature of from 
98° to 112°, and is a powerful excitant in cases of exhaustion, 
asphyxia, or suffocation, and is employed also in old paralytic 
and rheumatic cases. The hot air-bath, at a temperature of 
from 98° to 130°, is useful as an excitant, diaphoretic, and 
revellent, and is employed in cases of internal congestion, to 
produce vicarious action from the skin, where the secretion 
from other organs, as the kidneys, is suspended, and in rheu- 
matic, neuralgic, and cutaneous affections. The hot vapour-bath, 
is adapted to the same class of cases as the hot air-bath, and 
exerts a more marked diaphoretic and relaxing influence. 

The destructive agency of heat is resorted to for the purpose 
of vesication, as by the application to the skin of a metallic 
plate heated to 212° by immersion in boiling water ; and of 
cauterization, by the employment of red-hot iron, or of moxa. 
Hot iron (known as the actual cautery), is used chiefly as a 
styptic. The term moxa is applied to small masses of com- 
bustible matter (as cottonwool), which are burnt slowly in 
contact with the skin, with a view to a revulsive effect in 
deep-seated inflammations, nervous affections, &c. 

3. Cold (Frigus). — The application of cold to living bodies 
produces a reduction of the temperature and volume of the 
part, with contraction of the bloodvessels and other tissues, and 
suspension of the secretions and exhalations. The application 
of excessive or prolonged cold is followed by the torpor and 
death of the part. When it is applied in moderation and for 
a short period, reaction generally takes place, with a return 
and even increase of temperature, volume, colour, and sen- 
sibility. 

Cold is employed therapeutically, with a view to both its 
primary and secondary effects. The primary action of cold is> 



2 J MATERIA MEDICA. 

iim id, 1. To lessen vascular and nervous excitement, and preter- 
natural heat, as by the use of cold lotions and spongings in 
fevers, the ice-cap in cerebral affections, the shower-bath in 
insanity, the bladder filled with ice to the spine in epilepsy, the 
ether spray to the spine in chorea, &c. 2. To constringe the 
tissues, promote the coagulation of the blood, and lessen the 
volume of parts; hence the local application of ice or cold 
water to abate inflammation, check hemorrhage, cure aneurism, 
and reduce strangulated hernia. 3. To produce local anaesthesia 
in surgical operations, by means of a freezing mixture topically 
applied. 

The secondary effects of cold are obtained by the employ- 
ment of a less intense degree of cold. They are resorted to, 
1. To invigorate the system, as with the cold shower-bath, and 
plunge-bathe 2. To rouse the system, as by cold affusions in 
coma, asphyxia, syncope, and the narcotism from opium, chloro- 
form, hydrocyanic acid, alcohol, &c. 3. In spasmodic diseases, 
as laryngismus stridulus, chorea, &c. 4. To recall the vital 
properties to frost-bitten parts. 5. To effect local excitation, 
as by the application of the cold douche to rheumatic and 
paralyzed limbs. 

The cold bath, or packing in a cold wet sheet, is employed 
in sun-stroke, and in fevers, where the temperature of the body 
is very high, as scarlet fever. 

The icebag is sometimes applied along the spine in convul- 
sive diseases, as epilepsy, tetanus, and infantile convulsions, 
and even in diseases of the secreting organs. 

Cold liquids and ice are taken into the stomach as refri^e- 
rants in fevers. They are introduced into the rectum and 
vagina, to check hemorrhage and allay irritation ; and cold 
water, injected into the impregnated uterus, is among the most 
certain means of inducing premature delivery. 

4. Electricity (JElectricitas).— The electric current acts as 
an excitant to the nerves both of sensation and motion. It 
influences to some extent, also, the secretions, through its action 
On the nerves distributed to the secreting organs; it may 



IMPONDERABLE REMEDIES. 25 

promote the function of absorption, through an effect on the 
absorbents ; and it affects the circulation by inducing contrac- 
tions of the heart. A powerful charge of electricity produces 
violent and frequently fatal effects on the central nervous 
system. 

For medicinal purposes, electricity is obtained from three 
sources : 

1. Friction or static electricity. 

2. Galvanic electricity. 

3. Faradic, induced, magnetic, or voltao-magnetic 
electricity. 

Friction electricity may be applied in three modes. 1. By 
the electric bath, when the patient, placed upon an insulated 
stool, and connected with the prime conductor of an electrical 
machine, is charged with electricity. 2. By a spark to a par- 
ticular part. Or, 3, a shock through a charged Leyden jar 
may be directed through the part which it is desired to affect. 

Galvanism is that form of electricity which is developed by 
chemical decomposition, and is known as the continuous, Voltaic, 
or battery current. It is characterized by relatively low in- 
tensity of action, but it is developed in considerable quantity, 
and produces chemical and thermic results, that are not reached 
by the friction electricity. 

Faradization, Faradism, induced or magneto-electric 
electricity, is applied by means of electro-magnetic machines. It 
is inferior in chemicarand thermal influence to galvanism, but 
it produces more marked contraction of muscles and a more 
powerful action on the nerves both of sensation and motion. 

Electricity is employed in medicine both for diagnostic and 
therapeutic uses. Thus, in the diagnosis of spinal paralysis : 
when a muscle is merely separated from the influence of the 
spinal cord, by destruction of its nerve, or by destructive 
disease of the cord at the origin of its nerve, it loses its electric 
irritability to all forms of electric irritation ; in cerebral pa- 
ralysis, on the other hand, there is no diminution in the con- 
tractility of the paralyzed muscle to the electric current, and 
there may be even an increase. In malingering, real may be 



26 MATERIA MEDICA. 

distinguished from feigned paralysis, as, after railway acci- 
dents, faradization, by showing a marked difference in the con- 
tractility of the two sides, establishes the fact of an actual 
morbid condition. In recent hysterical paralysis, the contrac- 
tility of the muscles is unimpaired. 

Therapeutically, electricity may be employed, either to 
arouse or increase the action of a nerve or muscle, as in pa- 
ra 1\ -is of sensation or of motion, or to reduce or even tempo- 
rarily abolish this action, as in pain, neuralgia, and spasm, 
cither tonic or clonic. It is chiefly useful in cases of local or 
functional paralysis, which are independent of lesion of the ner- 
vous centres, or in lead palsy, after the elimination of lead from 
the system. In anaemic and hysterical paralysis, as hysterical 
aphonia, static electricity is often very useful. 

Electricity has been prescribed also as an emmenagogue, to 
produce contraction of the uterus in post-partum hemorrhage, 
to overcome constipation, to promote the biliary secretion, and 
to heal ulcers. It has been also resorted to with success to 
induce the absorption of tumours and indurations. In the 
form of electro-magnetism, it is a powerful excitant in the 
coma resulting from narcotic poisons, and in asphyxia generally, 
and is probably the most active remedy that can be exhibited 
in these cases. 



PART III. 

PHARMACOLOGICAL REMEDIES. 

Pharmacological Remedies, or Medicines, are substances, 
not essentially alimentary, which, when applied to the body, so 
alter or modify its vital functions, as to be rendered applicable 
to the treatment of diseases. 

The designation, Materia Medica, or Pharmacology, is 
strictly speaking limited to the consideration of medicines. 
The application of medicines to the treatment of diseases is 
termed Therapeutics. Pharmacy is the department of Ma- 



MODUS OPERANDI OF MEDICINES. 27 

teria Medica which treats of the collection, preparation, pre- 
servation, and dispensation of medicines. 

To the student of medicine, the objects of examination in 
relation to medicines are, — the sources from which they are 
derived ; the mode in which they are prepared and brought to 
market; their sensible qualities, and also their chemical com- 
position and relations ; their physiological effects, or the effects 
which they are capable of producing in healthy individuals ; 
their therapeutical effects, or those which they produce in morbid 
states of the system ; and, lastly, the doses, modes of adminis- 
tration, and preparations (extemporaneous and officinal), under 
which they are administered. 

To facilitate a uniform nomenclature and dispensation of 
medicines, authoritative works have been issued in different 
countries, termed Pharmacopoeias. The Pharmacopoeia of the 
United States was first promulgated by the authority of a con- 
vention held at Washington, in 1820, and it has been since re- 
vised decenniallv. It furnishes a list of articles which are in 
general use, sets forth the weights and measures which are em- 
ployed in dispensing and preparing them, and supplies formulae 
for such preparations as should be kept in the shops, and which 
are thence termed officinal, from the Latin word officina, a shop. 
It is divided into three portions : a primary list of the materia 
medica, containing articles of assured reputation, a secondary 
list of articles of less importance, and a division of prepa- 
rations. 

The effects of medicines take place either in the parts to 
which they are applied, or in distant parts of the system. 
The former are termed local or topical effects; the latter, 
remote or constitutional effects. 

MODUS OPERANDI OF MEDICINES. 

The medium through which the influence of medicines is ex- 
erted on remote parts of the body, or their modus operandi (as 
it is usually termed), was long a contested point. Until within 
a comparatively recent period, it was maintained that the im- 



28 MATERIA MEDICA. 

pressions of medicines and poisons were transmitted from the 
parts receiving them to distant parts, by means of a communi- 
cation through the nerves. But it is now generally admitted, 
that the absorption or passage of the medicinal or poisonous 
molecules into the blood is necessary to their action on parts 
remote from the seat of impression. 

While, however, it is well established, that the characteristic 
action of medicines is transmitted to the parts influenced, ex- 
clusively through the medium of the circulation, it is undeni- 
able that the functions of the nervous system may be second- 
arily excited by a local medicinal impression. The number of 
agents which operate in this manner is, however, very limited. 

The action of medicines by absorption is proved by a variety 
of facts. 

They are detected in many parts of the system remote from 
that to which they have been applied, having been found in the 
blood, the solids, and the excretions, after being taken into the 
stomach. If the circulation be interrupted, the influence of a 
poison cannot be transmitted ; while its effects have been ob- 
tained, when applied to a wound in the foot of an animal, after 
all parts of the extremity have been severed, except the artery 
and vein. In confirmation of the doctrine of absorption may 
be cited also the admitted facts, that the remote effects of 
medicines or poisons are promoted or retarded by circum- 
stances which promote or retard absorption ; that the blood of 
poisoned animals is found to possess poisonous properties ; that 
the fluids and solids acquire medicinal properties after the use 
of medicines (as the milk of nurses) ; that the specific effects of 
medicines are produced by their injection into the blood ; and 
that medicines disappear from closed cavities into which they 
are introduced. 

After their absorption into the blood, medicines circulate 
with it, penetrate through the capillaries to the various organs, 
and are afterwards thrown out of the system with the excre- 
tions. Some medicines produce changes in the condition of the 
circulating fluid. Others have a specific action upon some one 
or other of the organs of the body. And in passing out of the 



CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MODIFY THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES. 29 

system, most medicines act as excitants of the organs by which 
they are thrown out. 

The absorption of medicines is effected principally by the 
veins, and in some degree also by the lymphatics and lacteals. 
The medicinal particles penetrate or soak through the inter- 
stices of the tissue with which they are placed in contact, and 
are thence diffused through the circulation. To a limited extent, 
medicinal substances probably penetrate all the tissues of the 
part to which they are applied, and in this way the activity of 
medicines is most decided upon the organs contiguous to the 
seat of application. 

The absorption of insoluble substances cannot take place 
until they are previously rendered soluble. In the stomach, 
this is accomplished partly by the agency of the acids of diges- 
tion, and partly by the albuminoid constituents of the gastric 
fluid. Some substances are dissolved by the alkaline liquids 
of the small intestine. 

It is objected to the theory of the operation of medicines by 
absorption, that certain poisons act with a rapidity incompati- 
ble with their previous introduction into the circulation. This 
is, however, not the fact, as the action of the most violent 
poisons (hydrocyanic acid, for example), is never wholly instan- 
taneous ; and careful experiments have shown that the velocity 
of the circulation is sufficient to diffuse a poison through the 
blood in a shorter space of time than its effects are ever observed 
on the system. 



CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MODIFY THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES. 

The circumstances which modify the effects of medicines 
relate both to the medicines and to the human system. 

1. The properties of medicines are modified by the soil in 
which they grow, by climate, cultivation, age, and the season 
of the year at which they are gathered. 

2. Medicines are more active, because more readily absorbed, 
in a state of solution than in a solid state. 



30 MATERIA MEDICA. 

3. Soluble medicines are often rendered inert by a chemical 
reaction which converts them into insolubles ; in this way anti- 
dotes modify the effects of poisons. 

4. Differences in dose greatly modify the effects of medicines. 

5. Pharmaceutical modifications have an important influence 
on the efficacy of medicines. They may be exhibited in the 
solid, semi-solid, liquid, and aeriform states : 

In the solid state they are administered in the shape of pow- 
ders, pills, lozenges, confections, and papers. 

In the liquid state, they are administered in the shape of 
mixtures, solutions, medicated waters, infusions, decoctions, 
tinctures, spirits, wines, juices, vinegars, honeys, syrups, and 
glycerites. 

In the semi-solid, or soft state, they are employed internally, 
in the form of suppositories, and externally, in that of lini- 
ments, ointments, cerates, plasters, and cataplasms. 

In the form of gases and vapours, medicines are used for 
purposes of inhalation. 



SOLIDS. 

Powders (Pulveres). The form of powder is usually se- 
lected for the administration of medicines, which are not very 
bulky, nor of very disagreeable taste, which have no corrosive 
property, and which do not deliquesce rapidly on exposure. 
Deliquescent substances, and such as contain a large proportion 
of fixed or volatile oil, should always be recently pulverized, as 
they deteriorate when kept. Most substances, employed in the 
form of powder, are usually pulverized on a large scale. For 
the purpose of pulverizing drugs in small quantity, the physi- 
cian makes use of a pestle and mortar, of iron, brass, glass, 
Wedgewood-ware, or marble, the finer particles being afterwards 
separated from the coarser, by a sieve. In some cases, a stone 
slab and muller are used. Some powders are obtained by pre- 
cipitation; and the finer particles of a powder are often sepa- 
rated from the coarser, by a process termed elutriation, in 



FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES ARE USED. 31 

which the powder is diffused through water, the heavier por- 
tions being first allowed to subside, and, the liquid being poured 
off, the finer particles settle separately. 

Salts of difficult pulverization are often granulated, by 
making a hot saturated solution of the salt, filtering and stirring 
the filtered liquid, until cool. Of late years, granulated effer- 
vescing salts have been used in imitation of the waters of min- 
eral springs, the effervescence being produced by the addition 
of carbonate of sodium and tartaric or citric acid. 

The lighter powders may be administered in water or other 
thin liquid. The heavier powders require a more consistent 
vehicle, as syrup, treacle, or honey. 

Pills (JPilulce), are small globular masses, of a semi-solid 
consistence, and of a size that can be conveniently swallowed. 

The form of pill is suitable for the exhibition of medicines 
which are not bulky, and are of disagreeable taste or smell, 
or insoluble in water. Deliquescent substances should not be 
made into pills, and those, which are efflorescent, should be pre- 
viously deprived of their water of crystallization. 

Some substances are readily made into pills, with the addi- 
tion of a little water or spirit. Very soft or liquid substances 
require the addition of some dry inert powder, as bread-crumb, 
or powdered gum Arabic, to reduce them to a proper consist- 
ence. Wax is a good excipient for oils. 

Heavy powders are mixed with some soft solid, as confection 
of rose, plasma, manna, &c, or with a tenacious liquid, as 
treacle or syrup. When the pilular mass is properly prepared, 
it is rolled with a spatula into a cylinder of uniform thickness, 
and is then divided into the required number of pills, with the 
hand, or, more accurately, with a pill-tile, or with a pill-machine. 
The pills are rolled into spherical form between the fingers ; 
and, to prevent adhesion, are dusted with some dry powder, as 
powdered liquorice-root, orris-root, starch, or carbonate of mag- 
nesium. They should not weigh above six grains ; a large pill 
is termed a bolus. To conceal the taste and smell of pills, they 
are sometimes coated with gelatin, collodion, mucilage, sugar, 



32 • MATERIA MEDICA. 

&c. When they are designed to be of slow operation, the 
modern practice of sugar-coating pills answers very well. But, 
when they are intended to act quickly, the coating is objection- 
able, as it retards the solution of the pills in the gastric fluids. 
Pills, which have been long kept, may pass unchanged through 
the stomach and bowels, and are therefore objectionable. 

Troches or Lozenges (Trochisci), are small, dry, solid 
masses, made of powders with sugar and mucilage, and in- 
tended to be held in the mouth and allowed to dissolve slowly. 
Mucilage of tragacanth is usually employed in preparing 

lozenges. 

Confections (Confectioned), are soft solid preparations, made 
with some saccharine matter. They are subdivided into Con- 
serves and Electuaries : the former consist of combinations of 
recent vegetable substances and refined sugar, beat into a uni- 
form mass ; the latter are extemporaneous mixtures of medi- 
cines, usually dry powders, with syrup, honey, or treacle. 

Papers (Chartce), are preparations designed for external ap- 
plication, which are made by spreading mixtures of medicinal 
substances, as cantharides or mustard, upon paper. 

LIQUIDS. 

Mixtures (Mnturce), are preparations of insoluble sub- 
stances, suspended in water by means of gum Arabic, sugar, 
the yolk of eggs, or other viscid matter. When the suspended 
substance is oleaginous, the mixture is termed an emulsion. 

Solutions (Liquores), are solutions (chiefly aqueous) of 
non-volatile substances, which are wholly soluble in the men- 
struum employed. In making solutions, and all other aqueous 
preparations, the water used should be fresh river, rain, or dis- 
tilled water, and free from saline impurities. 

Medicated Waters (Aquce), are preparations consisting of 



FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES ARE USED. 33 

water holding volatile or gaseous substances in solution. 
Many of them, having been made by distilling water from 
plants containing volatile oil. were formerly termed distilled 
waters. In place of distillation, trituration with carbonate of 
magnesium (afterwards separated by filtration) is now employed 
to impregnate water with volatile oils. 

Infusions (Tnfusa) are partial solutions of Vegetable sub- 
stances in water, obtained without the aid of ebullition. They 
are made with both hot and cold water; the former extracts 
the soluble principle more rapidly and in larger proportion; 
the latter is preferred, when the active principle would be in- 
jured by heat, or when it is desirable not to take up some 
matter, insoluble at a low temperature. Infusions have been 
usually made by pouring water upon the substances to be in- 
fused, and allowing it to remain upon them for some time in a 
tightly-covered vessel ; when the process takes place at a heat 
of from 60° to 90°, it is termed maceration ; when at a heat of from 
( J0° to 100°, digestion. Of late years, a more efficient mode 
of extracting the medicinal virtues of plants has been intro- 
duced, termed percolation or displacement. In this operation, 
the medicinal substance is coarsely powdered, and placed in a 
conical or nearly cylindrical instrument called a percolator, in 
the lower part of which is fitted a porous or colander-like par- 
tition or diaphragm. The powder is then saturated with water 
or other menstruum, till it will absorb no more; and, after 
they have remained for some time in contact, fresh portions of 
the menstruum are added, till the required quantity is employed. 
The fresh liquid, as it is successively added, percolates the 
solid particles of the medicinal substance, driving the previously 
saturated liquid before it; and in this way completely exhausts 
the substance to be dissolved. An ordinary glass funnel 
answers very well for percolation; and a circular piece of 
muslin or lint, pressed into the neck by means of a cork with 
notched sides, forms a good diaphragm — care being taken to 
interpose a similar piece of muslin, moistened slightly with the 
menstruum, between the diaphragm and powder. 

3 



g4 MATERIA MEDICA. 

DECOCTIONS (Decocta), are partial solutions of vegetable 
substances in water, in which the active principles are obtained 
by ebullition. This is a more rapid and active mode of ex- 
tracting the virtues of plants than by infusion. But it is objec- 
tionable, when the proximate principles are volatile at a 
boiling heat, or undergo decomposition by ebullition. In mak- 
ing decoctions, ebullition should be continued for a few minutes 
only, and the liquid should be allowed to cool slowly in a close 
vessel. As they are apt to spoil, they should be prepared only 
when wun ted for use. 

Tinctures (Tincturce), are solutions of medicinal substances 
in alcohol or diluted alcohol. Ammonia and ethereal spirit are 
also sometimes employed as solvents; and solutions in these 
menstrua are called ammoniated tinctures and ethereal tinctures. 
Alcohol or rectified spirit (of a sp. gr. 0.835, according to the 
U. S. Pharmacopoeia), is employed in making tinctures of sub- 
stances nearly or quite insoluble in water, as the resins, 
essential oils, iodine, &c. Diluted alcohol or proof spirit 
(consisting of equal measures of officinal alcohol and water) 
is preferred, when the substance is soluble both in alcohol and 
water, or when some of its ingredients are soluble in the one 
menstruum and some in the other. Tinctures have been 
usually prepared by maceration or digestion, more commonly 
by the former process, and a period of two weeks is recom- 
mended for its duration. It should be conducted in well- 
closed glass vessels, which should be frequently shaken ; and 
when the maceration is completed, the tincture should be sep- 
arated from the dregs by filtration. The U. S. Pharmacopoeia 
now recommends percolation in making most tinctures, and, in 
the hands of skilful pharmaceutists, this process is preferable, 
as the most thorough mode of exhausting medicinal substances; 
but, where the operator cannot trust himself, it is better to recur 
to the old process of maceration. Tinctures should be kept in 
bottles accurately stoppered, to prevent evaporation, which 
might seriously increase their strength. 

The form of tincture is adapted to the exhibition of medi- 



FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES ARE USED. 35 

cines, which are to be given in small quantity, and it affords a 
convenient mode of graduating doses. In prescribing large 
and continued doses of tinctures, the stimulating effects of the 
alcohol which thej contain must be borne in mind. 

Spirits (Spiritus), are alcoholic solutions of volatile or gase- 
ous principles, properly speaking procured by distillation, but 
now usually prepared by dissolving the volatile principles in 
alcohol or diluted alcohol. The spirits of the aromatic vegeta- 
ble oils are used to give a pleasant odour and taste to mixtures, 
to correct the nauseating and griping effects of cathartics, and 
also as carminatives and stomachics. 

Wines (Vina), are solutions of medicinal substances in 
Sherry or other white wine. They are more liable to decom- 
position than tinctures, and are of variable strength ; but they 
are in some cases preferred from the less stimulating character 
of the menstruum, which has also sometimes an increase of 
solvent power, from the acid which it contains. 

Juices (Succi), are the expressed juices of fresh plants, pre- 
served by the addition of one-fifth their measure of alcohol. 

Vinegars (Aceta), are infusions or solutions of medicinal 
substances in distilled vinegar or diluted acetic acid, which is a 
particularly good solvent of many vegetable principles, as the 
organic alkalies. 

Honeys (Mellita,) are preparations of medicinal substances 
in honey. In oxymels, a combination of honey and vinegar is 
employed. The latter preparations are not now officinal. 

Syrups (Syrupi), are preparations of medicinal substances 
in concentrated solutions of sugar. The term syrup (syrupus), 
or simple syrup, is applied to a solution of sugar (thirty-six 
troyounces) in water (Oij f oxij), dissolved with the aid of heat. 
Medicated syrups are usually made by incorporating refined 
sugar with vegetable infusions, decoctions, expressed juices, 



3(5 MATERIA MEDICA. 

fermented liquors, or simple aqueous solutions. They may also 
be prepared by adding a tincture to simple syrup, and afterwards 
evaporating the alcohol; or, by mixing the tincture with sugar 
in coarse powder, and dissolving the impregnated sugar, after 
evaporation, in the necessary proportion of water. Syrups are 
apt to be spoiled by heat, and should be made in small quanti- 
ties at a time. 

By the evaporation of the solutions of vegetable principles, 
a very useful class of preparations termed Extracts {Extracta), 
is obtained. They are prepared from infusions, decoctions, 
tinctures, and vinegars; and sometimes, in the case of recent 
vegetables, from the expressed juices of plants, usually diluted 
with water. Extracts, prepared by the agency of water, are 
termed watery extracts ; those by means of alcohol, alcoholic 
extracts; those by means of acetic acid, acetic extracts. The 
evaporation of extracts is generally continued, till they have a 
pilular consistence. Within a few years, however, tiles* 1 pre- 
parations have been employed in the liquid form, under the 
name of Fluid Extracts [Extracta Fluida), which have the ad- 
vantage of convenience of administration, and of being pre- 
pared at a less degree of heat. They are more liable than the 
solid extracts to spontaneous decomposition ; and this difficulty 
is usually counteracted by means of sugar. In making the 
fluid extracts, alcohol and glycerin are the menstrua chiefly 
resorted to. The portion of the solvent, which remains after 
evaporation, contributes in some degree to the preservation of 
the preparation. 

Glycerites [Grlycerita), are solutions of medicinal substances 
in glycerin, made by rubbing them together in a mortar. 

The Oleoresins (Oleoresina>), are extracts obtained by the 
agency of ether, which consist, of fixed or volatile oils, holding 
resins and sometimes other active matters in solution. They 
retain a liquid or semi-liquid state, upon the evaporation of the 
liquid employed in their preparation, and have the property of 
self-pre?ervation. 



FORMS IN WIirCH MEDICINES ARE USED. 37 



SEMI-SOLIDS. 

Suppositories (Suppositoria), are soft solids, made by 
mixture of a medicinal substance with the oil of theobroma, 
usually in a conical form, of a weight of thirty grains, and 
designed for introduction into the tectum. They are employed 
with a view both to a local effect on the lower bowel and also 
to the gradual absorption of the medicinal substance. As the 
solvent action of the fluids of the rectum is much less than that 
of those of the stomach, only readilj soluble medicines should 
be introduced in this way, for a constitutional effect; absorption, 
too, takes place less rapidly from the rectum than from the 
stomach. 

Liniments (Linimenta), are oily preparations designed for 
external use, usually, thicker than water, but always liquid at 
the temperature of the body. 

Ointments (Unguenta), are preparations of a consistence 
like that of butter, made with lard or some other fatty sub- 
stance. They are fitted for application to the skin by friction 
or inunction. Most of the ointments become rancid, when long 
kept, and it is therefore best to prepare them only as wanted 
for use. The term, ointment (unguentum), is applied to a 
mixture of one part of yellow wax and four parts of lard. 

Cerates (Oerata), are made of oil or lard, mixed with wax, 
spermaceti, or resin, with the addition of various medicinal 
substances. They are of harder consistence than ointments, 
and do not melt when applied to the skin. The term, cerate 
(ceratum), is applied to a mixture of one part of white wax and 
two parts of lard. 

Plasters (Umplastra), are adhesive at the temperature of 
the body, and must generally be heated to be spread. Some 
substances have sufficient consistence and adhesiveness to be 
made into plasters. Usually, however, medicinal substances 
when employed in this form, are mixed with Lead Plaster or 



38 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Litharge Plaster (Emplastrum Plumbi), a compound of olive 

oil an. I litharge. Plasters are prepared for use by spreading 
them upon sheepskin, linen, or muslin, with a margin a quarter 
or half inch broad. 

Cataplasms, or Poultices (Cataplasm ata), are soft, moist 
suhstances, intended for external use. The common emollient 
poultice, employed to relieve inflammation and promote suppu- 
ration, is made by mixing bread-crumbs with boiling milk, or 
powdered flaxseed with boiling water. A fabric, termed 
spongio-piBie, consisting principally of sponge, has lately been 
used as a substitute for the old poultice, and, when saturated 
with hot water, is a good vehicle of heat and moisture. 



GASES AND VAPOURS. 

When employed in this form, medicines are administered by 
inhalation. This may be effected either by diffusing the gas or 
vapour through the air to be respired by the patient ; or by in- 
closing it in a bag or bottle with a suitable tube, through which 
the patient may breathe ; or, when ethereal vapours are em- 
ployed, by saturating a sponge or handkerchief with the ether, 
and applying it to the mouth and nostrils of the patient ; or 
the fumes of burning medicinal substances may be inhaled, by 
means of cigarettes or pipes, variously contrived. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

In prescribing and dispensing medicines, the following are 
the weights and measures employed in the United States, with 
their signs annexed. 



TROY OR APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT 

The pound, lb "] 

The ounce 

m, , „, contains 

The drachm 

The scruple 



Twelve ounces, %. 
Eight drachms, 3. 
Three scruples, ^. 
Twenty grains, gr. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



39 



The term pound should be avoided in formulre, owing to the 
danger of mistakes from confounding the troy pound with the 
heavier avoirdupois pound, and large weights should be ex- 
pressed in troyounces. The drachm and scruple are also now 
disused by the United States Pharmacopoeia, and are replaced 
by their equivalents in grains. The troyounce contains 480 
grains ; the drachm, 60 grains. 

In France and other parts of the continent of Europe, a 
system of metrical weights is employed, the relation of which 
to those used in the United States, is as follows: 1 grain = 
6.479 centigrammes ; 1 scruple = 1.295 grammes; 1 drachm 
=== 3.887 grammes; 1 ounce = 3.1103 decagrammes ; 1 pound 
= 3.7324 hectogrammes ; or, 1 centigramme = about J grain ; 
1 decigramme = about \\ grain; 1 gramme = about 15 grains : 
1 decagramme = about 2 J drachms ; 1 hectogramme = about 
3 troyounces and 5 scruples ; 1 kilogramme = about 2 pounds 
and 8 troyounces ; 1 myriagramme = about 2G pounds, 9 troy- 
ounces, and 4 drachms. The gramme is the weight of a cubic 
centimetre of water at 4° C. 

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF DECIMAL WITH TROY WEIGHTS. 



Names 


Equivalent ix 
Grammes. 


Equivalent in 
Grains. 


Equivalent in Trot 
Weight. 


Milligramme, 


.001 


.0154 


lb 


I X 


gr. 


Centigramme, 


.01 


.1543 








Decigramme, 


.1 


1.5434 






1.5 


Gramme, 


1 


15.4340 






15.4 


Decagramme, 


10 


154.34H2 




2 


34.0 


Hectogramme, 


100 


1543.4023 




3 1 


43.0 


Kilogramme, 


1000 


15434.0234 


2 


8 1 


14. 


Myriagramme, 


10000 


154340.2344 


26 


9 4 


20. 



The gallon, C ] 
The pint 
The fluidounce j 
The fluidrachm J 



WINE OR APOTHECARIES MEASURE. 



contains 



f Eight pints, O. 
j Sixteen fluidounces, f^. 
I Eight fluidrachms, fj. 
[ Sixty niimins, rt^. 



40 MATERIA MEDICA. 

The term gallon is not used by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 
that measure being always expressed in pints. 

Liquid measures are sometimes prescribed by drops, which, 
however, vary in quantity according to the nature of the 
liquid, the shape and size of the vessel from which it is dropped, 
and even the amount of liquid which the vessel contains. 
(Thus, a fluidrachm of distilled water contains only 45 drops, 
while this measure of alcohol and of most tinctures contains 120 
drops, and of chloroform, 220 drops or even more.) Approxi- 
mate measurements are also frequently employed in prescribing 
the less powerful liquids: thus a teacup is used for fgiv, or a 
gill; a wineglass for fgij ; a tablespoon for fgss; a teaspoon 
for f5j. 

The French measures, although not adopted by the U. S. 
Pharmacopoeia, are now a good deal used : 1 fluidounce = 31 
cubic centimetres; 1 c. c. or 1 gramme = 15J grains of dis- 
tilled water. 

FRENCH MEASURE OF CAPACITY— APOTHECARIES' MEASURE. 

1 millilitre or cubic centimetre = 16.2318 minims. 

10 millilitres == 1 centilitre = 2.7053 fl. drachms. 

100 millilitres = 10 centilitres = 1 decilitre = 3.3816 fl. ounces. 

1000 millilitres = 100 centilitres = 10 decilitres = 1 litre = 2.1135 pints. 

10,000 millilitres = 1000 centilitres = 100 decilitres = 10 litres = 1 deca- 
litre = 2.6419 gallons. 

100,000 millilitres = 10,000 centilitres = 1000 decilitres = 100 litres = 
10 decalitres = 1 hectolitre = 26.4190 gallons. 

1,000,000 millilitres = 100,000 centilitres = 10,000 decilitres = 1000 litres 
= 100 decalitres = 10 hectolitres = 1 kilolitre = 264.1900 gallons. 

A variety of circumstances, relating to the human organism, 
modify the effects of medicines. 

Age exerts a most important influence in this particular. 
Children are more susceptible than adults; and in advanced 
age, also, smaller doses are required than in the prime of life. 
No general rule can be laid down for the adaptation of the 
doses of medicines to different ages, as the different suscepti- 
bil.ties to the influence of different medicines are unequal at the 
same age. Thus, infants are peculiarly alive to impressions 



CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MODIFY THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES. 41 

from opium, while, in the cases of calomel and castor oil, they 
will bear much larger proportional doses. 

Dr. Young's scheme for graduating the doses of medicines 
to different ages answers very well in prescribing : For chil- 
dren under twelve years, the doses of most medicines must be 
diminished in the proportion of the age to the age increased by 

2 

12; thus, at two years to ^, ViZ - : ^tt _ 9 == 4- At 21, the full 

dose may be given. 

A good practical rule for graduating doses is that of Dr. 
Cowling : " The proportional dose for any age under adult life 
is represented by the number of the following birth-day divided 
by twenty-four;" for one year, 2 \ = J 5 ; for three years, 5 4 4 
= I ; for eleven years, \\ = J. 

Sex, temperament, and idiosyncrasy, all modify the effects of 
medicines. Women require somewhat smaller doses than men ; 
and during menstruation, pregnancy, and lactation, all active 
treatment, which is not imperatively demanded, should be 
avoided. To persons of a sanguine temperament, stimulants 
are to be administered with caution, while in cases of nervous 
temperament, the same care is to be observed in the employ- 
ment of evacuants. Mercurials are called for where the bilious 
temperament exists, but, on the other hand, they are generally 
injurious where the lymphatic temperament is strongly marked. 
Idiosyncrasy renders many individuals peculiarly susceptible 
or insusceptible to the action of particular medicines, as mer- 
cury, opium, &c. 

In disease, an extraordinary tolerance of the action of many 
medicines is established. In tetanus, immense quantities of 
opium are borne and required ; in typhoid fever, alcohol is 
freely administered without inducing narcotism ; in pneumonia, 
tartar emetic may be taken in large doses, without nausea. 

The time of administration modifies the action of medicines. 
Where a rapid effect is desired, they are to be given on an 
empty stomach; on the other hand, irritant substances, as the 
arsenical or iodic preparations, are best borne, when the stomach 
is full; and the insoluble chalybeates, requiring the gastric fluid 
to dissolve them, should be taken with the food. 



42 MATERIA MEDICA. 

The condition of the stomach is to be considered in pre- 
scribing medicines. In the black vomit of yellow fever, 
absorption cannot take place by the stomach, and in the second 
stage of cholera, endosmosis by the bowels is impossible ; here, 
the hypodermic medication is invaluable. 

Habit diminishes the influence of many medicines, especially 
narcotics. 

The influence of race, climate, occupation, and the imagina- 
tion, upon the effects of medicines is often decided, and deserves 
attention in prescribing. 



PARTS TO WHICH MEDICINES ARE APPLIED. 

Medicines are applied to the skin, to mucous membranes, to 
serous membranes, to wounds, ulcers, cysts, and abscesses, and 
they are injected into the veins. 

1. To the Skin. — Medicines are applied to the skin for both 
a local and a general effect. As their influence on distant 
organs is the result of their absorption, this function is usually 
assisted by friction, or by removal of the cuticle, when medi- 
cines are applied to the skin to affect remote parts of the system. 

The application of medicines to the skin by friction is occa- 
sionally resorted to, but its results are slow and uncertain ; 
and, when we wish to affect the system through the agency of 
the skin, the preferable method is to apply the medicine to the 
dermis denuded of the cuticle. 

This is termed the endermie method, and the cuticle is usually 
removed by means of a blister. The medicine is applied to the 
denuded dermis in the form of powder, or, if very irritating, 
it may be incorporated with gelatine, lard, or cerate. This 
method is useful in cases of irritability of the stomach, of ina- 
bility to swallow, or where we desire to influence the system 
rapidly, and by every possible avenue, or where it is of impor- 
tance to apply the medicine near the seat of disease. The dose 
is to be two or three times the amount which is administered 
by the stomach. 

Another method of applying medicines through the skin is 



PARTS TO WHICH MEDICINES ARE APPLIED. 43 

by injection into the subcutaneous cellular tissue. This method 
is termed the hypodermic method, and is of recent introduction 
into therapeutics. Medicines are injected hypodermically, for 
both a local and a general effect. A constitutional impression 
can be produced by this means much more rapidly and efficiently 
than by the introduction of medicines into the stomach. It is 
particularly adapted to the speedy relief of pain, to the treat- 
ment of diseases in which it is desirable to influence the system 
with the greatest possible rapidity and effect, and also to cases 
where the internal administration of medicines is interfered 
with. The substances, proper for hypodermic injection, are 
those which are small in bulk and are of perfect solubility, such 
as the vegetable alkaloids. Substances of imperfect solubility 
should not be injected hypodermically, dangerous results hav- 
ing followed therefrom, as from the use of the salts of quinia. 
The dose, particularly in first injections, should be one half the 
ordinary dose by the stomach, and for females about a third. 

The instrument used for injection is a small syringe armed 
with a small, sharp lancet, and, for the better regulation of the 
dose, it is desirable that the syringe should be graduated. It 
is important to avoid the puncture of a vein, lest a suddenly 
overwhelming effect be produced ; and, with this view, the 
syringe-needle should not be pushed too deeply into the tissues, 
and should be withdrawn a little, to allow a wound of a vein to 
close from elasticity. When a constitutional effect only is aimed 
at, a good spot for injection is at the insertion of the deltoid 
muscle in the arm, and, where repeated operations are practised, 
it is well to vary the point of injection. 

2. To Mucous Membranes. — Medicines are applied to all the 
gastro-pulmonary and genito-urinary mucous surfaces. 

a. To the conjunctiva, they are applied for local effects only, 
and are termed collyria, or eye-washes. 

b. To the nasal or pituitary membrane, they are applied 
usually for local purposes ; sometimes, however, to irritate, and 
excite a discharge, when they are termed errhines ; sometimes, 
also, to produce sneezing, with a view to the expulsion of 
foreign bodies from the nasal cavities, when they are termed 
sternutatories. 



44 



MATERIA MEDICA, 



c. To the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat, medi- 
cines are applied almost exclusively for local purposes. When 
in solution, they are termed gargarismata or gargles. Powders 
are introduced by insufflation. 

d. To the Eustachian tubes, washes are applied in local affec- 
tions. 

e. On the aerial or tracheobronchial membrane, medicines 
produce a very decided influence, both local and general. 
Liquid substances are introduced into the air-passages by 
means of a sponge or syringe, in the treatment of chronic in- 
flammations of the larynx. Various substances are inhaled with 
advantage in phthisis, chronic bronchitis and laryngitis, asthma, 
&c, while the most powerful effects are produced on the system, 
by the absorption of ethereal vapours and gases through the 
pulmonary surface. 

Within the last few years, liquids have been introduced 
into the air passages, for the treatment of diseases of the res- 
Fig. 2. 




piratory organs, in the form of a fine spray. This mode of 
application, termed the pulverization, nebulization, or atomiza- 
tion of fluids, has proved very valuable, particularly in the' 
relief of throat affections. Various instruments have been 
resorted to in the atomization of liquids. The hand-ball atom- 
izer which is usually employed, consists of two glass tubes, 
with capillary openings, placed at right angles to each other, 



PARTS TO WHICH MEDICINES ARE APPLIED. 45 

the vertical tube being dipped in a bottle containing the fluid 
to be atomized, while at the other end it is close to and about 
opposite to the centre of a capillary opening in the horizontal 
tube. This connects with an elastic tube, intercepted by two 
elastic balls, one in the middle, the other, which is furnished 
with the valves, at the end of the tube. The upper ball acts 
as a reservoir, into which a current of air is forced from the 
lower ball by pressure with the hand. The air in the vertical 
glass tube being rarified, the liquid rises to the capillary open- 
ing, and is there pulverized by the current of air from the 
horizontal tube. The atomizer is used also to produce local 
anaesthesia, and as a deodorizer. 

As modified by Winterich, the spray can be readily gener- 

Fig. 3. 




ated within various parts of the body, as the back of the 
throat, nostril, meatus of the ear, &c. Instead of air, steam 
has been substituted as the forcing power in the apparatus 
known as Siegle's. In this instrument, as modified by Da 



Figr. 4. 




Costa, inhalation can be practised without fatigue or assistance, 
and the warmth of the spray is also an advantage in many 
diseases of the respiratory organs. 

/. The gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, of all parts of 
the body, is most employed for the exhibition of medicines. 
The stomach, from its great susceptibility, its active absorbing 



46 MATERIA MEDICA. 

power, and the numerous relations which it has with almost 
every part of the body, is the chief recipient of medicinal 
agents. The rectum is, however, also frequently employed for 
various purposes, as to relieve disease of this or of neighbouring 
organs, to occasion revulsion, to produce alvine evacuations, to 
destroy ascarides, and when, for any reason, it is desirable to 
spare the stomach. 

It is usually recommended, that the dose of medicines, in- 
troduced into the rectum for constitutional effects, should be 
two or three times greater than when taken into the stomach. 
In the case of active, soluble medicines, however, especially 
narcotics, it is most prudent to give the same amount by the 
rectum as by the mouth. 

Solid substances introduced into the rectum are termed sup- 
positories. Liquids introduced into the rectum are termed 
clysters, lavements, injections, and enemata. Soluble substances, 
when thus applied, are usually dissolved in water; insoluble 
substances are suspended in some mucilaginous vehicle. When 
the enema is to be retained, it should be from one to four flui- 
drachms in quantity. When it is introduced to act upon the 
bowels, its bulk may be from twelve to sixteen fluidounces, for 
an adult, six to eight fluidounces for a youth of twelve, three 
to four fluidounces for a child of one to five years, and a fluid- 
ounce for a newly-born infant. Various instruments are used 
for the administration of enemata, as the pipe and bladder, 
the ordinary syringe, the self-injecting apparatus, and the 
elastic bottle and tube. Gaseous matters have also been thrown 
into the rectum — tobacco-smoke, for example, — to relieve 
obstructions of the bowels. 

g. To the urino-genital and vagino-uterine membranes, appli- 
cations are made exclusively for local purposes. Within a few 
years, intra-uterine medication has been a good deal employed 
in local affections of the uterus, but, in the injection of fluids 
into the uterus, there is danger of peritonitis. 

3. To Serous Membranes. Irritating solutions are injected into 
he cavity of the tunica vaginalis testis, in hydrocele ; into the her- 
nial sac, in hernia; and even into the pleural cavity, in pleurisy, 
for the purpose of producing adhesion of the sides of the sacs. 



PARTS TO WHICH MEDICINES ARE APPLIED. 



47 



4. To Ulcers, Wounds, and Abscesses, medicines are applied 
chiefly for their local effects. The absorbing power of these 
surfaces is to be kept in mind in such applications. Cysts are 
sometimes cured by injections, as of iodine into cysts of the 
thyroid gland. 

5. The Injection of medicines into the Veins has been occa- 
sionally practised. The operation is, however, objectionable, 
from the danger of introducing air into the circulation ; and it 
is seldom resorted to, except in the case of transfusion of blood 
after uterine or other hemorrhage, or exhausting disease. 

Transfusion will often be found an efficient remedy, although 
there is always risk of coagulation of the blood in the veins. 
The more direct and immediate the transfusion, the safer the 
operation, as by Aveling's apparatus, which consists of an 
India-rubber bulb, oblong in shape, and of sufficient size to 
contain two fluidrachms; India-rubber tubes six or seven 

Fig. 5. 




inches in length attached to the extremities of the bulb ; and 
stop-cocks attached to the outer extremities of the tubes. 
Also, two silver tubes : one, bevel-pointed, called the afferent 
tube (seen at A), which is to be inserted into the vein in the 
arm of the patient; the other round-pointed, call'ed the efferent 
tube (seen at B), which is to be inserted into the vein in the 
arm of the donor. Also, a pair of fine forceps and a scalpel.* 

* The mode of operation is as follows: 

First, place the apparatus in a basin of tepid water, and, while com- 
pletely under the water, for the purpose of filling it and insuring its 
cleanliness, compress and expand the bulb until the air contained within 
the bulb and rubber tubing is completely expelled. When the air has been 
completely expelled, and while the apparatus is yet remaining beneath the 



4« MATERIA MEDICA. 



THE CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES. 

In treating the articles of the Materia Medica, some writers 
have classified them according to their natural properties, others, 

surface of the water, turn the stop-cocks at both extremities of the rubber 
tubing in such a manner as to entirely preclude the possibility of air 
gaining access to its cavity. The patient having been brought to the side 
of the bed and the arm made bare, a fold of skin over a vein at the bend of 
the arm is to be raised, transfixed, and divided. The vein now brought 
into view is to be seized with the fine forceps, slightly raised, and a small 
opening made into it for the reception of the bevel-pointed silver or 
afferent tube. This tube, which has been lying in the basin of tepid water, 
should carefully be kept filled with water when it is removed, by placing" 
the thumb or finger over its larger opening. 

The tube, now being filled with water, has its bevel-pointed extremity at 
once inserted into the opening already made in the vein, and is then en- 
trusted to the care of an assistant (A), who carefully compresses the edges 
of the wound around the tube, and at the same time holds his thumb or 
finger over its larger opening to prevent the escape of the water. 

While the operator is performing this part of the operation, an assistant 
should prepare the arm of the blood-donor in the same manner as for 
venesection. An opening is then made into the vein, and the round- 
pointed or efferent tube at once inserted with its point towards the fingers. 
The donor should then be seated in a chair at the bedside of the patient. 
It is better not to secure the tubes in the veins by ligatures. B represents 
the hand of an assistant holding the efferent tube carefully compressed 
within the lips of the wound, in the same manner as with the afferent 
tube at A. 

The India-rubber portion of the apparatus, thoroughly cleansed, air 
perfectly expelled, and completely filled with water, is now to be carefully 
and closely adjusted to the two tubes in the veins. When adjusted, the 
stop-cocks are turned straight, and transfusion is commenced by first 
compressing the India-rubber tube on the efferent side (donor's) and then 
squeezing the bulb which forces two drachms of water into the afferent 
vein. Next, while the bulb is compressed, shift the hand and compress 
the India-rubber tube upon the afferent (patient's) side. Then allowthe bulb 
to expand slowly, and blood will be drawn into it from the donor's vein. 
When the tubing and bulbs are filled, bring the hand back, compress the 
tube, follow this by compression of the bulb, and two drachms of blood 
will be thrown into the afferent vein. In this manner the process can be 
repeated any number of times desired, rapidly or slowly, and the exact 
amount of blood transfused can be known by counting the number of times 
the bulb has been emptied, one being subtracted which accounts for water 
first used. 



THE CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES. 49 

according to their action on the human system. To the student 
of medicine, a classification, based upon the sensible qualities or 
natural affinities of medicines, can be of little value, since it 
associates articles of the most opposite remedial properties. A 
classification of medicines, founded on a similarity of action on 
the animal economy, is more desirable and useful, and various 
arrangements of the Materia Medica have been attempted on 
this basis. They are all, to some extent, necessarily imperfect, 
owing partly to the diversified effects of medicines, and partly 
to our ignorance of the real nature of many of the modifications 
which they produce upon the tissues. Still, the advantages of 
some arrangement of this kind are so numerous, that it cannot 
well be dispensed with. 

The following classification will be found to include the more 
ordinary and generally received divisions of the Materia 
Medica, and to present the articles in convenient groups for 
therapeutic application. 

Medicines may be divided into — 

f Narcotics, 
Anaesthetics, 
Antispasmodics, 
I. Those which' have a special action on the nervous Tonics, 

system, or Neurotics (from vevpov, a nerve). j Astringents, 

Stimulants, 
I Sedatives, 
[ Spinants. 
Emetics, 
Cathartics, 
Diaphoretics, 
Diuretics, 
Blennorrheas, 
Emmenagogues. 

III. Those which modify the blood, or Hxmatics (from J Alteratives ' 

a^a, the bloodj. j Antacidg . ' 

f Irritants, 
*~ m , . ,, Demulcents, 

IV. Those which act topically. i Colouring Agents, 

[ Anthelmintics. 



II. Those which have a special action on the secre- 
tions, or Eccrilics (from e*c/cpicris, secretion). 



50 MATERIA MEDICA. 

CLASS I.— NEUROTICS. 

ORDER I. — NARCOTICS. 

Narcotics (from vapxeo, to stupefy), are medicines which 
impair or destroy nervous action. The primary effect of nar- 
cotics, is, however, of a stimulant character, and their thera- 
peutic efficacy is in a great degree due to this action. They 
are often administered, too, for a true narcotic or sedative in- 
fluence on the motor, sensor, and intellectual functions. In 
diseased conditions, a marked tolerance of this class of medi- 
cines is established, and they can be exhibited in large doses 
without inducing narcosis. They are employed, chiefly, to 
remove muscular spasm, relieve pain, allay cerebral or spinal 
irritability, and procure sleep. 

When employed to relieve pain, they are termed anodynes; 
■when employed to procure sleep, hypnotics or soporifics. 

When this class of medicines is resorted to for any length 
of time, with a view to a narcotic effect, their influence upon 
the system is much diminished, and constantly increased 
amounts are called for, to maintain the same effect. 

OPIUM. 

Opium (from oiroc, juice), is the concrete juice of the un- 
ripe capsules of Papaver somniferum (Nat. Ord. Papaveracese). 
The opium-poppy is a native of Persia, but is cultivated in 
various parts of Asia, in Europe, and in the United States. 
It is an annual plant, with a round, leafy stem, from two to 
four feet or more in height, and large four-petaled flowers. 
There are two prominent varieties of this species: the black 
poppy, with violet-coloured or red flowers, brown or blackish 
seeds, and globular capsules ; and the white poppy, with white 
flowers and seeds, and ovate capsules; but these varieties run 
into each other under cultivation. 

The nearly ripe capsules (papaver) are from an inch and 
a half to two inches or more in diameter, and contain a good 



OPIUM, 51 

deal of opium. They are sometimes given to children in the 
form of syrup, and are applied externally as an anodyne emol- 
lient, in the form of decoction. The seeds are destitute of 
narcotic properties, and are used in Europe as an article of 
diet, and for the manufacture of an oil. 

Opium is obtained from incisions in the half-ripe capsules. 
The juice, which exudes from the incisions, is allowed to eva- 
porate spontaneously, and is scraped off after drying, generally 
with more or less of the epidermis, and is sometimes sent into 
the market unmixed, as a choice variety. The opium of com- 
merce is, however, commonly made by adding the dried juice, 
obtained by incision, to an extract prepared from a decoction 
of the leaves, the whole being kneaded together, formed into 
cakes, and wrapped in fresh poppy leaves. 

The commerce of the United States is supplied with opium 
almost exclusively from Asiatic Turkey. This is known in the 
market as Smyrna or Turkey opium, and comes in irregularly 
rounded or flattened cakes, covered with the capsules of a 
species of Rumex. 

A large amount of opium is produced in British India, for 
consumption in India and China, but it is not found in our mar- 
kets. The Persian opium is another variety, but it does not 
reach the United States. Much opium was formerly obtained 
from Upper Egypt, in the neighbourhood of Thebes, but its 
production was for a long time abandoned, though within the 
last thirty years again introduced. Successful attempts have 
been made with the cultivation of the poppy in England and 
other parts of Europe, which have resulted in the production 
of opium. During the civil war in the United States, a good 
deal of opium was made in the Southern States, from poppies 
of almost every variety ; samples of this opium have yielded 
about the same amount of morphia as that obtained from 
Turkey opium, and even in New England, very good opium 
has lately been produced. The great source of our supply 
of opium has, however, long been, and still is, the Turkish 
dominions. 

The best opium should have a fine chestnut colour, an aro- 



f } 2 MATERIA MEDICA. 

matic, strong, peculiar smell, and a dense consistence— becom- 
ing however, harder and darker by being kept. It should be 
moderately ductile, break with a deeply notched fracture, and, 
when drawn across white paper, should leave an interrupted 
stain. The taste is very bitter and somewhat acrid, and when 
chewed it excites irritation in the mouth and throat. It is in- 
flammable, and imparts its virtues to water, alcohol, and 
diluted acids — but not to ether. 

Chemical Constituents.— Opium contains a great variety of 
chemical constituents, the most important of which is the alka- 
loid Morphia. Other principles found in opium are the 
alkaloids, narcotina, codeia, nareeia, paramorphia, papaverina, 
opiana, cryptopia, meconin, meconic and thebolactic acids, 
porphyroxin, gum, extractive, resin, oil, &c, and, in very 
minute amounts, alkaloids, termed meconidia, laudamia, coda- 
mia, pseudormorphia, apomorphia, lanthopia, rhceadinia, and 
rhceagenia. Morphia is the principle upon which the narcotic 
effects of opium essentially depend, and, with its salts, is officinal 
in all the pharmacopoeias. 

Morphia exists in opium chiefly in combination with meconic 
acid. The meconate of morphia is separated from the other 
constituents of the drug, by successive macerations with water. 
Alcohol and water of ammonia are then added to the aqueous 
solution, by which the salt is decomposed, the ammonia precipi- 
tating the morphia, and the alcohol seizing the colouring matter 
as soon as it is separated from the alkali. The crystals of 
morphia, which are formed, are afterwards boiled in alcohol, 
and the solution is filtered through animal charcoal. Good 
samples of opium, when dried, should yield at least ten per 
cent, of morphia. 

Morphia (C 17 H 19 N0 3 ,H 2 0), occurs in colourless, rhombic, 
prismatic crystals, without smell, but of a very bitter taste. It 
is very slightly soluble in water and ether, nearly insoluble in 
chloroform, partially soluble in cold, and more soluble in boil- 
ing alcohol. Acetic ether is the best solvent for it. From the 
insolubility of the alkaloid, the salts of morphia are preferred 
for medicinal use ; they are freely soluble in water and diluted 



opium. 53 

alcohol, but are insoluble in ether and chloroform. Tests : 1. 
Concentrated nitric acid strikes with morphia and its salts a rich 
orange-red colour, slowly fading to yellow. 2. Chloride or ter- 
sulphate of iron colours them deep blue. 3. Iodic acid is deoxi- 
dized by morphia, and, if a solution of starch is added with 
heat, dark blue starch-iodide is produced ; this is a very delicate 
test. 4. Sulphomolybdie aczV7(made by dissolving, with a gentle 
heat, 5 or 6 grains of molybdate of ammonium in 2 drachms of 
strong sulphuric acid), when rubbed with morphia, produces an 
intense purplish or crimson colour, changing to green, and finally 
to sapphire blue. 5. Iodic acid in solution, mixed with sulphide 
of carbon, produces, when added to morphia, a pink or red 
colour, owing to the liberation of the iodine and its solution by 
the sulphide. Other tests are recommended, but these are the 
best. 

Narcotina (C 22 H 23 N0 7 ) exists in opium chiefly in the free 
state, and, being insoluble in water, is left behind when the 
drug is macerated in this menstruum. It occurs in white, 
tasteless, inodorous, needle-like crystals, which are soluble in 
ether, alcohol, and still more so in chloroform. At one time it 
was thought to possess a portion of the narcotic properties of 
opium, but it is now admitted to be inert in this respect. Its 
salts, which are bitter, have been used in India as febrifuge 
tonics, in the treatment of intermittent fevers. 

Codeia (C 18 H 21 N0 3 ,H 2 0) exists in opium combined like mor- 
phia with meconic acid, and is extracted in the process for 
obtaining the latter alkaloid, from which it may be sepa- 
rated by an alkaline solution, which dissolves the morphia and 
leaves the codeia. It occurs in colourless octohedral crystals, 
of a bitter taste, soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and chloro- 
form. It has been found to possess narcotic powers, with an 
especial direction to the great sympathetic nerve, and has been 
used in gastrodynia and dyspepsia, in the dose of half a grain 
or more. It is, however, too expensive an article for general 
use. 

Narceia (C 23 H 29 N0 9 ) is obtained from the mother liquid left 
after crystallizing out the salts of morphia. It has been asserted 



54 MATERIA MEDICA. 

that it possesses valuable medicinal properties, but experience 
in the United States has not confirmed the statements made in 
Europe as to its efficacy. 

Paramorphia, known also as Thebaia (C 19 H 2l N0 3 ), has been 
lately said to be a tetanizing toxic agent, analogous in its effects 
to strychnia ; two grains, given hypodermically, have killed a 
dog. 

Papaverina (C 20 H 21 NO 4 ) is said to produce some soporific 
action, with a sedative influence on the pulse ; its strength is 
from one-eighth to one-fourth of that of morphia. 

Cryptopia (C 21 H 23 N0 5 ) is thought to produce an hypnotic in- 
fluence, analogous to that of morphia, though a much feebler 
agent. 

Apomorphia (C 17 H 17 N0 2 ) a recently discovered alkaloid, pos- 
sesses marked emetic properties : y 1 ^ of a grain, injected hypo- 
dermically, or \ of a grain, taken by the stomach, will produce 
prompt emesis, and the muriate has been recommended to re- 
lieve rigidity of the os uteri in labour. 

Meeonic acid is inert, but is interesting as affording the most 
delicate test for opium ; chloride or tersulphate of iron strikes 
with even very diluted solutions of opium a blood-red meconate 
of iron, which is not dissolved by diluted acids or corrosive sub- 
limate. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies, and astringent infusions contain- 
ing tannic acid, are incompatible with opium ; the former pre- 
cipitate morphia from its soluble combination, while the latter 
form with it an insoluble compound. Many of the mineral 
salts are also decomposed by opium, as the acetate of lead, 
(meconate of lead and acetate of morphia being formed when 
these articles are prescribed together). 

Physiological Effects.— Opium exerts a marked therapeutic 
action in the relief of pain, spasm, wakefulness, nervous irrita- 
bility, and certain forms of morbid discharge, especially from 
the alimentary canal, by a primary stimulant action, antece- 
dent to any narcotic influence. In such conditions, a toler- 
ance of of its effects is established, and very large amounts may 
be taken, without inducing narcosis. Its first physiological 



opium. 55 

action is shown in a moderate excitation of the circulation, an 
increase in the temperature of the skin, and an agreeable ex- 
hilaration of the intellectual functions. This state, although 
generally termed the stage of excitement, is really one of 
incipient narcosis, and is usually of short duration. The pulse 
soon sinks below the normal standard, susceptibility to exter- 
nal impressions is diminished, the faculties of the mind become 
confused, and consciousness is finally lost in sleep. All the 
secretions are diminished, except that of perspiration, which is 
heightened ; the mouth and throat become dry, with thirst ; 
muscular contraction is lessened; and in some persons nausea 
and vomiting are produced ; occasionally an itching and miliary 
eruption of the skin occur. 

When a poisonous dose is taken, the stage of excitement is 
wanting ; giddiness and stupor rapidly come on, with diminution 
in the frequency, though not in the fullness of the pulse ; and 
these symptoms are soon followed by an irresistible tendency 
to sleep, and finally by coma. The breathing is heavy and 
stertorous, the pulse slow and oppressed, and the pupils are 
contracted. If relief is not afforded, the pulse sinks, the mus- 
cular system becomes relaxed, and death ensues, preceded 
sometimes in children by violent convulsions. 

In cases of poisoning from opium or its preparations, the 
stomach should be immediately evacuated by the stomach pump, 
if possible, or by emetics. Owing to the torpor of the stomach, 
emetics are to be given in double the ordinary doses, and the 
direct emetics are to be preferred, as the sulphate of zinc (20 
to 30 grains), or the sulphate of copper (5 to 10 grains). A 
large tablespoonful of mustard flour or of powdered alum, 
answers very well as an emetic. Every means should be taken 
to arouse the patient from his lethargy ; he should be kept 
awake, and made to walk as long as possible; afterwards cold 
affusions, counter-irritation to the nape of the neck and ex- 
tremities, flagellation to the palms of the hands and soles of the 
feet, and, best of all, when the coma is profound, the electro- 
magnetic battery, should be resorted to. Artificial inflation of 
the lungs is also to be practised. The use of strong coffee has 



56 MATERIA MEDICA. 

proved efficacious ; and stimuli may be given to support the 
system. Of late years, it has been found that belladonna exer- 
cises a powerful influence as a physiological antidote against 
narcotism from opium, and the administration of this substance 
by the stomach, or still better, the hypodermic injection of a 
solution of atropia, is one of the most available remedies that 
can be employed in poisoning from opium. The poisonous 
action of opium appears to be entirely directed to the nervous 
system, no local lesions being found after death. 

Opium is largely used as an habitual narcotic in Oriental 
countries, and to some extent in Europe and the United States. 
The effects of indulgence in this species of intoxication are of 
the most destructive character upon both the physical and men- 
tal faculties. 

Medicinal Uses. — Of all the articles of the Materia Medica, 
opium enjoys the widest range of therapeutic application. 
From its properties of assuaging pain and inducing sleep, it is 
useful in almost all diseases; and it is positively contraindicated, 
only where there is a tendency to apoplexy or coma, or where 
there exists an idiosyncrasy with respect to its effects. As an 
anodyne in painful and malignant ulcers and severe injuries, 
and in resisting surgical shock, we have no substitute for opium ; 
and, as an hypnotic in mania-a-potu, and in the wakefulness and 
cerebral irritability of fever, mania, &c., it is equally invalu- 
able. From its power of relaxing muscular spasm, it is our 
most efficient resource in tetanus, colic, and spasm of the 
stomach, bowels, biliary ducts, ureters, neck of the bladder, &c. 
In dysentery and cholera it forms the basis of every variety of 
treatment, partly for its diaphoretic effects, but principally for 
its action in arresting both the secretions and peristaltic motion 
of the bowels. For the relief of the cough of pulmonary 
affections, opium has no equal in the Materia Medica. In 
cerebro-spinal meningitis and in puerperal fever, it has been 
found more successful than any other remedy. In gastric irri- 
tability, to check vomiting, in colica pictonum, peritonitis, rheu- 
matism, gout, neuralgia, typhus, gangrene, convulsive diseases, 
diabetes, &c, it is also constantly employed. 



opium. 57 

Administration. — The ordinary dose of opium as an anodyne 
and hypnotic is one grain. Much larger doses are, however, 
called for in many diseases; and, when it is administered for a 
length of time, as a narcotic, the dose must be gradually in- 
creased. To infants and very old persons, it is to be given 
with great caution. 

Opium is administered in the form of powder or pills. It is 
easily powdered when thoroughly dried, and the pills, as well 
as all the other preparations of opium, should always be made 
from the powder. The powder is sometimes used endermically 
and is sprinkled on irritable ulcers. In the form of supposi- 
tories it is also applied to the rectum. 

The following are the officinal preparations of opium : 

Pilule Opii [Pills of Opium). Twenty-four grains of 
opium, made into twenty-four pills, with six grains of soap. 
Each pill contains a grain of opium. They are kept in the 
shops, as hard old opium pills are sometimes preferred in cases 
of irritable stomach. 

Pilula Saponis Composita {Compound Pill of Soap). 
Sixty grains of opium made into a pilular mass, with water and 
half a troyounee of soap. Useful for the administration of 
small doses. Five grains of the mass contain one grain of opium. 

Confectio Opii {Confection of Opium). Opium beaten up 
with honey and spices (opium, 270 grains, aromatic powder, 6 
troyounces, and clarified honey, 14 troyounces). Dose, gr. 
xxxvj. 

Extractum Opii {Extract of Opium). Made by evaporat- 
ing the aqueous solution (opium, 12 troyounces dissolved in 5 
pints of water). Dose, gr. J. 

Trochisci Glycyrrhiz^: et Opii {Troches of Liquorice and 
Opium). Much used in Philadelphia under the name of Wis- 
tars cough lozenges. Made with extract of opium, 24 grains, 
liquorice, 2 troyounces, gum arabic, a troyounee, sugar, 3 troy- 
ounces, and oil of anise, 15 minims. The mass is to be divided 
into 480 troches. Each troche contains one-twentieth of a 
grain of extract of opium. 



58 MATERIA MEDICA. 

BmplaSTEUM Opii {Opium Plaster). Made by mixing extr. 
opium, a troyounce, with 3 fluidounces of water, and evaporat- 
ing to a fluidounce and a half; and adding this to Burgundy 
pitch, 3 troyounces, and plaster of lead, 12 troyounces, pre- 
viously melted together. 

Suppositoria Opii (Suppositories of Opium), are made by 
incorporating extr. opium, 12 grains, with oil of theobroma, 
348 grains: each suppository, weighing 30 grains, contains 1 
grain of extr. opium. 

Suppositoria Plumbi et Opii (Suppositories of Lead and 
Opium), contain each half a grain of extr. opium, and 3 grains 
of acetate of lead. Useful in diarrhoea and dysentery, and in 
haemorrhoids and other diseases of the rectum. 

PuLvrs Ipecacuanha Compositus (Compound Powder of 
Ipecacuanha). This powder, well known under the name of 
Dover s Powder, is made by rubbing up sixty grains of opium 
and ipecacuanha each, with a troyounce of sulphate of potassium, 
the salt being employed to promote the minute division and 
thorough intermingling of the opium and ipecacuanha. Do- 
ver's Powder is a most valuable anodyne diaphoretic, exten- 
sively prescribed in diarrhoea, dysentery, rheumatism, bron- 
chitis, pneumonia, &c. Dose, gr. x, containing gr. j of opium 
and ipecacuanha each. 

Tinctura Opii (Tincture of Opium). Laudanum. Pre- 
pared by macerating two troyounces and a half of powdered 
opium for three days in a pint of water, then adding a pint of 
alcohol, and, after three days of further maceration, introdu- 
cing the whole into a percolator, and adding diluted alcohol 
until two pints of tincture are obtained. This is the most 
commonly employed of all the officinal preparations of opium. 
When long kept, particularly if exposed to the air, it becomes 
thick from evaporation of the alcohol, and its strength is much 
increased. Dose, Tt|xiij, or 25 drops, equivalent to a grain of 
opium. There are 120 drops in f$j. Laudanum is much used 
in the form of enema. 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata (Camphorated Tincture of 
Opium). Paregoric Elixir. Prepared by macerating sixty 



opium. 59 

grains of opium in diluted alcohol Oij, with benzoic acid, sixty 
grains, oil of anise, a fluidraehm, clarified honey, tivo troyounces, 
and camphor, forty grains. Dose, f§ss, or a tablespoonful, con- 
taining rather less than a grain of opium. A favorite prepara- 
tion for children. 5 to 20 drops may be given to an infant. 

Tinctura Opii Deodorata (Deodorized Tincture of Opium) 
contains the same proportion of opium as laudanum. In 
preparing it, a liquid watery extract of opium is first made, 
which is then washed with ether. The ether is afterwards 
separated, the residue dissolved in water, and mixed with, 
enough alcohol to preserve it. Two troyounces and a half of 
opium are macerated with half a pint of water and expressed; 
the operation is twice repeated with the same quantity of 
water; the expressed liquids are mixed, and the mixture is 
evaporated to four fluidounces, and shaken, when cold, with 
half a pint of ether; the ethereal solution, when it has sepa- 
rated by standing, is poured off, and the remaining liquid is 
evaporated, until all traces of the ether have disappeared ; this 
is mixed with twenty fluidounces of water and filtered ; water 
enough is added to make the filtered liquid measure a pint and 
a half; lastly, half a pint of alcohol is added, and the liquids 
are mixed together. The narcotina as well as the odorous and 
many other injurious ingredients of opium are thus got rid 
of. A new but valuable preparation. Dose, the same as that 
of laudanum. 

Tinctura Opii Acetata (Acetated Tincture of Opium). 
Prepared by macerating two troyounces of opium, in distilled 
vinegar, fSxij, and alcohol Oss. Dose, TT|x, or 20 drops. 

Acetum Opii ( Vinegar of Opium). Black Drop. Prepared 
by macerating powdered opium, five troyounces, nutmeg, a troy- 
ounce, sugar, eight troyounces, in a pint of diluted acetic acid, 
and afterwards percolating with the same menstruum, till two 
pints are obtained. Black drop is twice the strength of lauda- 
num, and is to be given in half the dose of that preparation. 

Yinum Opii (Wine of Opium). Sydenham's Laudanum. 
Prepared by macerating two troyounces of opium in Sherry 
wine, fifteen troyounces, with cinnamon and cloves, each sixty 



GO MATERIA MEDICA. 

grains; and afterwards adding wine enough to make a pint. 
Dose, Tt|viij, or 16 drops. 

Morphije Sulphas {Sulphate of Morphia), Morphue Ace- 
tas {Acetate of Morphia), Morphia Murias {Muriate of Mor- 
phia), are the officinal salts of morphia, made by saturating the 
alkaloid with sulphuric, acetic, and muriatic acids. The sulphate 
and muriate occur in the form of snow-white feathery crystals, 
the acetate as a white powder. They have a bitter taste ; are 
all freely soluble in water and alcohol, and produce analogous 
medicinal effects, the sulphate being, however, most employed 
in this country. The salts of morphia possess the anodyne, 
hypnotic, antispasmodic, and diaphoretic properties of opium, 
and are considered less apt to produce headache and nausea, or 
other unpleasant effect. They are peculiarly adapted to the 
hypodermic and endermic methods of application. Dose, one- 
sixth to one-fourth of a grain. A Solution of the Sulphate of 
Morphia is officinal, and is much prescribed {Liquor Morphia 3 . 
Sulphatis). It contains one grain to fSj of distilled water ; 
dose, f5j-ij. Majendie's solution, used hypoderniically, con- 
tains sixteen grains to f§i. 

Troches of Morphia and Ipecacuanha (Trochisci Morphise et 
Ipecacuanha), are made with sulphate of morphia, 12 grains, 
ipecacuanha, 40 grains, sugar, 10 troyounces, oil of gaultheria, 
5 minims, formed into a mass; with mucilage of tragacanth, 
which is to be divided into 480 troches ; each troche contains 
4*o °f a g ram of sulphate of morphia. Suppositories of Morphia 
{Suppositoria Morphice), contain, each, i of a grain of sul- 
phate of morphia. 



CHLORAL. 

This interesting compound, although discovered by Liebig in 
1832, has attracted attention as a therapeutic agent, only since 
the statements of Liebrich, a physician of Prussia, published 
m May, 1869. It is prepared by passing dried chlorine gas 
through pure anhydrous alcohol, afterwards heating with con- 
centrated sulphuric acid, the crude chloral which is separated 



CHLORAL. 61 

being rectified over lime : the reaction, upon which the forma- 
tion of chloral depends, in this process, is complicated, chloral 
and hydrochloric acids being the chief products. Anhydrous 
chloral (C 2 HC1 3 0) is a limpid, oily, colourless liquid, with a 
fatty taste, and a strong caustic smell, producing lachrymation. 
It has a sp. gr. of 1.502, a boiling point of 203° F., and mixes 
in all proportions with water, alcohol, and ether. With water 
it combines to form a hydrate (C 2 HC] 3 0,H 2 0), which crystal- 
lizes in a mass of snow-white needles, soluble in their own weight 
of water; and, as pure chloral readily undergoes decomposition, 
the more stable hydrate is the form which is employed for 
medicinal use. It is incompatible with the alkalies, which 
decompose it into formic acid and chloroform. 

Chloral combines also with alcohol, forming a compound 
termed Chloral Alcoholate, which resembles the hydrate, but is 
distinguishable by its insolubility in water and its solubility in 
cold chloroform. 

Effect* and Uses. — Chloral, in doses of 20 grains, is a 
most reliable hypnotic, with no influence on the secretion from 
the bowels, and a slight diuretic action. The sleep which it in- 
duces is usually quiet and refreshing ; and the pulse is not 
affected. Generally, no unpleasant effects follow its employ- 
ment, though occasionally slight headache and even nausea 
supervene. When larger amounts are given, the sleep is 
deeper and may pass into coma ; the respiration is slower ; 
the pulse is reduced in fullness and frequency ; the temperature 
is lowered ; the muscular system is relaxed ; and both sensi- 
bility and reflex action are diminished. Large amounts may be 
taken without fatal result, as 460 grains have been given 
without unpleasant effects, though 50 grains have proved 
poisonous ; the symptoms of poisoning are diminished fre- 
quency of the respiration and circulation, redness of the con- 
junctiva, contraction of the pupils, lividity of the lips, and 
falling of the jaw, with occasionally eruptions of the skin. 
Death takes place from sudden failure of the heartfs action, or 
of the respiration, or of both. The treatment of chloral- 
poisoning is the same as that pursued in opium-poisoning ; arti- 



62 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ficial respiration is always to be resorted to. It is asserted 
that chloral is decomposed in the blood with the liberation of 
chloroform, but this is scarcely probable, and its effects are 
certainly not identical with those of chloroform. 

Chloral is a most valuable hypnotic remedy in all the forms 
of insomnia, in hysterical excitement, in acute mania, and in 
delirium tremens. As an antispasmodic, larger doses are re- 
quired, but it has been used with advantage in infantile con- 
vulsions, and even in puerperal and ursemic convulsions, both by 
the mouth and hypodermically, and it is especially recommended 
in the relief of rigid os during labour. In w T hooping cough, 
chorea, tetanus, &c, it has also been employed with advantage. 
As an anodyne, it is available, but only in narcotic amounts. 
The dose of chloral is 20 grains, which may be safely repeated 
every hour or two, till three doses have been taken, or sleep 
occurs. 

Chloral is administered only in aqueous solution, and the ad- 
dition of mucilage or syrup, particularly of the syrup of 
orange-peel, will disguise its unpleasant taste. It is not well 
adapted to the hypodermic method, as painful phlegmons 
sometimes follow its repeated use. Locally, in dilution (gr. x to 
f5i of water), it is a good stimulant and deodorizing application 
to foul and foetid indolent ulcers ; and, injected into subjects 
for the dissecting room, and in the preservation of anatomical 
preparations, it has lately been found useful. 

Croton-Chloral Hydrate, recently introduced, is made 
by the action of chlorine upon aldehyde, and occurs in small, 
shining, tabular crystals, only slightly soluble in water. It is 
highly recommended as an anodyne in neuralgia, in doses of 
from 10 to 20 grains, in syrup. 

LACTUCARIUM. 

Lactucarium (sometimes called lettuce- opium), is the con- 
crete juice of Lactuca Sativa, the garden lettuce (Nat. Ord. 
Cichoraceae), and is obtained from incisions in the plant, in the 
stem, during the period of inflorescence. Another and inferior 



BELLADONNA. 63 

mode of procuring it is by expression and evaporation of the 
expressed juice. Two varieties are found in the market : Eng- 
lish lactucarium, which occurs in small, irregular lumps, of a 
reddish-brown colour externally, an opiate smell, and a bitter, 
unpleasant taste, and German lactucarium (which is inferior), 
in four-sided pieces, from an inch to an inch and a half thick, 
with one side convex and the three other sides flat, the convex 
surface darkish-brown, and the flat surfaces light yellowish- 
brown. An active principle termed lactucin is said to have 
been isolated. Lactucarium, prepared from the juice of the 
Lactuca elongata, American or wild lettuce, has been found to 
possess effects similar to those of the officinal article. 

Effects and Uses. — Lactucarium possesses the anodyne and 
hypnotic qualities of opium with a slight sedative action on the 
jiirculation, but it is an uncertain preparation. It may be given 
where opium disagrees, from idiosyncrasy in the patient. 
Dose, gr. x. The syrup is the most eligible form of adminis- 
tration. It is made by rubbing a troyounce of lactucarium 
with sufficient diluted alcohol to bring it to a syrupy consist- 
ence, then percolating with diluted alcohol till half a pint of 
tincture has passed, afterwards evaporating to two fluidounces, 
and finally mixing the tincture with fourteen fluidounces of 
syrup. Dose, two or three fluidrachms. 



BELLADONNA. 

Belladonnas Folia, Belladonna Leaves ; Belladonna? Radix. Belladonna Root. 

Atropa Belladonna, or Deadly Nightshade [Nat, Ord. So- 
lanacese), is a European perennial plant, with herbaceous, 
branched, downy stems, about three or four feet high, large 
ovate leaves, of a dull-green colour, and drooping, bell-shaped, 
purple flowers. The whole plant possesses narcotic properties, 
but the leaves and root only are officinal. When fresh, the 
leaves have an unpleasant smell, and a sweetish, subacrid, 
slightly nauseous taste. When dried, they retain this taste, but 
have scarcely any odour. The root should be obtained from 



(54 MATERIA MEDICA. 

plants more than two years old; the dried root is long, round, 
from one to several inches in thickness, branched, of a red- 
dish brown colour, of little odour, and a feeble sweetish taste. 

The narcotic properties of belladonna depend on the pres- 
ence of an alkaloid termed atropia, which is found in all parts 
of the plant. It is officinal, and is prepared from the root, by 
exhaustion with alcohol, afterwards adding sulphuric acid, pre- 
cipitating with potassa, dissolving the atropia in chloroform, 
and then evaporating the chloroform. Atropia (C 17 H 23 N0 3 ) oc- 
curs in the form of yellowish-white, silky, prismatic crystals, 
without smell, but of a bitter, acrid taste, soluble in alcohol, 
more so in ether, still more so in chloroform, but only partially 
soluble in water. Perchloride of gold gives with atropia solu- 
tion a yellow precipitate, and cyanogen gas passed through 
its alcoholic solution strikes a deep red colour ; the best test is 
bromine, in hydrobromic acid, which produces a yellow amor- 
phous precipitate, soon becoming crystalline ; the physiological 
test should also be applied, by dilating the pupil of a rabbit or 
cat by local application to the eye. It is a most energetic 
poison, producing analogous effects to those of belladonna, but 
much more powerful. Latterly, atropia has been a good deal 
employed medicinally as a substitute for belladonna, on account 
of its greater certainty. The dose to begin with for internal 
use is about one-thirtieth of a grain in solution, one-sixtieth of 
a grain for hypodermic injection. As a collyrium, to dilate the 
pupil, a solution of a grain in four fluidrachms of water, with 
a few drops of acetic acid, may be employed, and a drop of the 
solution applied to the eye. A tincture (atropia gr. j, diluted 
alcohol fsss) is used for the same purpose — dose, for internal 
use, 8 drops. The sulphate of atropia is also officinal ; it is 
made by adding a mixture of sulphuric acid and alcohol to an 
ethereal solution of atropia, and is deposited in the form of a 
white, slightly crystalline powder, very soluble in water and 
alcohol, but insoluble in ether — dose the same as that of atropia. 

Physiological Effects of Belladonna.— In small doses, the 
effects of belladonna are those of an anodyne stimulant, with 
little or no action on the circulation, or on any of the secre- 



BELLADONNA. 65 

tions, except a peculiar dryness of the mouth and throat. In 
larger doses it causes dilatation of the pupils, loss of vision, gid- 
diness, constriction of the throat, difficulty of deglutition and 
articulation, increased heart-action, quickened respiration, ele- 
vation of temperature, marked diuresis, nausea, with occasional 
vomiting and purging, and sometimes a red eruption. When 
excessive doses are taken, the temperature of the body falls, 
the muscular system is relaxed, sensation is impaired, the pulse 
fails, and maniacal delirium sets in, followed by coma, syncope, 
and death, often preceded by convulsions. Belladonna is elim- 
inated chiefly by the urine. Dissections show that the action 
of the poison is not confined to the cerebro-spinal system, but 
that it is attended by inflammation of the digestive organs. 
Cases of poisoning from belladonna are to be treated by evacu- 
ation of the stomach, cathartics, and, if coma occurs, by the 
electro-magnetic battery. Opium may be given as a physio- 
logical antidote, or hypodermic injections of solutions of the 
salts of morphia may be administered. As atropia and its salts 
are decomposed and rendered inert by prolonged contact with 
caustic alkalies, the solutions of potassa and soda are recom- 
mended as antidotes for belladonna, and are to be considered 
also as medicinally incompatible with it ; lime-solution is said to 
have the same action. Applied to the eyebrow, belladonna 
causes dilatation of the pupil; and accompanying its mydriatic 
action are paralysis of accommodation and a diminished intra- 
ocular pressure. 

Medicinal Uses. — Belladonna is one of our most highly es- 
teemed anodyne and antispasmodic remedies. It is destitute 
of hypnotic effect, and, on the contrary, has a tendency to 
occasion wakefulness. In the treatment of neuralgia, it ranks 
at the head of the narcotics, and is extensively employed both 
alone and in combination with the sulphate of quinia. It 
should be given until dryness of the throat, dilatation of the 
pupil, and some disorder of vision are produced. Its powers of 
allaying spasm have been found very efficacious in the treat- 
ment of whooping-cough and asthma. In lead colic, spasmodic 
constriction of the bowels generally, dysmenorrhoea, laryngis- 

5 



(Ji; MATERIA MEDICA. 

mm stridulus, chorea, and tetanus, belladonna ranks among 
the best antispasmodic remedies. In spasmodic stricture of 
the urethra, the local application of belladonna ointment to the 
urethra by a bougie, is very efficacious. As a discutient of 
cancerous indurations, belladonna has enjoyed some reputa- 
tion, but any good effects, in these cases, have probably been 
owing to an anodyne and not a resolvent influence. In mania, 
and many diseases of the cerebro-spinal system, especially epi- 
lepsy, it has been occasionally employed with advantage. Its 
action on the kidneys renders it useful in chronic Bright's dis- 
ease ; and, by its influence in relieving irritability of the bladder, 
it is probably the best remedy for the nocturnal incontinence 
of urine of children. In constipation, iritis, and as a prophy- 
lactic against scarlatina, it is also resorted to. As a preventive 
of scarlatina, it was originally proposed from its power of 
affecting the throat and skin, and respectable authority is not 
wanting in confirmation of its efficacy in this particular. It is 
used too, in cases of poisoning by opium. Lately, hypodermic 
injections of %\ to ^ of a grain of atropia have been found 
useful in checking colliquative night-sweats. 

As a topical remedy, belladonna is employed as an ano- 
dyne, and also to relieve rigidity of the os uteri in labour. 
The local use of atropia in diseases of the eye is of the greatest 
importance ; solutions of the alkaloid or its sulphate may be 
dropped into the conjunctival sac, to relieve the pain and pho- 
tophobia of conjunctivitis, to determine the refraction of the 
eye from its influence on accommodation, in the diagnosis of 
suspected cataract, in operations for cataract, in iritis, prolap- 
sus iridis, and ulcers of the cornea generally. Gelatine wafers, 
containing ^ to T ^ of a grain of atropia are sometimes used to 
dilate the pupil for ophthalmoscopic purposes. 

Administration.— The dose of the powder of the root or 
leaves is gr. j, to be repeated and increased till dryness of the 
throat, dilatation of the pupil, and dimness of vision are pro- 
duced. It is most frequently exhibited in the form cf extract 
(or inspissated juice) of the fresh leaves. Dose, J to J a grain, 
to be repeated and increased. The tincture (four troyounces of 



STRAMONIUM. 



67 



the leaves to diluted alcohol Oij — dose, 15 to 30 drops) and the 
alcoholic extract are also officinal. The fluid extract of bella- 
donna root contains a troyounce of root in a fluidounce of extract 
— dose, 2 to 5 drops. Suppositories of belladonna (made with 
alcoholic extract of belladonna, 1 part, and oil of theobroma 59 
parts), contain each half a grain of extract. For external use, 
a plaster (Emplastrum Belladonnas), made by adding melted 
resin plaster to an alcoholic extract of belladonna root, and an 
ointment (TJnguentum Belladonna?), made by rubbing sixty 
grains of the extract first with water, half a fluidrachm, and 
then with lard, a troyounce, are employed. 



STRAMONIUM. 

Stramonii Folia, Stramonium Leaves ; Stramonii Semen, Stramonium Seed. 

Fig. 6. 




Datura Stramonium, or Thorn-Apple, sometimes called 
Jamestown weed {Nat. Ord. Solanacese), is an annual indige- 
nous plant, which grows very abundantly in waste grounds in all 
parts of the world. It has a forked, branching stem,_froni 
three to six feet high, ovate, toothed leaves, large funnel-shaped 
white or purplish flowers, which appear in midsummer, and 
ovate capsules, filled with numerous kidney-shaped, brownish- 



68 MATERIA MEDICA. 

black seeds. The odour of the plant is strong and disagreeable, 
and its taste bitter and nauseous. It loses these properties 
very much when dried, but the process does not appear to 
weaken its narcotic qualities. The leaves and seeds are 
officinal, but the seeds are most powerful from containing most 
daturia. 

The active principle of Stramonium is an alkaloid termed 
daturia, which possesses properties analogous to those of 
atropia. 

The physiological effects of stramonium are closely allied to 
those of belladonna, with a more marked action on the secre- 
tions. From its common occurrence in every part of the 
country, cases of poisoning from this weed are very frequent, 
particularly with children, who are fond of swallowing the 
seeds. The treatment laid down for the relief of poisoning 
from belladonna is applicable to these cases. 

The medicinal uses of stramonium are similar to those of 
belladonna. It is prescribed internally in neuralgia, whooping- 
cough, mania, and epilepsy ; and in spasmodic asthma, ciga- 
rettes of the leaves are smoked with great relief. The practice 
is, however, dangerous in aged or apopletic persons. Topi- 
cally, stramonium is used by oculists to dilate the pupils and 
diminish the sensibility of the retina to light ; and it is an 
excellent anodyne application, in the form of cataplasm and 
ointment, to inflammatory tumours, irritable ulcers, bed-sores, 
and hemorrhoids. 

Administration. — The dose of the powdered leaves is gr. ij ; 
of the seeds, a grain, to be repeated and gradually increased 
till narcotic effects are produced. Dose of the extract of the 
leaves, gr. j, to commence with ; of the extract of the seed, gr. J. 
The tincture (four troy ounces of the seeds to diluted alcohol 
Oij, dose 20 to 40 drops), and the ointment made by mixing the 
extract of the leaves with lard (according to the formula for 
ointment of belladonna), are also officinal. 



HYOSCYAMUS. 



69 



HYOSCYAMUS. 

Hyoscyami Folia, Hyoscyamus Leaves ; Hyoscyami Semen, Hyoscyamus 

Seed. 

Hyoscyamus niger, or Henbane (Nat. Ord. Solanaceae), is a 
native of Europe, and is naturalized in the northern parts of 
the United States. It grows to the height of about two feet, 
with large, sinuated, pale-green leaves, and flowers of a straw- 
yellow colour. The whole plant has narcotic properties; but 
the leaves and seeds only are officinal. Henbane should be 
gathered when in flower ; and, when fresh, has a strong, offen- 



Fig. 7. 




sive narcotic odour, and a mucilaginous, unpleasant, slightly 
acrid taste; but it loses most of these qualities in drying- 
The seeds are of a yellowish-gray colour, with something of the 
odour of the plant, and have an oleaginous, bitter taste. The 



70 MATERIA MEDICA. 

active properties of the plant depend upon a peculiar alkaloid 
principle, termed hyoscyamia (C 18 H 28 N 2 3 ), nearly identical in 
its action with atropia, but more soluble in water. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of henbane on the system 
much resemble those of belladonna. They differ from those of 
opium in their comparatively feeble hypnotic effect, and in their 
relaxing influence on the bowels. In large doses it causes dila- 
tation of the pupil, delirium, loss of vision, &c. In cases of 
poisoning, the same treatment is to be pursued as for bella- 
donna and stramonium. Henbane may be used remedially, in 
the same diseases, as belladonna and stramonium, than which it 
is, however, less active. It has been administered also, from 
the earliest days, to palliate cough, where opium is objectionable 
from its constipating or nauseating influence. Externally, it 
is employed in the form of cataplasm or fomentation to painful 
swellings and ulcers; and it may be used to dilate the pupil, in 
the same manner as belladonna. 

Dose of the powdered leaves, gr. v to gr. x ; of the seeds, 
somewhat less. The extract (an inspissated juice of the leaves) 
is the preferable form of administration ; it is of a dark olive 
colour, and extremely variable quality. Dose, gr. v to gr. x. 
Tincture (four troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij), dose f 5j. 
An alcoholic extract, and a fluid extract (dose 10-20 drops), are 
also officinal. 

TABACUM — TOBACCO. 

Nicotiana Tabacum, or Virginia Tobacco (Nat. Ord. Sola- 
nacesej, is a native of the warm countries of America, but is 
now extensively cultivated in most parts of the world. It is 
an annual plant, growing to the height of from three to six feet, 
with large, oblong, pointed, hairy, pale-green leaves, and light- 
greenish, funnel-shaped flowers, expanding above into rose- 
coloured segments. The dried leaves are the portion used. 
They have a yellowish-brown colour, a strong, peculiar, narcotic 
odour, and a bitter, nauseous taste. The darker-coloured leaves 
are the strongest. 



TOBACCO. <1 

The virtues of tobacco are imparted to alcohol and water, 
and depend on the presence of an alkaloid called nicotia 
(C 10 H 14 N 2 ), which is found in all parts of the plant It is a 
colourless, oily, volatilizable, alkaline liquid, highly soluble in 
water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, the fixed oils, and oil of tur- 
pentine, of a feeble odour, when cold, but irritant, when 
heated, of an acrid, burning taste, and is a most energetic 
poison. From the dried leaves are also obtained a concrete 
volatile oil, termed nicotianin, which is probably the odorous 
principle of the plant, and an empyrewnatic oil, which gives 
the peculiar smell to old tobacco pipes. Both of these princi- 
ples are poisonous ; the oil [oleum tabaci), is officinal. 

Physiological Effects. — On persons unaccustomed to its use, 
tobacco, in small doses, produces a slight sedative action, with 
nausea, swimming of the head, increased flow from the kidneys, 
and sometimes, also, from the bowels. In larger doses, it in- 
duces vomiting and purging, a sensation of sinking at the pit 
of the stomach, giddiness, disorder of vision, the pupils, how- 
ever, being little affected, depression of the circulation, great 
relaxation of the muscular system, coldness of the surface, and 
other symptoms of prostration ; and, when excessive doses 
have been taken, these symptoms become more violent, and 
are followed by convulsions, paralysis, coma, and death. Cases 
of poisoning are to be treated on the principles applicable to 
other cases of narcotic poisoning ; the diffusible stimuli are to 
be freely given. 

The habitual use of tobacco as an exhilarant is well known. 
When taken to excess, it frequently develops disorders of the 
stomach, heart, and nervous system. 

Medicinal Uses. — Tobacco is employed in medicine, chiefly 
with a view to its action on the muscular system — its anodyne 
and hypnotic properties being relatively feeble. In various 
spasmodic diseases, particularly in colic, ileus, strangulated 
hernia, constipation from spasmodic constriction, tetanus, spasm 
of the neck of the bladder and the glottis, and asthma, it is a 
remedy of great value. It has been also successfully applied 
to the treatment of poisoning by strychnia. Internally, tobacco 



72 MATERIA MEDICA. 

is to be employed with caution, as it occasionally acts with dan- 
gerous energy. Stupes of an infusion of tobacco (half an ounce 
to a pint of water), have been found an efficacious application 
to wounds, in cases of traumatic tetanus. 

Administration. — Tobacco is not given by the stomach, 
owing to its emetic properties. It is usually administered by the 
rectum, in the form of infusion (5j — Qj of boiling water, one- 
third to be given at a dose), or tobacco-smoke may be introduced 
into the rectum. It may also be smoked for medicinal effect, 
or applied locally in the form of cataplasm. Ointment of To- 
bacco ( Unguentum Tabaci), is made by mixing a watery extract, 
prepared from half a troy ounce of finely powdered tobacco, with 
eight troyounces of lard ; it is a useful application to indolent 
ulcers and some cutaneous affections, particularly tinea capitis, 
but the external application of tobacco to abraded surfaces of 
considerable extent has occasioned dangerous consequences. 
The Wine of Tobacco (Vinum Tabaci) is made by macerating 
a troyounce of tobacco in a pint of Sherry wine for seven days ; 
it is occasionally used as a diuretic — dose 20-30 drops. The 
Oil is sometimes mixed with ointments. 



LOBELIA. 

Lobelia inflata, or Indian tobacco {Nat. Ord. Lobeliacese), is 
a very common annual or biennial indigenous plant, growing to 
the height of from six inches to two feet, with a fibrous root, 
an erect, hairy stem, ovate, serrated leaves, pale-blue flowers, 
and ovoid, inflated capsules. It flowers from July till the 
appearance of frost, and should be gathered about August and 
September. All parts of it are active, but the leaves and 
tops only are officinal. It has an unpleasant smell, and, when 
chewed, an acrid, burning, nauseous taste, which is at first faint, 
but soon becomes excessive. Water and alcohol extract the 
virtues of lobelia, which contain a volatile alkaloid principle, 
lobelina (analogous to nicotia), lobelic acid, fixed and volatile 
oil, gum, chlorophyl, &c Lobelina is a yellowish liquid, lighter 



LOBELIA. 



73 



than water, of an aromatic odour, an acrid taste, soluble in 
water, but more so in alcohol and ether. 

Physiological Effects. — Lobelia produces effects on the sys- 
tem analogous to those of tobacco, acting in small doses as a 
sedative, nauseant, diuretic, and diaphoretic ; in larger doses 



Fig. 8. 




as an energetic emetic ; and in still larger doses as an active 
acro-narcotic poison, resembling tobacco in its influence. It 
was employed by the aborigines, and has always been a popular 
empirical remedy. 

Medicinal Uses. — Lobelia is sometimes classed among emet- 



74 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ics, but its action in this particular is too violent for its safe 
administration. It is chiefly employed, by regular practition- 
ers, with a view to its antispasmodic properties, for the relief 
of asthma, angina pectoris, and cardiac dyspnoea, and is given 
in small doses, gradually increased, until headache or nausea 
ensue. It may also be used as an enema, to fulfil the same 
indications as tobacco. 

Administration. — Lobelia is given in substance, tincture, and 
infusion. The dose of the potvder as an antispasmodic, is gr. 
j to gr. iij ; as an emetic, gr. v to gr. xx. The best form, par- 
ticularly in asthma, is the tincture (four troyounces to diluted 
alcohol Oij), which may be given in the quantity of f5j\ to be 
repeated as occasion may require. 

Acetum Lobelia ( Vinegar of Lobelia), made with diluted 
acetic acid, is a good preparation, in which the alkaloid is fixed 
by the acetic acid ; it is of the same strength, and may be given 
in the same doses as the tincture. 



CONIUM. 
Conii Folia, Conium Leaves ; Conii Fructus, Conium Seed. 

Conium maculatum, or Hemlock {Nat. Ord. Apiacese), is a 
biennial European plant, naturalized in many parts of the 
United States. Its stem is erect, from three to five feet high, 
round, smooth, and often spotted with purple. The leaves are 
large, bright-green, and repeatedly compound ; the flowers are 
small, white, and arranged in umbels, appearing in June and 
July. The whole plant is narcotic and virulent, and has a 
fetid, heavy odour. The leaves and seeds are the only por- 
tions used. The leaves should be gathered when the plant has 
done flowering, and kept in vessels from which the air and light 
are excluded. Plants grown in sunny situations and warm 
climates are most active. When well preserved, the dried leaves 
have a fine green colour, and the characteristic smell and bitter- 
ish taste of the fresh herb, though less powerfully. The seeds 
should be gathered while yet green, and carefully dried. They 



CONIUM. 



75 



have a yellowish-gray colour, a feeble odour, and a bitterish 
taste ; they are roundish-ovate, a line and a half in length by a 
line in breath. 

The active principle of hemlock is a peculiar alkaloid, termed 
conia (C 8 H 15 N), which exists in larger proportion in the seeds 



Fig. 9. 




than the leaves. It is a colourless, transparent, volatile, oily 
fluid, of a peculiar, repulsive, suffocating, mouse-like odour, 
and a bitterish taste, sparingly soluble in water, and freely so 
in alcohol, ether, and chloroform; it is a highly energetic 
poison, even in very small doses. 

Physiological Effects. — The action of hemlock in small medi- 
cinal doses is considered to be alterative and even tonic. Re- 
solvent properties, in cases of glandular enlargement, have been 
attributed to it, and atrophy of the mammae and testicles is said 
to have resulted from its continued employment. It is usually 
classed with the sedative narcotics, paralyzing the nerves of 
motion rather than those of sensation. In large doses, it causes 
nausea, vertigo, dimness of vision, relaxation of the muscles; 



76 MATERIA MEDICA. 

and, in poisonous quantities, dilatation of the pupils, difficulty 
of speech, delirium or coma, paralysis, and finally convulsions 
and death. It has no direct hypnotic effect. In cases of poison- 
ing, alcoholic stimuli are to be given. 

Medicinal Uses. — It is employed chiefly as a general and 
topical anodyne, to relieve the pain of malignant tumours ; and, 
even if destitute of the deobstruent powers which have been 
ascribed to it, it certainly exerts a remarkably palliative influence 
upon painful chronic indurations. It has been also recom- 
mended as an antispasmodic in whooping-cough and asthma; 
as an anodyne in neuralgia ; as an adjuvant to othe*r remedies 
in mania, especially melancholia; to relieve irritability of the 
sexual organs ; in diabetes; and it is used externally as a cata- 
plasm to cancers and other irritable ulcers. Conium is the 
cicuta of Hippocrates, Galen, and Pliny, and is supposed to 
have been the poison administered to Socrates and Phocion. 

Administration. — The dose of the powdered leaves is gr. iij to 
gr. iv, twice a day, to be rapidly increased, till vertigo or nausea 
ensue. The seeds are much stronger and more uniform in their 
effects than the leaves. Dose, half a grain to a grain. The ex- 
tract (inspissated juice of the leaves) may be given in the same 
doses; it is an uncertain preparation, and should be rejected 
unless it have a strong and penetrating odour. A tincture (four 
troyounces of the leaves to diluted alcohol Oij, dose, f 5ss, f 5j), 
an alcoholic extract of the leaves, and a fluid extract are also 
used; of the fluid extract (a fluidounce of which contains a 
troyounce of the seeds), the dose is four or five minims. All 
the preparations made from the dried leaves are, however, com- 
paratively feeble, and the best form in which to prescribe 
coniuui is the Succus Conii (Juice of Conium), (which is pre- 
pared by adding one measure of alcohol to five measures of 
the recently expressed juice of the fresh plant), dose f5i-ij. 



ACONITE. 77 

A C N I T U M — ACONITE. 
Aconiti Folia, Aconite Leaves; Aconiti Radix, Aconite Root. 

Aconitum Napellus, Aconite, Wolfsbane, or Monkshood (Nat. 
Ord. Ranunculaceae), is a native of the mountainous parts of 
Europe. It is a perennial, herbaceous plant, with a fusiform 
root, a simple erect stem, growing usually to the height of from 
two to four feet, palmate, deeply cleft leaves, and large, dark, 
violet-blue flowers. The leaves and ROOT are both used, but 
the root is the more powerful. They have little or no smell; 
but their taste is bitterish and acrid, and when chewed they oc- 
casion a peculiar feeling of tingling and numbness in the tongue 
and interior of the mouth. These properties are impaired by 
long keeping, and the plant loses its medicinal efficacy. Other 
species of aconite possess similar poisonous qualities to those of 
the A. Napellus. The active principle of aconite is an alkaloid 
named aconitia, which is officinal. 

Aconitia (C 30 H 47 NO 7 ) is prepared from an aqueous solution 
of an alcoholic extract of aconite root, by the addition of sul- 
phuric acid (which converts the natural salt of aconitia into a 
sulphate) ; it is then freed from its oily and resinous portions 
by means of ether; the alkaloid is subsequently precipitated 
with ammonia, then redissolved by ether, and again separated 
from this menstruum by evaporation. It is a white amorphous 
powder, with a tinge of yellow (though it has been obtained in 
crystals), without smell, of a bitter acrid taste, and produces in 
the mouth a sense of numbness. It is partially soluble in 
water, and is readily dissolved by alcohol and chloroform, less 
readily by ether. There are no characteristic chemical tests of 
aconitia, and, in medico-legal cases, the physiological test, by 
producing numbness and tingling of the lips or skin, must be 
resorted to. 

Aconitia is an exceedingly virulent poison, more powerful 
when pure than hydrocyanic acid. It is scarcely adapted to 
internal use, as even one-fiftieth of a grain has produced 
alarming results. As a topical agent in neuralgia and rheu- 



78 MATEKIA MEDICA. 

matism, it has been employed with great success, in alcoholic 
solution (gr. i-ij to f 5j), or as an ointment (gr. ij to lard 5j, 
rubbed up with alcohol, gtt. vj). 

Physiological Effects.— Taken in small doses, aconite pro- 
duces a sensation of numbness in the head, face, and extremi- 
ties, with a sedative action on the circulation, and more or less 
nausea and muscular debility. In larger doses, its effects are 
those of an acro-narcotic poison; gastric irritation, purging, 
contraction or expansion of the pupils, numbness or paralysis 
of the limbs, syncope, convulsions, and death. In case of poi- 
soning, the stomach is to be thoroughly evacuated, and stimu- 
lants, externally and internally, are to be freely administered. 

Medicinal Uses. — Aconite is a powerful and valuable remedy, 
in the treatment of neuralgia, chronic rheumatism, gout, and 
other painful diseases, as might be inferred from its benumbing 
effects on the system. From its influence on the circulation, it 
is employed to reduce inflammatory action, to moderate an ex- 
cessively rapid pulse in scarlatina and other fevers, and as a 
remedy in hypertrophy and other cases of irregular or excessive 
action of the heart. In controlling abnormal cardiac action, 
aconite is perhaps the most available article we possess, but its 
employment requires caution. As a topical anodyne, in 
neuralgia, it has no superior. 

Administration. — The dose of the powdered leaves is gr. j to 
gr. ij ; of the root, gr. J to gr. i ; of the alcoholic extract of the 
dried leaves, gr. J to gr. j ; of the tincture of the root, which 
is by far the best preparation (twelve troyounces to alcohol Oij), 
5 to 10 drops. These doses are to be repeated twice or thrice 
daily, and cautiously increased, till the effects of the medicine 
are apparent. The tincture may be used externally ; but for 
external application, the liniment (linimentum aconiti), which 
contains 8 troyounces of the powdered root in 7 fluidounces of 
alcohol and a fluidounce of glycerin, or the plaster {emplastrum 
aconiti), made by mixing 16 troyounces of alcoholic extract of 
aconite root with melted resin plaster enough to make the mix- 
ture weigh 16 troyounces, are to be preferred. 



AMERICAN HEMP — INDIAN HEMP. 79 

CANNABIS AMERICANA — AMERICAN HEMP, 
CANNABIS INDICA — INDIAN HEMP. 

Cannabis sativa, or Hemp (Nat. Ord. Cannabinacese) is a 
native of Persia and the northern parts of India, and is culti- 
vated in Europe, and in the United States. Narcotic virtues 
were formerly thought to exist only in the Cannabis Indica or 
Indian variety of the plant, but recent investigation seems to 
show that the hemp plants, raised in the Southern States, as 
Kentucky, are active, and might replace the East Indian drug. 

The flowering tops of both varieties are officinal. By 
evaporating concentrated alcoholic solutions of these, Extracts 
are obtained (extractum cannabis Americana? and extr actum 
cannabis Indica?), which are the forms usually employed. 
Extract of hemp is of a dark, olive-green colour, a fragrant nar- 
cotic odour, and a bitter, acrid taste. It is soluble in alcohol 
and ether, but not in water. The resin, which is the active 
principle, has received the name of cannabin. 

Effects and Uses. — The medicinal properties of Extract of 
Cannabis are narcotic and antispasmodic, and in India both the 
herb and resin are extensively used as intoxicating exhilarants, 
under the name of haschisch. In large doses it is sedative, 
producing relaxation of the muscles, confusion of thought, 
heavy sleep, and abatement of pain, without much affecting the 
secretions, except that from the kidneys, which it increases ; 
the pupils are dilated and the pulse is quickened. It has been 
chiefly extolled as an antispasmodic in traumatic tetanus, and 
has been employed with success in other spasmodic diseases, 
chorea, hysteria, &c, to relieve cerebral irritability in diabetes, 
and as an anodyne in rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, &c. It has 
also been given with advantage as an hypnotic both in mania 
and mania-a-potu ; and its powers of exciting uterine contrac- 
tions, and of checking uterine hemorrhagic discharges, are 
highly spoken of. Dose, from half a grain to two or more 
grains. The tincture is made by dissolving three hundred and 
sixty grains of the extract of Indian Hemp in a pint of alcohol ; 
forty drops of this are about equal to a grain of the extract. 



80 MATERIA MEDICA. 

HUMULUS — HOPS. 

Hops are the strobiles of Huumlus lupulus, or Hop-vine 
[Nat. Ord. Urticaceae), a climbing vine, indigenous in Europe, 
and probably also in North America, with serrated, rough 
leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers. The medicinal portion is 
.the fruit, or strobiles, which are also largely employed in the 
preparation of malt liquors, and are known as hops. They 
consist of thin, somewhat translucent, veined, leaf-like bracts or 
scales, of a greenish-yellow colour, a strong, fragrant, narcotic 
odour, and a bitter, aromatic, slightly astringent taste. Near 
their base are two small, round, dark seeds, covered with aro- 
matic glands or grains, which are the active portion of the 
hops, and are termed lupulin. They are separated by thresh- 
ing, rubbing, and sifting the scales, and constitute about a 
sixth part of the weight of hops. 

Lupulin (lupulina) is officinal, and consists of rounded or 
reniform, rather transparent grains, of a cellular texture, and 
a golden-yellow colour. It is slightly soluble in water, and com- 
pletely so in alcohol, and is composed of a volatile oil, a bitter 
principle termed lupulite, resin, tannic acid, and other matters. 
The scaly bracts contain a small portion of lupulinic matter. 

Effects and Uses. — Hops are narcotic and tonic. The nar- 
cotic properties probably reside in the volatile oil, and the 
tonic properties in the bitter principle. They are said, also, 
to possess antaphrodisiac properties, and sometimes prove 
diuretic. The odorous emanation is employed as an hypnotic 
by means of the hop-pillow. Internally, they are given to re- 
lieve restlessness, induce sleep, and allay pain, and are also 
much employed for their stomachic and tonic effect. The com- 
bination of tonic and narcotic virtues renders hops an excellent 
remedy in mild forms of mania-a-potu. Topically, they are 
employed in the form of fomentation or poultice, as a resolvent 
or discutient, in painful swellings and tumours. 

Administration.— Hops are given in the form of infusion 
(half a troyounce to boiling water Oj), and tincture (five troy- 
ounces to diluted alcohol Oij), dose f$j to f5iij. 



BITTERSWEET. 81 

The best preparation for internal use is Lupulin, in the dose 
of gr. v to gr. xij, in powder or pills. The tincture of lupulin 
(four troyounces to alcohol Oij) may be given in the dose of 
f5j to f3ij- The fluid extract is a concentrated tincture, con- 
taining the virtues of an ounce of lupulin in a fluidounce. 
The oleoresin also is officinal — dose, gr. ij to v. 

DULCAMARA — BITTERSWEET. 

The YOUNG branches of Solanum Dulcamara, the Woody 
Nightshade, or Bittersweet (Nat, Ord. Solanacese), a European 
vine, naturalized in the United States, possess combined nar- 
cotic and diaphoretic properties. They are of a greenish-gray 
colour, about the thickness of a quill, and have, when fresh, an 
unpleasant odour, which they lose by drying. Their taste is 
at first bitter, afterwards slightly acrid and sweet. The active 
principle is a poisonous alkaloid termed solania (C 43 H 70 NO 16 ), 
which has been found also in Solanum tuberosum, or common 
potato, and S. nigrum, or black nightshade. 

^Effects and Uses. — In small doses, the most obvious effects 
of Bittersweet are an increase in the secretions from the skin and 
mucous surfaces, with some diminution of sensibility. In ex- 
cessive doses it is an acro-narcotic poison. It is principally 
used in the form of decoction (a troyounce boiled in a pint of 
water for fifteen minutes, and water enough afterwards added 
to make the decoction measure a pint),* dose, fSi-ij, in painful 
cutaneous affections, and also in chronic catarrh, rheumatism, 
and gout. An extract (alcoholic), (dose, ten to twenty grains), 
and fluid extract (of which a fluidounce represents a troy- 
ounce of the stalks), are both officinal. 

* This is the usual formula for the decoctions, and is the mode of prepa- 
tion of all those which are stated to be of the strength of an ounce to a 
pint of water. 



g2 MATERIA MEDICA, 



ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM D I L UTL T M — D IL U TE D HY- 
DROCYANIC ACID. 

Hydrocyanic acid, known also as cyanhydric acid, and prussic 
acid, is derived from a variety of vegetable substances, as the 
bitter almond, peach kernels and leaves, wild cherry, cherry 
laurel, &c. It is employed in medicine only in a state of ex- 
treme dilution ; and the diluted acid is obtained by the action 
of sulphuric acid and water on the ferrocyanide of potassium, 
or. when wanted for immediate use, by the action of muriatic 
acid and water on cyanide of silver. 

Diluted hydrocyanic acid is a colourless, volatile liquid, with 
a peculiar odour, and a cooling, somewhat irritating taste. It 
undergoes decomposition if exposed to the light, and should be 
kept in bottles covered with black paint or paper. It contains 
two per cent, of the anhydrous or concentrated acid. 

The anhydrous acid (HCy, or HNC) is a colourless, trans- 
parent, very volatile and decomposable liquid, with a powerful, 
peculiar odour, and a cooling, afterwards burning taste. Both 
water and alcohol dissolve it readily. It consists of one eq. of 
cyanogen and one of hydrogen. Its presence in a suspected 
mixture may be detected by the addition of a solution of nitrate 
of silver, which throws down a white, curdy precipitate of 
cyanide of silver, distinguishable by its exhaling the peculiar 
odour of prussic acid on the addition of muriatic acid, and by 
being wholly soluble in boiling nitric acid, (the silver test is the 
most delicate, when applied to prussic acid in the state of 
vapour); or, by adding to the suspected solution a little liquor 
potassae, and then a mixed solution of protosulphate and tersul- 
phate of iron, a dirty greenish-blue precipitate is thrown down, 
which, on the addition of a few drops of pure hydrochloric acid, 
becomes Prussian blue; or (the best liquid test) the hydro- 
cyanic acid may be converted into sulphocyanide of ammonium 
by the addition of sulphide of ammonium, and the salt thus 
formed yields a deep blood-red colour upon the addition of a 
sesquioxide salt of iron, (the sulphur test may be advantageously 



DILUTED HYDROCYANIC AC D. 83 

employed as a vapour test) ; or, fourthly, by the copper test, 
(which may be also used in the form of vapour), the liquid is 
first rendered slightly alkaline by liquor potassse, and, on add- 
ing a dilute solution of sulphate of copper, a greenish-white 
precipitate is thrown down. 

Physiological Effects. — When taken in medicinal doses, 
gradually increased, hydrocyanic acid occasions a bitter taste, 
increased flow of saliva, irritation in the throat, nausea, head- 
ache, giddiness, faintness, disorder of the vision, and tendency 
to sleep. The pulse is sometimes accelerated, but more com- 
monly depressed. In a poisonous dose, hydrocyanic acid 
arrests life with fearful rapidity, and is one of the most ener- 
getic poisons known, one or two drops of the pure acid being 
sufficient to destroy a dog in a few seconds. When not imme- 
diately fatal, it produces great and sudden prostration, trismus, 
difficult and spasmodic respiration, dilatation and immobility 
and sometimes contraction of the pupils, convulsions, &c. The 
best antidotes are chlorine, and a mixture of sulphate of iron 
(gr. x to water f5j), tincture of chloride of iron (f3j), and car- 
bonate of potassium (3j), in water (fgj or ij); inhalations of 
ammonia or its carbonate, and (if the patient can swallow), al- 
coholic stimuli are to be employed, and at the same time cold 
affusions and artificial respiration are to be also resorted to. 
The subcutaneous injection of the sulphate of atropia has been 
also found available, acting as a physiological antidote. 

Medicinal Uses. — Hydrocyanic acid is a valuable agent in 
allaying spasm, pain, and nervous irritability, in a variety of 
disorders, and is much used to relieve cough, particularly in 
phthisis pulmonalis, and for its antispasmodic virtues in asthma 
and whooping-cough. It is, moreover, a most efficacious remedy 
in gastrodynia, and in neuralgic affections of the bowels, and 
also in chronic vomiting. Topically, it is employed as an ano- 
dyne in neuralgia, and in various forms of cutaneous disease 
(f3j to water Oj-Ojss). 

Dose of the officinal acid, one or two drops, to be repeated 
and gradually increased by a drop, till some effect is perceptible. 
When it is taken for a length of time, care should be observed 



84 MATERIA MEDICA. 

to have the medicine, as renewed, of uniform strength; and it 
is best, in using a fresh sample, to return to the minimum dose. 

Potassii Cyanidum {Cyanide of Potassium), (KCy), is 
used as a substitute for hydrocyanic acid, and has the advan- 
tage of being a more uniform chemical product, and less liable 
to undergo decomposition. It is made by heating together 
ferrocyanide of potassium and carbonate of potassium, and 
occurs in white, opaque, amorphous pieces, having a sharp, 
somewhat alkaline and bitter-almond taste, and an alkaline re- 
action ; its solution yields the odour of hydrocyanic acid, when 
exposed to the air. It is deliquescent, very soluble in water, 
and sparingly so in alcohol. Its medicinal and poisonous 
effects are the same as those of hydrocyanic acid. Dose, gr. J- 
in half an ounce of distilled water, to be repeated and increased. 
The addition of a few drops of some vegetable acid frees the 
hydrocyanic acid, and the same effect is produced by the acids 
of the stomach. 

Oleum Amygdala Amar,e [Oil of Bitter Almond), con- 
tains hydrocyanic acid, and may be used for the same purposes. 
It is obtained by distillation from the kernel of the fruit of 
Amygdalus communis, variety Amara [Nat. Ord. Amygdalese), 
and is of a yellowish colour, with a bitter, acrid, burning taste, 
and the peculiar odour of the bitter almond, which is different 
from that of hydrocyanic acid. It is heavier than water, 
slightly soluble in it, and soluble in alcohol and ether. It con- 
tains hydride of benzoyl and hydrocyanic acid, which are de- 
veloped from a principle termed amygdalin, and water, under 
the influence of an albuminous ferment termed emulsin: thus, 
amygdalin (C 20 H 27 NO n ) + water (2H 2 0) = hydride of benzoyl 
(C 7 H 5 OH) + HON + glucose (2C 6 H 12 6 ). The effects of this 
oil upon the system are closely analogous to those of kydro- 
cyanic acid, and its strength is about four times that of the 
diluted officinal acid. Dose, for internal use, a quarter to half 
a drop in emulsion ; as an external application, one drop to a 
fluidounce of menstruum. Bitter Almond Water (aqua amyg- 



CAMPHOR. 85 

dalse amarje), is used as a vehicle for narcotic medicines. 
Dose, half a fluidounce. 

Syrupus Amygdala (Syrup of Almond), made from both 
the sweet and bitter almonds, is slightly impregnated with the 
virtues of hydrocyanic acid, and is a pleasant vehicle for cough 
mixtures. The following is the formula for preparing it : Rub 
twelve troyounces of blanched sweet almonds and four troy- 
ounces of bitter almonds to a fine paste, adding, during the 
trituration, three fluidounces of water and twelve troyounces 
of sugar. Mix the paste with two pints and thirteen fluid- 
ounces of water, strain, and dissolve in this solution, at a gentle 
heat, sixty troyounces of powdered sugar. 



CAMPHORA — CAMPHOR. 

Camphor is a peculiar concrete substance derived from 
Camphora officinarum, or the Camphor-Laurel (Nat. Ord. 
Lauraceae), a large evergreen tree of China, Japan, and 
Cochin-China. All parts of the tree are strongly impregnated 
with camphor, which is obtained from the roots and branches 
by sublimation. In this state it is known in commerce as 
crude camphor, and consists of dirty grayish grains, adhering 
in crumbling masses. Japan camphor (called also Dutch 
camphor), has a pinkish colour, and is purer than the China 
camphor, but is not brought to the United States. The crude 
camphor, as imported from Canton, is not found in the shops, 
until it is purified by resublimation with lime, when it is termed 
refined camphor. 

This occurs in large hemispherical or convex-concave cakes, 
perforated in the middle. It is solid at ordinary temperatures, 
soft and somewhat tough, but may be readily powdered by the 
addition of a few drops of alcohol. It is translucent, has a 
strong, fragrant odour, and an aromatic, bitter, afterwards 
cooling taste. It is volatile, highly inflammable, lighter than 
water, and very slightly soluble in it, but soluble in alcohol, 



86 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ether, chloroform, oils, and acids. Water, added to the spirit 
of camphor, precipitates the camphor. 

A valuable camphor is known in the East, which is found in 
u concrete state in the cavities and fissures of the trunk of 
Dryobalanops Camphora, a tree of Borneo and Sumatra. 
The Borneo camphor occurs in small fragments of crystals, 
which are transparent, brittle, and harder than the laurel 
camphor. An oil, or liquid camphor, is also obtained from 
the Dryobalanops, which is more highly esteemed in Oriental 
countries than the camphor itself. 

Camphor is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 
(C 10 H 16 O). It has been considered to be an oxide of a hypo- 
thetical base called camphogen or cainphene, which is iso- 
meric with the oil of turpentine. When heated, it yields an 
oil, called oil of camphor. By passing hydrochloric acid into 
oil of turpentine, a substance is obtained called artificial 
camphor. 

Physiological Effects. — The topical action of camphor is 
irritant. After its absorption, its effects, in small doses, are 
moderately stimulant, exhilarant, and anodyne, with a deter- 
mination to the skin. In large doses, it causes considerable 
disorder of the cerebro-spinal system, and generally depression 
of the circulation : and in excessive quantity, it acts as a power- 
ful acro-narcotic poison, occasioning burning heat in the stomach, 
violent convulsions, and maniacal delirium. It is also an ana- 
phrodisiac. In cases of poisoning, after evacuating the stomach, 
opium, wine, &c, are to be administered. 

Medicinal Uses. — From its combined narcotic and diaphoretic 
powers, camphor is a valuable remedy in the treatment of dysen- 
tery, and is much employed in this disease, either in combination 
with opium, or as a substitute for the latter. In the early 
stages of cholera, and in flatulent diarrhoea, it is also greatly 
prescribed. As a diaphoretic stimulant and antispasmodic, it 
is useful in the low stages of typhoid and typhus fevers, and 
in typhoid conditions of the system generally. In many forms 
of mental disorder, it calms irritability, relieves despondency, 
and induces sleep. And it has no superior among the ano- 



CAMPHOR. 87 

dynes, in allaying irritation or pain of the genito-urinary 
organs, as in dysmenorrhea, uterine after-pains, strangury, 
nymphomania, chordee, &c. From its anodyne and sudorific 
properties, it is also applicable to the treatment of chronic 
rheumatism and gout. Externally, camphor is employed as an 
anodyne in rheumatism, and as a discutient in chronic inflam- 
matory affections. Powdered camphor, sniffed into the nostrils, 
is a good remedy in coryza and influenza. 

Administration. — The medium dose, in substance, is gr. v to 
gr. x ; but it may vary from gr. j to 3j. It is best given in 
emulsion, made by rubbing up the camphor with loaf sugar, 
gum arabic, myrrh, and water. The form of pill is objectionable 
from the difficulty with which it is dissolved in the gastric liquors. 

Aqua Camphors {Camphor Water), is made by rubbing up 
camphor (120 grains) with 40 minims of alcohol, and subse- 
quently with carbonate of magnesium (half a troyounce) and dis- 
tilled water (two pints). The carbonate is used to promote the 
solution of the camphor, and is afterwards separated by filtra- 
tion. Dose, f§j (containing about gr. iij) to f§ij or iij. The 
spirit (four troyounces to alcohol Oij), is chiefly used as an 
embrocation, but it may be given internally, where the action 
of the alcohol is not objectionable, in the dose of gtt. v. to f5j. 

Linimentum Camphors {Liniment of Camphor), consists 
of camphor (1 part), dissolved in olive oil (4 parts) : a mild 
embrocation. 

Linimentum Saponis (Soap Liniment), is made by digest- 
ing soap (four troyounces) and camphor (two troyounces) with 
oil of rosemary (half a fluidounce), in alcohol (two pints) and 
water (six fluidounces). It is a yellow oleaginous liquid, and 
is used as an anodyne and gently rubefacient application, in 
gouty and rheumatic pains, sprains, bruises, &c. 

Oleum Camphors (Oil of Camphor), the volatile oil ob- 
tained from Camphora officinarum, is a light reddish-brown 
fluid, with the odour and taste of camphor. It has medicinal 
properties similar to those of camphor, but is more stimulant, 
and therefore especially adapted to affections of the stomach 
and bowels. Dose, 2 or 3 drops. It is used also externally. 



88 MATERIA MEDICA. 



PHYSOSTIGMA — CALABAR BEAN. 

This is the seed of a perennial climbing plant of the western 
coast of Africa, which has received the name of Physostigma 
venenosum (Nat. Ord. Fabaceae). The seed is about the size 
of a large horse-bean, irregularly kidney-form in shape, with 
a firm, hard, brittle integument, when recently gathered of a 
gray colour, but gradually deepening into a dark chocolate- 
brown. The inner kernel is by far the more active portion; it 
is hard, white, pulverizable, of an edible taste, without bitter- 
ness or acridity. Alcohol, but not water, extracts its medicinal 
virtues. It yields an active alkaloid principle, termed physos- 
tigmia or ese?-ia, sparingly soluble in water, but more soluble in 
alcohol, ether, and chloroform. 

The calabar bean has long been used among the negroes of 
Western Africa, as an ordeal to determine the guilt or innocence 
of accused individuals, whence its name, the ordeal bean of 
Calabar. It has been found, in full medicinal doses, to produce 
giddiness, torpor, paleness and coolness of the surface, weak 
and irregular pulse, relaxation of the muscular system, and 
drowsiness, but not stupor. An interesting effect of its action 
is a remarkable power of contracting the pupil, whether taken 
internally, or applied externally; and it also contracts the 
ciliary muscle, which regulates the accommodating power of the 
eye. As a neurotic, its influence is directed rather to the 
spinal marrow than the brain, suspending or destroying the 
power of the former of conducting impressions. It is allied 
in its effects to woorara and conium, but differs from them in its 
tendency to produce muscular twitchings, and in contracting 
the pupil. In cases of poisoning, after emptying the stomach, 
the hypodermic administration of a solution of atropia is the 
best physiological antidote. 

Calabar bean has been found highly efficacious in traumatic 
tetanus. It has been used also with success in chorea, and in 
poisoning from strychnia, and spasmodic cholera. In ophthalmic 
surgery, its employment is obvious, either to produce contrac- 



COCCULUS INDICUS. 89 

tion of the pupil, or to increase the power of accommodating 
the eye to distances. 

The dose of the kernel is laid down as two or three grains, 
to begin with, gradually increased. By exhausting the kernel 
with alcohol, an extract (alcoholic) is obtained, of which the dose 
is one-eighth of a grain. A good form of administration is the 
tincture (which is not officinal), which may be made from the 
alcoholic extract, in the proportion of twelve grains to an ounce 
of alcohol — dose, 10 drops ; or a solution in glycerin may be 
used. Paper, impregnated with a concentrated tincture of the 
bean, and afterwards dried, has been applied locally to the eye. 



C C C U L U S — C OCCULUS INDICUS. 

This is the dried seed of Anamirta Cocculus, [Nat. Ord. 
Menispermaceas), a climbing shrub of India. The fruit is a one- 
celled berry, of a dark, purplish colour, with a soft pulp, and a 
single seed. This, when dried, is about the size of a pea, of a 
dark-grayish colour, and consists of a thin, dry, blackish, 
wrinkled integument, containing a whitish, oily, inodorous, very 
bitter kernel. The active properties reside in a peculiar white, 
crystallizable, bitter principle, termed picrotoxin, which is par- 
tially soluble in water, and very soluble in alcohol, chloroform, 
and ether. In the shell, an alkaloid termed menispermia has 
been found, and a neutral principle of the same composition as 
the alkaloid, termed paramenispermin. 

Effects and Uses. — Cocculus Indicus is an acrid cerebro- 
spinal narcotic, capable in large doses, of producing death. 
It has not been much used internally ; but, in the form of de- 
coction or ointment, it is employed to destroy lice and other para- 
sites, and for the cure of tinea and porrigo of the scalp. It is 
said to prevent the secondary fermentation of malt liquors, into 
which it is sometimes introduced as an adulteration. Cocculus 
Indicus is not officinal. 



90 MATERIA MEDICA. 



WOORARA. 

This substance, termed also woorari, woorali, and curare, has 
long been known as a powerful poison, prepared by the Indians 
in South America, and, of late years, has been employed as a 
medicine. Its source is unsettled, but it is generally considered 
to be an extract from the bark of an unknown plant. It is 
brought from the shores of the Amazon, and occurs in the form 
of dark-brown or grayish lumps or powder, of an intensely 
bitter taste, and, when triturated, of a powerful odour. A prin- 
ciple termed curarine is said to have been extracted from 
woorara. 

Effects and Uses. — Woorara is ranked with the sedative nar- 
cotics, and is considered to destroy life by more or less rapid 
paralysis of the respiratory muscles. A peculiarity of its action 
is that it is comparatively innoxious when taken by the stomach, 
being either not absorbed at all in this viscus, or so slowly, as 
to allow of its elimination by the kidneys, before dangerous 
accumulation in the blood. Hence, for therapeutic purposes, it 
must be employed either endermically to a blistered surface, or 
by hypodermic injection. It is very similar in its action to 
conium, and may be employed therapeutically to fulfil the same 
indications. The amount administered endermically is from a 
half to three-quarters of a grain daily. 



ORDER II. — ETHEREAL ANAESTHETICS. 

The term, Anaesthetics (from a , non, and alodqmg, sensation), 
properly speaking, includes all agents which diminish sensibility 
and relieve pain. It has, however, been used to denominate a 
class of ethereal remedies, which are applied by inhalation, and 
produce such a condition of temporary insensibility, as to pre- 
vent pain during surgical operations and parturition. 

The vapours usually employed to produce anaesthesia are 
those of ether and chloroform. Many other substances 
have, however, lately been introduced as anaesthetics. 



ETHER. 91 



J3THER — E TH ER . 

Ether is prepared by the distillation of alcohol and sulphu- 
ric acid, and is afterwards rectified by redistillation with solu- 
tion of potassa. For inhalation, however, it is further purified 
by being shaken with water, by which it is freed from alcohol, 
and this, as well as acid contaminations, are afterwards re- 
moved by the agency of chloride of calcium and freshly cal- 
cined lime. Thus purified, it is designated as iETHER Fortior 
— Stronger Ether. 

Although commonly termed sulphuric ether, in allusion to 
the sulphuric acid used in its preparation, yet ether contains no 
sulphuric acid. By the action of the acid upon alcohol, this 
substance, which is chemically a hydrated oxide of ethyl, is 
deprived of the elements of water, and is converted into the 
oxide of ethyl or ether, for which the formula is C 4 H 10 O, or 
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 0. 

Ether is a transparent, colourless liquid, with a strong, fra- 
grant odour, and a hot, pungent taste. It wholly evaporates in 
the air, so rapidly as to cause a considerable degree of cold, is 
very inflammable, combines with alcohol and chloroform in 
every proportion, and dissolves in ten times its volume of water. 
The sp. gr. of pure ether is 0.713, of stronger ether, 0.728, of 
ordinary officinal ether, 0.750. The boiling point of stronger 
ether is about 98° F. 

Effects and Uses when swallowed. — When taken into the 
stomach, ether produces a primary stimulant and secondary 
narcotic effect, the stage of excitement being, however, very 
transient. It has long been employed as an antispasmodic and 
anodyne remedy in asthma, angina pectoris, hysteria, cramp of 
the stomach and bowels, spasm of the gall ducts, &c. ; and from 
its combined stimulant and antispasmodic virtues, it has been 
found useful in the latter stages of typhus, attended by sub- 
sultus tendinum, &c. As a topical anodyne, ether is a very 
good application in nervous headache and earache ; it has been 
also applied with advantage in aphthae, stomatitis, diphtheria, 



92 MATERIA MEDICA. 

and other affections of the mouth and throat ; and, from its re- 
frigerant effects, it has been used in the reduction of strangu- 
lated hernias, and as a cooling lotion in cerebral affections. If 
evaporation be repressed, when it is applied locally, it acts as 
a rubefacient, and may be employed for counter-irritation. 

Dose, f5ss to f 5j, to be increased when habitually used. It 
may be incorporated with water, by rubbing it up with sperma- 
ceti, in the proportion of two grains to a fluidrachm of ether, 
or it may be given in capsules of sugared gum. 

Effects and Uses when inhaled. — The first effects of the 
inhalation of ether are a sense of strangulation and cough, from 
its local irritant action. When the vapour is absorbed into the 
system through the pulmonary surface, the nervous functions 
are successively and progressively affected. The mental facul- 
ties and volition become first impaired ; insensibility and uncon- 
sciousness rapidly supervene, during which susceptibility to 
pain is lost ; and the patient lies in a trance-like sleep, resem- 
bling death. This condition is often preceded by one of excite- 
ment, during which patients sometimes weep, laugh, moan, sing, 
rave, or present pugnacious manifestations. In the beginning 
of etherization, the circulation is accelerated, but it. is after- 
wards depressed. The period of full ether-narcosis lasts from 
five to ten minutes, and the patient ordinarily recovers without 
serious inconvenience, although headache, nausea, drowsiness, 
and languor sometimes ensue for a few hours. Occasionally, 
congestion of the brain or lungs, cataleptic rigidity with pro- 
longed insensibility, and, in females, hysterical phenomena 
ensue after etherization ; but these effects are uncommon, and 
it is believed that death has never followed the use of ether, 
when care has been taken to admit atmospheric air into the 
lungs along with the ether. During the stage of insensibility, 
convulsive twitches or muscular rigidity are occasionally 
noticed ; the breathing is sometimes stertorous ; the iris becomes 
fixed ; the pupils are dilated ; the eyeballs are upturned ; and 
the orbicularis palpebrarum does not contract when touched. 
Insensibility to pain in some cases takes place before uncon- 
sciousness ; and, when patients are recovering from the latter 



ETHER, 93 

state, the mental faculties are often completely restored, while 
insensibility to pain continues. 

Since the year 1846, the inhalation of ether, first resorted to 
in our own country, has been practised very generally in all 
parts of the world, with the greatest success, for the prevention 
of pain in surgical operations; and its use has been also 
extended with the happiest results to the relief of pain in labour. 

It should not be exhibited where disease of the heart or 
brain, or serious obstruction of the lungs exists, or when from 
any cause there is unusual tendency to syncope, and precaution 
should be taken to guard against asphyxia; but, when adminis- 
tered with proper care and discrimination, it is attended with 
little or no danger or unpleasant results .of any kind. 

The quantity of ether necessary to effect etherization is 
about two ounces; and it may be conveniently applied by 
means of a cone of stiff paper, shaped so that its base will fit 
over the nose and mouth of the patient, and into which a nap- 
kin, or small towel, or hollowed-out sponge is placed; the sponge 
should be first soaked in warm water, squeezed dry, and satura- 
ted with pure ether. It is then applied to the mouth and 
nostrils, the mouth being permitted occasionally to receive 
atmospheric air; and, if irritability of the air-passages occur, 
this is to be gradually overcome. From three to five minutes are 
required to produce arsesthezation, and its occurrence is known 
by closure of the eyelids (if they have been previously open), 
failure to respond to questions, and muscular relaxation. The 
sponge is then to be removed, and may be reapplied from time 
to time if necessary. 

Etherization is less apt to produce nausea, if practised upon 
an empty stomach, and the administration of a little brandy 
and laudanum promotes its action. 

Etherization has been also resorted to in a variety of morbid 
conditions, in which the administration of narcotics and anti- 
spasmodics has been found useful. It exerts a powerful control 
over the violent types of spasmodic disease, and has been pre- 
scribed with the greatest advantage in hysteria, tetanus, poison- 
ing from strychnia, asthma, chorea, convulsions, puerperal 



94 MATERIA MEDICA. 

eclampsia, whooping-cough, dysmenorrhea, and almost every 
description of spasm ; and as a relaxant in the reduction of 

dislocations. 

Local anaesthesia and congelation may be produced through 
the agency of the ether spray applied to a part by the atomizer, 
(see p. 44). 

CHLOROFORMUM— CHLOROFORM. 

Chloroform is usually obtained from the distillation of alco- 
hol with chlorinated lime, and, for medicinal use, 

Commercial Chloroform {chloroformum venale), is purified 
by agitation with one-fifth its weight of sulphuric acid, which 
destroys the contamination of chlorinated pyrogenous oil ; and 
the sulphurous acid formed and the water present are afterwards 
removed by means of a watery solution of carbonate of sodium, 
and of stronger alcohol and lime. The purest chloroform, for 
internal use, is now made from the hydrate of chloral. 

Purified Chloroform (Chloroformum Purification) is a 
colourless, volatile liquid, of a bland, ethereal odour, and a hot, 
aromatic, saccharine taste. It is not inflammable, is slightly 
soluble in water, and freely soluble in alcohol and ether. It 
has extensive solvent powers, dissolving camphor, the fixed and 
volatile oils, most resins and fats, iodine, bromine, the organic 
alkalies, &c. The purest chloroform has a sp. gr. of 1.5022. 
Officinal chloroform has a sp. gr. of 1.480, when it contains a 
little alcohol; and, as usually found, its sp. gr. is about 1.475, 
when it contains more alcohol, and is less apt to become acid. 
The boiling point of pure chloroform is 142° F. It is, chemi- 
cally, a terchloride of formyl, CHC1 3 . Chloroform is some- 
times contaminated with chlorinated pyrogenous oil (a very in- 
jurious impurity); this may be detected and removed by strong 
sulphuric acid, which gives the chloroform a colour varying from 
yellowish to reddish-brown, according to the amount of impurity. 
The most delicate test for the presence of alcohol is the binitro- 
sulphuret of iron, which, when agitated with chloroform, will 
produce a brown tint if alcohol be present. 



CHLOROFORM. 95 

Physiological Effects. — The effects of chloroform on the sys- 
tem are analogous to those of ether, but much more rapid and 
powerful. When inhaled, in the dose of a fluidrachm or more, 
it rapidly induces anaesthetic sleep, with great relaxation of the 
muscles, and the most complete insensibility to painful agents. 
The period at which insensibility occurs varies from fifteen 
seconds to two minutes ; and it continues usually between five 
and ten minutes, and may be prolonged considerably, by renewals 
of the inhalation. The patient usually recovers without recol- 
lection of what has occurred during the state of insensibility, 
and with few or no uncomfortable sequelae. Sensibility to 
pain is often very much obliterated, even before consciousness 
is lost. 

The administration of chloroform has, in some cases, been 
attended with fatal syncope, due to heart-paralysis. This has 
ordinarily occurred with such rapidity as to render remedial in- 
terference unavailable : but, at the slightest approach of symp- 
toms of the kind, the patient should be placed in a recumbent 
position, cold affusions should be applied, and, above all, elec- 
tro-magnetism should be resorted to. It would be proper 
always to have an eletro-magnetic machine ready for use, when 
chloroform is inhaled. 

Topically applied, and when its evaporation is prevented, 
chloroform acts as an irritant, and soon vesicates the skin — 
powerfully diminishing painful impressions during its appli- 
cation. 

Medicinal Uses. — Chloroform is prescribed by the stomach 
as an anodyne and antispasmodic, in all the cases to which 
ether is applicable, and has the advantage of a more agreeable 
taste. It has been found particularly useful to relieve the pain 
and vomiting of cancer of the stomach, and also in colic and 
cholera. It has been also extolled as an antiperiodic in the 
treatment of intermittent fevers. Externally, it is used as a 
topical anodyne, and also as a stimulating application to foul and 
indolent ulcers, and occasionally for its constitutional effects. 

Dose, from f5ss to f5j, in sweetened water or mucilage; to 
be repeated. As an anti-neuralgic liniment, f5j to foij of 



96 MATERIA MEDICA. 

camphor liniment ; or as a rubefacient and anodyne, undiluted, 
on linen, covered with oiled silk, to prevent evaporation. As 
a wash or gargle, f5j or ij to water Oj. 

The introduction of chloroform, as an anaesthetic, took place 
shortly after that of ether ; and, from its greater intensity of 
action, its freedom from irritating effects on the bronchial 
mucous membrane, its more agreeable odour, and its non-inflam- 
mability, it has been extensively used, particularly in Great 
Britain, to the exclusion of ether. A very considerable num- 
ber of fatal cases have, however, occurred from the inhalation 
of this agent, where its administration did not appear in any 
way counter-indicated; and it can scarcely be considered a per- 
fectly safe remedy. It is employed as an anaesthetic, anodyne, 
and antispasmodic, to fulfil the indications to which ether is 
applicable. It is also used hypodermically. 

The dose for inhalation is a fluidrachm, to be repeated in two 
minutes, if anaesthesia be not produced ; and its effects may be 
renewed from time to time, without injury. It may be applied 
on a handkerchief, held near the nose or mouth, care being 
taken to allow a proper admixture of atmospheric air. 

A solution of chloroform in ether has been used in the United 
States, but, from the unequal volatilization of the two liquids, 
it must be difficult to modify their effects by combination. 

Spiritus Chloroformi (Spirit of Chloroform), is a solution 
of a troyounce of chloroform in twelve fluidounces of diluted 
alcohol; a convenient form for internal exhibition. Dose, 
foj. 

Linimentum Chloroformi (Liniment of Chloroform), is made 
by mixing three parts of chloroform with four parts of olive 
oil. 

Mistura Chloroformi (Mixture of Chloroform), is made by 
mixing chloroform, in which camphor is dissolved (sixty grains 
in half a troyounce of chloroform), with six fluidounces of 
water, by the intervention of the yolk of an egg. Dose, f Sss- 
fSj.* 

* Under the name of chlorodt/ne, a combination containing chloroform is 
much used, for which the following is a formula : Muriate of morphia, 8 



COMPOUNDS OF AMYL. 97 

Since the discovery of the anaesthetic properties of ether and 
chloroform, many other substances have been employed for the 
purpose of anaesthesia. Of these may be mentioned: 

I. Rhigolene, a petroleum naphtha, obtained by the dis- 
tillation of petroleum. It is the lightest of all known liquids, 
having a sp. gr. 0.625, is highly volatile and inflammable, boils 
at 70° F., and in its composition is a hydrocarbon, containing 
no oxygen. It is nearly odourless, and has been employed to 
produce local anaesthesia through the agency of the atomizer, 
and is the most convenient, most rapid, and most easily con- 
trolled freezing liquid that can be used. Its name is derived 
from pw, extreme cold. 

II. Bichloride of Methylene. — This liquid is most 
easily procured by the action of nascent hydrogen (developed 
from zinc, water, and sulphuric acid), upon chloroform. Its 
composition is CH 2 C1 2 . It is a colourless fluid, having a pleas- 
ant ethereal odour like that of chloroform, boils at 88° F., has 
sp. gr. 1.34, and mixes with ether and chloroform in all propor- 
tions. It is said nearly to equal chloroform in efficacy, with 
less danger to life, while its effects are much more rapid. It 
is used in about the same dose as chloroform, but has not been 
employed in the United States. 

III. Methylic Ether, made by digesting methylic alcohol 
with strong sulphuric acid, is a gaseous substance, lately em- 
ployed. Under the name of methyl-ethylic ether, it has been 
used, dissolved in ethylic ether, and is said to produce rapid 
anaesthesia, without spasm, syncope, or asphyxia, during inhala- 
tion, or subsequent nausea. One or two drachms may be in- 
troduced into a bag inhaler, and the gas is volatilized by means 
of a hand bellows. 

IV. Compounds of Amyl. — Various compounds of amyl 

grains ; oil of peppermint, 16 minims ; stronger ether, a fluidounce ; extract 
of liquorice, 2 J troyounces ; pure chloroform, stronger alcohol, and molasses, 
each, 4 fluidounces; diluted hydrocyanic acid, 2 fluidounces ; syrup, 17£ 
fluidounces : dissolve the morphia and oil in the alcohol, and add the chlo- 
roform and ether, mix the liquorice, syrup, and molasses, shake the two 
mixtures, and add the hydrocyanic acid — dose, 5 to 10 minims, the vial to 
be well shaken. 

7 



98 MATERIA MEDICA. 

(C 5 H n ), products derivable from the oxidation of starchy mat- 
ter, have been proposed as anaesthetics. Awylic alcohol, or 
fusel oil (the hydrated oxide of amyl, C 5 H n HO), is one of 
the products of the alcoholic fermentation. It is a colourless, 
oily liquid, of a strong, offensive odour, and an acrid, burning 
taste. When inhaled by animals, it has been found to produce 
muscular paralysis and convulsions. Amylene (C 5 H l0 ) is pre- 
pared by distilling amylic alcohol with a concentrated solution 
of chloride of zinc. It is a colourless, mobile liquid, having a 
peculiar disagreeable smell. Of the amyl series, amylene alone 
can be considered as a true anaesthetic, that will produce com- 
plete insensibility to pain. An extreme dose is, however, 
required for this purpose, and its operation is dangerous to life. 
The hydruret, iodide, acetate, and nitrite of amyl have also 
been employed. Of these compounds, however, the nitrite 
alone appears likely to come into use as a therapeutic agent. 
The nitrite OF amyl is prepared by heating one part of strong 
nitric acid with two parts of rectified fusel oil until reaction 
just commences, when the fire is withdrawn. After the violent 
reaction has subsided, heat is again carefully applied. The 
distillate obtained below 212° F., is rectified over carbonate of 
potassium, with the precaution to collect only that portion dis- 
tilling between 202° and 206° F. It is a nitrite of the oxide 
of amyl, and is an amber-coloured, volatile, inflammable liquid, 
of sp. gr. 0.913, boiling at 182° F., with an odour and taste 
like that of ripe pears. Its composition is C 5 H n N0 2 . It is 
not a true anaesthetic, as it does not destroy consciousness, 
unless a condition approaching to death is produced. It ex- 
ercises, however, a rapid and powerful influence on the heart 
and circulation, and as an excitant of vascular action may be 
considered the most energetic agent as yet physiologically dis- 
covered. In has been employed to rouse the system in cases 
of syncope and prostration, and has been also found efficacious 
in relieving the pain of angina pectoris, in asthma, and as a 
general relaxer of muscular spasm. Experiments upon animals 
show it to be also a physiological antidote in cases of poisoning 
from strychnia, and it would probably prove efficacious in 
tetanus. Dose, 5 to 6 drops. 



NITROUS OXIDE GAS. 99 

V. Tetrachloride of Carbon. — This substance, termed 
also bichloride of carbon and chlorocarbon (CC1 4 ), is made by 
passing the vapour of bisulphuret of carbon, together with chlo- 
rine, through a red-hot porcelain tube ; and is purified by agi- 
tation with an alcoholic solution of potash, afterwards washing 
with water, and subsequently redistilling. It is a transparent, 
colourless fluid, having an ethereal and sweetish odour, not 
unlike that of chloroform. Its sp. gr. is high, 1.56, and its boil- 
ing point, 170° F. It is miscible in all proportions with ether 
and chloroform. Chlorocarbon has been employed by inhala- 
tion as an antispasmodic, anodyne, and anaesthetic, and has the 
advantage of a pleasant smell and freedom from nauseating 
effect. For full and prolonged anaesthesia, however, there are 
objections to its use in the heaviness of its vapour, its insuf- 
ficient volatility, and the consequent difficulty of its elimination 
from the system. It may be inhaled to the extent of f5i- A 
mixture of one part of chlorocarbon and six parts of chloroform 
is recommended as a safe and agreeable anaesthetic. The 
Tetrabromide of Carbon (CBr 4 ) has very recently been 
added to our list of anaesthetics. It may be made by heating 
bisulphuret of carbon in a sealed tube with bromide of iodine. 
It is a white substance, crystallizing in plates, of an ethereal 
odour, somewhat resembling that of tetrachloride of carbon, 
and sweetish taste. It is insoluble in water, but dissolves in 
ether, alcohol, bisulphuret of carbon, chloroform, bromoform, 
benzole, and petroleum. 

VI. Nitrous Oxide Gas was the substance by which an- 
aesthesia was in the first instance produced, in the hands of 
Mr. Horace Wells, a dentist of Hartford, Connecticut. It is 
made by the decomposition of nitrate of ammonium by heat. 
Its composition is N 2 0. It is a colourless, respirable gas, 
absorbable by water, and the solution, like the gas itself, has a 
faint, agreeable odour and sweet taste. This gas is both a plea- 
sant and efficient anaesthetic, more rapid, and at the same time 
more transitory in its action than either ether or chloroform, 
and free from disagreeable or serious consequences. It is well 
adapted to employment in the extraction of teeth, or in short, 



100 MATERIA MEDICA. 

minor surgical operations, but its effects are too transient for 
the anaesthesia required in protracted operations. The amount 
necessary to produce anaesthesia (one or two gallons), as well 
as the complicated apparatus required for its administration, 
constitute also an objection to its general use. It is best ad- 
ministered from an India-rubber bag, containing about eight 
gallons of the gas, furnished with a mouth-piece with two 
valves, one of which is designed for the throwing out of the 
respired gas. Water, impregnated with about five times its 
volume of nitrous oxide, has been used internally as a stimu- 
lant, in the dose of half a pint to a pint and a half, during the 
course of the day. In experiments upon dogs, nitrous oxide 
water injected into the bowels has been found to act as a phy- 
siological antidote in cases of poisoning from chloroform, car- 
bonic acid, hydrocyanic acid, and other agents. 

ORDER III. — ANTISPASMODICS. 

Antispasmodics are medicines that allay irregular nervous 
action. Their effects upon the economy in a state of health 
are not very decided, and are limited to a slight stimulation of 
the circulation, and exhilaration of the mental faculties. Their 
influence is, however, strikingly shown in certain deranged 
conditions of the nervous system, particularly in those forms 
of spasm, which depend upon idiopathic or primary nervous 
disorder, and are known under the designation of hysteria. 
They are also useful in many varieties of mental disturbance, 
as wakefulness, hypochondriasis, and even insanity, and are 
often preferable to narcotics in the treatment of these cases, 
from their comparative freedom of action on the brain. They 
are all distinguished by a powerful odour. 

ASSAFCETIDA — ASSAFETIDA. 

Assafetida is a gum-resinous exudation, obtained from 
the root of Narthex Assafoetida (Nat. Ord. Apiaceae). This 
plant is a native of Persia, and has a large, tapering root, the 



ASSAFETIDA. 101 

size of a man's leg, with long, lanceolate leaves, springing 
directly from the root, and an erect stem, from six to nine feet 
in height, rising from the midst of the leaves. The drug is 
obtained from incisions made into the root, or by taking succes- 
sive slices of it. The exuded juice is scraped off, hardened in 
the sun, and afterwards packed for exportation. It occurs in 
masses of varying size, consistence, and colour, but is usually 
whitish, intermixed with darker spots, and becomes reddish, 
and finally brown, by exposure to the air. It is sometimes 
soft and adhesive, at other times hard and brittle, and is not 
readily powdered, except at a low temperature. It breaks 
with a waxy lustre, and the best samples appear to be composed 
of irregularly-shaped tears. Its taste is unpleasant, bitter, and 
acrid ; its odour powerful, alliaceous, and fetid. 

Assafetida is a gum-resin, united to a volatile oil. The gum 
is dissolved by water ; and the mucilage thus formed suspends 
the resin and volatile oil. The resin and volatile oil are solu- 
ble in alcohol ; but the tincture becomes milky on the addition 
of water, owing to the separation of the resin. 

Physiological Effects. — Assafetida, when taken into the 
stomach, produces a local stimulant and carminative effect. 
After absorption, it proves a moderate excitant and exhilarant, 
and exerts a marked influence upon morbid conditions of the 
nervous system. It also stimulates the mucous secretions gen- 
erally, and increases the peristaltic action of the bowels. Its 
volatile oil is absorbed, and the odorous principle is recognised 
in the secretions, especially in the perspiration. 

Medicinal Uses. — No medicine is more highly esteemed as a 
direct antispasmodic than assafetida. It is much resorted to 
in the various forms of hysteria, and is particularly valuable in 
relieving the mental depression, which constitutes one of the 
protean types of this disorder. In other spasmodic diseases, 
as chorea, asthma, whooping-cough, &c, it is a favorite remedy 
with many practitioners ; and, from its combined expectorant 
and antispasmodic properties, it is particularly adapted to spas- 
modic pectoral affections. In certain diseases of the abdominal 
viscera, as flatulent colic and costiveness, assafetida is often 



102 MATERIA MEDICA. 

useful as an antispasmodic and laxative enema. It is also 
prescribed as a stimulating emmenagogue, when the uterine dis- 
order is attended with a disturbance of the nervous functions. 

Notwithstanding its disagreeable odour, this drug is largely 
used as a condiment in Asia ; and, even in the refined cookery 
of Europe, its flavour is admired. Many persons take it habitu- 
ally for its exhilarant effects ; and, when used as a medicine, it 
generally becomes acceptable. 

Administration. — Dose, gr. v to 3j, in pill. It is most fre- 
quently given in the form of mixture (Mistura Assafoetidce, — 
5ij, rubbed gradually with water Oss), — dose, f§ss to f§j, re- 
peated, or as an enema, fgij to fgiv. This mixture, from its 
whiteness and opacity, is sometimes called lac assafoetidce, or 
milk of assafetida. Pills of assafetida, made by beating up 
three parts of assafetida with one part of soap and a little water, 
are officinal, each pill containing 3 grains of the gum-resin. 
The tincture (four troyounces to alcohol Oij — dose f3j), is a 
good preparation, where the alcohol is not objectionable. A 
plaster is used externally in whooping-cough and catarrh ; it is 
made by dissolving twelve troyounces of assafetida and six troy- 
ounces of galbanum in three pints of alcohol, evaporating to the 
consistence of honey, and to this adding twelve troyounces of 
lead-plaster and six troyounces of yellow wax, previously melted 
together. Suppositories of Assafetida are made by mixing a 
fluidounce of the tincture, evaporated to the consistence of a 
thick syrup, with 320 grains of oil of theobroma. 



GALBANUM. 

Galbanum is a gum-resin obtained from an undetermined 
Eastern plant. It is met with in the form of tears, or more 
commonly in lumps, of a brownish colour, and has a peculiar 
balsamic odour, and a hot, bitter, acrid taste. It is a gum- 
resin united to a volatile oil. Its effects are similar to those 
of assafetida, but less active ; and it is chiefly employed ex- 
ternally, as a stimulant and resolvent to indolent swellings. 



VALERIAN. 103 

The compound pills of galbanum are used as antispasmodic 
and emmenagogue ; they are made by beating into a pilular 
mass. thirty-six grains of galbanum and myrrh, each, and twelve 
grains of assafetida, with a little syrup, the mass to be divided 
into 24 pills, — dose, 3 to 5 pills. Galbanum forms the 
basis of the compound galbanum plaster, which contains eight 
parts of galbanum, one part of turpentine, three parts of Bur- 
gundy pitch, and thirty-six parts of plaster of lead. 



AMMONIAC U M A M M X I A C . 

This is a gum-resinous exudation obtained from Dorema 
Ammoniacum [Nat. Ord. Apiaceae), a plant of Persia. It comes 
in tears or lumps, of an irregular shape, yellowish on the out- 
side, whitish within, is moderately hard and brittle, and has 
an unpleasant, bitter, and rather acrid taste, with a peculiar 
smell, somewhat like that of galbanum. It is a gum-resin, 
with a little volatile oil. Its effects are similar to those of as- 
safetida; but it is seldom used, except as an antispasmodic ex- 
pectorant in chronic catarrh. Dose, gr. x to xxx. A mixture 
and plaster are officinal. The mixture has the same formula 
as mixture of assafetida ; the plaster is made by dissolving five 
troyounces of ammoniac in half a pint of diluted acetic acid, 
straining, and evaporating to a proper consistence. A. plaster 
of ammoniac with mercury is also officinal. 



VALERIANA — VALERIAN. 

Valeriana officinalis, or Wild Valerian (Nat. Ord. Valeri- 
anacese), is a perennial European plant, growing to the height 
of three or four feet, with serrated leaves, and small, reddish- 
white fragrant flowers. The ROOT is the portion used, and 
consists of numerous long, slender, cylindrical fibres, attached 
to a rough, tuberculated head. The colour of the dried root 
externally is yellowish or brown, and internally white ; when 
powdered, it is yellowish-gray. It has a peculiar, powerful 



104 MATERIA MEDICA. 

odour, of which cats are fond, and a bitterish, subacrid, aro- 
matic taste. Water and alcohol extract its virtues, which de- 
pend on the presence of a volatile oil, from which a peculiar 
colourless, volatile acid, called valerianic, may be separated. 

Effects and Uses. — Valerian generally acts as an energetic 
excitant and antispasmodic, although at times it makes but a 
feeble impression on the system. It is much used as a ner- 
vous excitant and antispasmodic in the various forms of hys- 
teria, and occasionally, also, in epilepsy, chorea, hemicrania, 
hypochondriasis, delirium tremens, &c. 

Dose of the powder, from 5ss to 5jss, three or four times a 
day ; of the infusion (half a troyounce to Oj of water), fSj to 
ij ; of the tincture (four troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij), f5j ; 
of the ammoniated tincture (four troyounces to aromatic spirit 
of ammonia Oij — an excellent preparation), f5j to ij ; of the 
fluid extract, f3j ; of the extract (alcoholic) gr. x to xxx ; of 
the oil, 4 or 5 drops. 

Acidum Valerianicum ( Valerianic Acid), (HC 5 H 9 2 ), 
which is found in valerian-root, is usually prepared artificially 
by the action of bichromate of potassium and sulphuric acid 
upon amylic alcohol, and occurs as an oily, colourless liquid, of 
a caustic taste, and strong odour, resembling, but different from 
that of valerian. It is used for the manufacture of 

Ammonii Yalerianas (Valerianate of Ammonium). — This 
salt, made by combining valerianic acid with ammonia (ob- 
tained by the reaction of lime upon chloride of ammonium), 
occurs in snow-white, quadrangular plates, of an offensive 
odour like that of valerianic acid, and a sharp, sweetish taste. 
It deliquesces in a moist air, effloresces in a dry one, and is 
very soluble both in water and alcohol. Potassa and the 
mineral acids decompose it. It is much employed in neuralgia, 
nervous headache, hysteria, chorea, epilepsy, &c. Dose, gr. 
ij- v »jj g iv en in coated pills; or an elixir, prepared with aro- 
matics* may be used. 

* Take of valerianate of ammonium, 5i ; fluid extract of vanilla, flfss ; cd. 
tinct. of cardamom, f^vi; curacoa, f^ij ; water, fgiv; mix. Dose, a tea- 
spoonful three times a day. 



SKUNK-CABBAGE. 105 



CYPRIPEDIUM. 

The boot of Cypripedium pubescens and of Cypripedium 
parviflomm (Nat. Ord. Orchidaceae), common indigenous plants, 
known under the numes of ladies' slipper, and moccasin plant, 
are recognized in the secondary list of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. 
They grow to the height of one or two feet, with large many- 
nerved, plaited leaves, and large handsome flowers resembling 
the Indian moccasin; C. pubescens (yellow ladies' slipper), has 
yellow flowers. The dried root is several inches long, bent, with 
a small knotted dark head, and numerous fibres, of a yellowish- 
brown colour, of an aromatic odour, and a bitter, sweetish, 
somewhat pungent taste. It contains a volatile oil and bitter 
principle, and has been used as a substitute for valerian. Dose 
of the powdered root, gr. xv, three times a day. An infusion 
and tincture are also used; by precipitating the tincture, an 
oleoresin is obtained, of which the dose is half a grain to three 
grains. 

SCUT EL LABI A SKULLCAP. 

The hebb of Scutellaria lateriflora (Nat. Ord. Labiatge), an 
indigenous perennial herb, found in moist localities, growing to 
the height of one or two feet, with ovate, acute, dentate, petio- 
late, opposite leaves, and small pale-blue flowers in leafy 
racemes, is considered by many American practitioners to pos- 
sess valuable antispasmodic properties. An infusion (two troy- 
ounces to boiling water Oj) may be taken ad libitum ; and a 
fluid extract is also used. S. pilosa and integrifolia have a 
more bitter taste, and have been used as tonics. 

DRACO UTIUM — SKUNK-CABBAGE. 

Dracontium fcetidum, Ictodes fcetidus, Symplocarpus fcetidus, 
or Skunk-Cabbage (Nat. Ord. Aracege), is an indigenous plant, 
growing in moist situations, which flowers in April and May, 



106 MATERIA MEDICA. 

and afterwards sends up numerous large and luxuriant leaves. 
The fresh root has a strong, fetid odour, and an acrid taste, 
but loses these properties by being kept. It is stimulant, anti- 
spasmodic, and narcotic, and is employed in hysteria, asthma, 
chronic catarrh, &c. Dose, gr. x to xx, gradually increased. 
It is also given in the form of infusion. The leaves are used 
in the country to keep up the discharge from blistered surfaces, 
and to stimulate indolent ulcers. 

The following vegetable substances, used as articles of diet, 
may be ranked also with antispasmodics. 

I. Thea — Tea, the dried leaves of Thea Chinensis {Nat. 
Ord. Ternstromiacese), an evergreen shrub, of China and 
Japan, whence the markets of the world are supplied. The 
most important constituents of tea are essential oil (upon 
which the flavour depends), tannic acid, and a crystalline, vola- 
tilizable, nitrogenous alkaloid principle, termed theina. 

II. Caffea — Coffee, the seed of Coffea Arabica (Nat. Ord. 
Cinchonacene), a small tree, which is a native of Southern 
Arabia and xlbyssinia, and is cultivated in various tropical and 
semi-tropical countries. Coffee contains a nitrogenous prin- 
ciple, eaffeina (C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 -h H 2 0), which is considered to be 
identical with theina, and two peculiar principles, one resem- 
bling tannin, termed caffeo-tannie acid, and the other termed 
caffeic acid. The volatile oil, upon which the flavour depends, 
is developed by roasting. Coffee may be used for the general 
indications of antispasmodics, and is besides especially effica- 
cious in relieving the sopor produced by opium poisoning. 
Both tea and coffee lessen the uric acid and increase the urea 
in the urine. 

III. Theobroma — Chocolate (noticed more at length under 
the head of demulcents — see Oil of Theobroma) contains a 
nitrogenous principle, theobromia, nearly identical in composi- 
tion with eaffeina (C 7 H 8 N,0 2 + H 2 0). - 

IV. Erythroxylon Coca— Coca.— The leaves of this plant, 
a shrub, about six feet in height, have long been used as a 
masticatory by the Indians in Peru, for the purpose of enabling 



MUSK. 107 

them to undergo fatigue, hunger, and thirst. Statements have 
been recently made, of the medicinal efficacy of this substance 
as a nervous stimulant, in doses of half an ounce, in infusion. 
An alkaloid principle, termed eoeaina, has been found in coca. 

V. Paullinia — Guarana. — This occurs in chocolate-colour- 
ed cylinders, which are worked up from the fruit of Paullinia 
Sorbilis [Nat. Ord. Sapindacese), a plant of Brazil, where it is 
used to make a common and highly esteemed beverage. It is 
said to contain twice as much theina as the best tea. It is 
recommended medicinally, as a tonic, astringent, and antispas- 
modic and has been found especially useful in sick-headache ; 
dose, one or two drachms, or an alcoholic extract may be given 
in doses of ten or twenty grains. 

VI. Mate. — Under this name, the dried leaves of Ilex Para- 
guaiensis, a small tree or shrub of Paraguay, cultivated also in 
other parts of South America, are extensively used as a beverage 
throughout the Atlantic region of that continent. Paraguay 
tea, as it is termed, has a balsamic odour and bitter taste, and 
contains a principle identical with caffehia and theina, and also 
tannic acid. 

MOSCHUS — MUSK. 

Musk is a peculiar concrete secretion obtained from Mos- 
chus moschiferus, the Musk Deer, an animal rather larger than 
the goat and resembling the deer in its characters, which inhabits 
the mountainous portions of Central Asia. The musk-bag is 
found only in the male, and lies between the umbilicus and 
prepuce. It is an oval pod, about two and a half inches long, 
and one and a half broad, flat on one side, and convex and 
hairy on the other, and in a full-grown animal contains from 
5jss to ovj, of a liquid secretion, which, when dried, is musk. 
Two kinds are known in commerce, the China and the Kussia 
Musk, the former of which is much the stronger. 

Musk occurs in grains or lumps concreted together, of a red- 
dish-brown colour, and has usually some hairs of the pod mixed 
with it. It has a powerful diffusive, aromatic odour and a bit- 



108 MATERIA MEDICA. 

terish taste. It is inflammable, leaving a light spongy char- 
coal. On analysis, it yields ammonia and a variety of other 
constituents, but the odorous principle has not been isolated. 
It is partially soluble in water and alcohol, and completely so 
in ether. 

Owing to its high price, musk is greatly sophisticated. 
Sometimes artificial pods are met with, which may be distin- 
guished from the genuine, by the absence of the remains of the 
penis and of an aperture in the middle of the hairy coat. The 
musk itself is more frequently adulterated, by mixture with 
dried blood, and a variety of substances. Indeed, little if any 
genuine musk is found in the shops. 

Effects and Uses. — Musk is a powerful excitant and anti- 
spasmodic, without much effect on the cerebral functions. If a 
pure article could be obtained, it would have no superior as a 
direct antispasmodic in the treatment of essential nervous dis- 
orders — hysteria, epilepsy, chorea, and hiccough, and as a com- 
bined excitant and antispasmodic in the latter stages of typhus, 
and in typhoid pneumonia. But it is now little prescribed, 
owing to the difficulty of procuring it good. 

Administration. — It may be given in the form of bolus or 
emulsion. Dose, gr. x, to be repeated every two or three 
hours. 

An article, termed Artificial Musk, is made by the addi- 
tion of one part of rectified oil of amber to three parts of nitric 
acid. It resembles musk both in sensible and medicinal pro- 
perties, and it has been prescribed in its stead, in the same 
dose. 

CASTOREU M — C A S T R . 

This is a peculiar concrete substance, found in membra- 
neous follicles, which exist between the anus and external geni- 
tals of the Castor fiber, or Beaver. It occurs in the form of 
solid unctuous masses, contained in pairs of sacks about two 
inches in length, of a brownish-black colour externally, and of 
a reddish-brown colour internally. It has a peculiar, penetrating, 
disagreeable smell, and a bitter, acrid, nauseous taste. It is 



ETHEREAL OIL. 109 

soluble in alcohol and ether. Castor contains, with other mat- 
ters, a volatile oil, a peculiar neutral crystalline substance, 
termed castorin, and salicin, the bitter principle of the willow. 
According to many authorities, the oil is a derivative of salicin. 
Effects and Uses. — Castor is moderately excitant and anti- 
spasmodic, and is very analogous in its effects to musk. It is 
not much used. Dose of castor in substance, gr. x to gr. xx ; 
of the tincture (two troy ounces to alcohol Oij), f5j to f5ij. 

OLEUM SUCCINI RECTIFICATUM — RECTIFIED OIL OF 

AMBER. 

Amber, Succinum, is a sort of fossil resin found in various 
parts of the world, and comes to this country from the shores 
of the Baltic. It is a hard, brittle substance, usually translucent, 
and of a pale golden-yellow colour, insipid, and inodorous, 
except when heated. By distillation, it yields an oil, oil of 
amber (oleum succini), which when rectified (by the distillation 
of one part of the oil with six parts of water), is employed 
medicinally. The oil is nearly colourless at first, but gradually 
becomes brown, has a strong, peculiar odour, and a pungent, 
acrid taste. It is soluble in alcohol. An acid called succinic 
is also obtained from amber. 

Effects and Uses. — Oil of amber is excitant and antispas- 
modic, and has been used in hysteria, epilepsy, tetanus, per- 
tussis, hiccough, and amenorrhcea. It is chiefly employed as 
an external application, and is a good remedy in pertussis and 
convulsions of children. Dose of the oil, gtt. v to gtt. xv, given 
in emulsion. For external use, it may be mixed with three or 
four parts of olive oil and brandy, with one part of laudanum 
added. 

OLEUM .ETHEREUM — ETHEREAL OIL. 

This substance, known also as oil of wine, is a result of the 
distillation of alcohol with a large excess of sulphuric acid ; it 
is afterwards mixed with an equal volume of stronger ether. 



HO MATERIA MEDICA. 

It is a transparent, nearly colourless, volatile liquid, of a pecu- 
liar, aromatic, ethereal odour, and sharp, bitter taste, sparingly 
soluble in water, but readily dissolved by alcohol or ether. 
Sp. gr. 0.91. It has antispasmodic properties, but is used in 
medicine only as an ingredient of the Compound Spirit of 
Ether. 



SPIRIT US ^ETHERIS COM POSIT US — COMPOUND 
SPIRIT OF ETHER. 

This preparation, known as Hoffman's Anodyne, is a solu- 
tion of ethereal oil (f5vj), in ether (Oss), and alcohol (Oj). It is 
a colourless, volatile, inflammable liquid, having an aromatic, 
ethereal odour, and a burning, slightly sweetish taste. It 
becomes milky on being mixed with water, owing to the pre- 
cipitation of the ethereal oil. 

Effects and Uses. — Hoffman's Anodyne has the antispas- 
modic and stimulant, effects of ether, and derives additional 
tranquillizing and anodyne properties from the ethereal oil 
present; it is also an efficient carminative. It is much used in 
hysteria, and is often added to laudanum, to prevent the nausea 
which the latter sometimes excites. Dose, f5j to f5ij, in sweet- 
ened water. 



ORDER IV. — TONICS. 

Tonics, called also corroborants, are medicines which produce 
a gradual and permanent increase of nervous vigour. It is only, 
however, in certain conditions of disease that they manifest this 
invigorating influence ; as, in a state of health, they often act 
as irritants, or even nauseants. Their local effects are similar 
to their general effects. They exalt the nervous functions of 
the parts to which they are applied, and increase their firmness 
and density. When taken into the stomach, they produce a 
twofold corroborant effect, improving the digestive powers by 
their local action, and strengthening the system generally by 
their cerebro-spinal influence. 



TONICS. Ill 

Tonics differ from stimulants only in the more permanent 
character of their effects. The more powerful tonics are 
closely allied to the narcotics in their action, producing, in 
overdoses, giddiness, loss of sight and of hearing, convulsions, 
delirium, and even death. And this analogy is further illus- 
trated by the curative power of tonics in the relief of painful 
and spasmodic diseases, as neuralgia, rheumatism, chorea, and 
epilepsy. 

The articles of this class may be divided into vegetable and 
mineral tonics. The vegetable tonics are characterized by 
bitterness ; and it is said that they owe their bitterness and 
medicinal activity to a principle which has been termed bitter 
extractive. It is doubtful, however, whether any such proxi- 
mate principle has really been obtained. The mineral tonics 
unite astringent with tonic properties; and the preparations of 
iron produce a further corroborant effect, by increasing the red 
colouring matter of the blood. 

The therapeutic application of tonics comprises a diversified 
range of diseases. They are employed as stomachics in dys- 
pepsia, and as general corroborants in convalescence from acute 
diseases, in chronic affections accompanied by marasmus and 
cachexia, in exhaustion and debility, in typhus and gangrene, 
and in typhoid conditions of the system generally. But their 
most striking and valuable powers are shown in their febrifuge 
influence upon miasmatic diseases. The modus medendi here is 
obscure, but the curative agency is undoubtedly due to a pow- 
erful impression upon the central organs of the nervous system. 
The antineuralgic and antispasmodic properties of tonics have 
already been alluded to. They also enjoy considerable reputa- 
tion in the treatment of chronic bowel-complaints, where they 
act by restoring tone to the debilitated intestinal tube ; and, 
on the other hand, they are often useful as laxatives in torpid 
conditions of the alimentary canal. 



112 MATERIA MEDICA. 



VEGETABLE TONICS. 

The vegetable tonics may be arranged into three sections, 
viz. : 1. The pure bitters. 2. The aromatic bitters, which 
contain a stimulant volatile oil, and are aromatic as well as 
tonic. 3. The astringent bitters, which contain tannic and 
gallic acids, and are both astringent and tonic: this group 
contains cinchona, the most powerful and important of the 
vegetable tonics. The bitter principle is found also in many 
medicines belonging to other classes, as rhubarb, aloes, taraxa- 
cum, &c, and gives them tonic properties. 



SIMPLE BITTERS. 
QUASSIA. 

Quassia is the WOOD of Simaruba excelsa (Nat. Ord. Simaru- 
bacese), a lofty tree of Jamaica and other West Indian islands. 
It is imported from the West Indies in billets of various sizes, 
which are found in the shops in the form of chips or raspings. 
Externally, it is covered with a smooth, brittle bark ; the wood 
is white, but becomes yellowish by exposure. It has no odour, 
but an intensely permanently bitter taste. Water and alcohol 
extract its virtues, which are said to depend on a neutral prin- 
ciple termed quassin (C 10 H 12 O 2 ). 

The article originally known as Quassia was the root and wood 
of Quassia amara, a shrub of Surinam, but this does not now 
reach our markets. It is thought to have possessed much 
more decided tonic properties than the drug now found in 
commerce. 

Effects and Uses. — Quassia is a mild tonic, free from stimu- 
lant or astringent effects, and is employed principally in dys- 
pepsia, want of appetite, and other stomachic affections. It is 
much used to give additional bitterness to malt liquors. Dose, 
in powder, 3j to 5j, three or four times a day ; but the best 
form of administration is that of infusion (5ij in water Oj), in 



GOLDTHREAD. 



Hi 



doses of fSjss to foiij ; the infusion is a good remedy for asca- 
rides, given by injection. An extract (aqueous) is given in the 
dose of gr. v, but it is principally used as an excipient for the 
administration of the mineral tonics. Of the tincture (two 
troy ounces to diluted alcohol Oij), the dose is f5j to fSij. 

SIMARUBA. 

Simaruba is the bark of the root of Simaruba officinalis 
[Nat. Ord. Simarubacese), a tall tree of Jamaica and many 
parts of South America. It occurs in long pieces of various 
sizes, which are much rolled or quilled, of a brownish-yellow 
colour externally, and yellow internally. It contains a bitter 
principle, analogous to quassin, and resembles quassia in its 
medicinal effects. 



COPTIS — GOLDTHREAD. 

Fig. 10. 




Coptis trifolia, or Goldthread {Nat. Ord. Ranunculacese), is 
a small, evergreen, herbaceous plant, resembling the strawberry- 



114 MATERIA MEDICA. 

vine, with perennial creeping roots, slender stems, round ter- 
mite leaves, and a single small white flower, which appears 
through the spring till midsummer. It belongs to the northern 
regions of America and Asia, and abounds in swampy places 
in Canada and New England. The parts used are the roots, 
which should be gathered in autumn, and carefully dried. 
They are of a bright-golden colour, and give the name by which 
the plant is commonly known. They contain the alkaloid 
berberina. The roots of a variety of coptis, derived from Assam 
in Asia, Coptis teeta, have been introduced into Europe; they 
possess analogous properties to those of C. trifolia. 

Effects and Uses. — Goldthread is a pure and powerful bitter, 
similar in its effects to quassia, but much more palatable, and 
is a very good stomachic tonic. It is also employed in New 
England as a topical application in aphthous and other ulcera- 
tions of the mouth. It is usually given in the form of tincture 
(a troyounce to diluted alcohol Oj), in the dose of f5j, and of 
infusion (half a troyounce to water Oj) ; these preparations are 
not, however, officinal. 



GENTIAN A — GENTIAN. 

Gentian is the root of Gentiana lutea or Yellow Gentian 
(Nat. Ord. Gentianacese), a perennial plant of the mountainous 
parts of Central and Southern Europe, growing to the height 
of two or three feet, with broad, ovate, opposite leaves, and 
handsome whorled, yellow flowers. It is imported in cylindri- 
cal, branched, twisted pieces, of various sizes, marked by trans- 
verse annular wrinkles and longitudinal furrows. Externally, 
it is grayish-brown, internally, brownish-yellow, and of a soft 
spongy texture. Its odour in the fresh state is peculiar and 
disagreeable, but, when dried, feeble; its taste is slightly sweet- 
ish and intensely bitter. Water and alcohol extract its virtues. 
It contains a peculiar oil and acid, pectin, grape sugar, and a 
bitter principle, termed gentiopicrin or gentianin, (C 40 H 30 O 24 ), 
which is crystallizable, soluble in water and alcohol, and ranks 



SABBATIA. 115 

with the glucosides. Other species of gentian are employed as 
substitutes for the yellow gentian. 

Effects and Uses. — Gentian is a pure bitter, without either 
astringency or much aroma. In full doses it is more disposed 
to relax the bowels than the other simple bitters; and, like 
others of the vegetable tonics, in excessive doses, it is capable 
of producing narcotic effects. It is an admirable stomachic in 
dyspepsia and gastric disorders, and is also used in the various 
forms of constitutional debility. 

Administration. — In the form of poiuder, the dose is gr. x to 
5ss. But it is usually given in the form of compound infusion 
(half a troyounce to water fgxiv, with alcohol fgij, and bitter 
orange-peel and coriander, each 5j), dose f§i, 3 or 4 times a 
day ; compound tincture (tinctura Gentians composita, gentian, 
two troyounces, bitter orange-peel, a troyounce, cardamom, half 
a troyounce, to diluted alcohol Oij), in the dose of foj to foij ; 
extract {aqueous), in the dose of gr. xto5ss; and fluid extract, 
in the dose of f5ss-j. 

FEASER A — A M E R I C A N COLUMBO. 

The root of Frasera Walteri (Nat. Ord. Gentianacese), an 
elegant plant of our Southern and Western States, may be used 
as a substitute for gentian and columbo. Dose, 5ss-5j; or an 
infusion (a troyounce to boiling water Oj), may be given. 

SABBATIA. 

Sabbatia angular is, American Centaury, or Centaury (Nat. 
Ord. Gentianacese), is a very common annual indigenous plant, 
with an erect stem, one or two feet high, opposite ovate leaves, 
and numerous terminal flowers of a rich rose-colour, nearly white 
in the centre. It is found in low meadow-grounds or neglected 
fields in most parts of the United States, and flowers in August 
and September. The herb is officinal, and should be gathered 
while in flower. It has a very bitter taste, and yields its virtues 
to both water and alcohol. 



116 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



Effects and Uses.— Centaury is a pure bitter, with no as- 
tringency, and very little aroma. It is an excellent stomachic, 

Fi<r. 11. 




and may be used also as a general corroborant. It is said to 
act as an emmenagogue when given in warm infusion, and, 
like the bitters generally, has had anthelmintic properties 
ascribed to it. The best form of exhibiting it is infusion (a 
troyounce. to boiling water Oj), of which the dose is a wine- 
glassful when cool ; of the powder 5ss to 5j may be given. 



CALUMBA — COL UMBO. 

Columbo is now generally ascribed by botanists to two 
species of plants known as Jateorrhiza palmata and Jateorrhiza 
Calumba (Nat. Ord. Menispermacese), designated by some 
writers still under the old name of cocculus palmatus, climb- 
ing plants of Mozambique, on the south-eastern coast of Africa. 
The root is the officinal portion, and is known in Africa under 



COLUMBO. 117 

the name of Calumb. It consists of fleshy tubers, with numer- 
ous offsets, which are the portions used, the main root being 
too fibrous. They are sliced, strung on cords, and dried in 
the sun; and are found in the shops in round pieces about a 
quarter of an inch thick, externally of a brown, wrinkled ap- 
pearance, and internally yellow. The odour is slightly aro- 
matic, and the taste very bitter. Owing to the starch which is 
found in columbo, it is liable to be worm-eaten. It contains, 
besides a large proportion of starch, a peculiar azotized sub- 
stance, and two bitter principles, colombin and berberina. 
Water and alcohol take up its virtues ; and, from its liability to 
attract moisture from the air, it should not be kept in the form 
of powder. 

Effects and Uses. — Columbo is a very agreeable demulcent 
tonic, particularly acceptable to the stomach, and hence well 
adapted to the convalescent stages of acute disorders of the 
bowels and of fevers. It is also a good preparation in the sick- 
ness of pregnant women, and is one of the best of the stomachics 
in all cases where there is unusual delicacy of the stomach. 
In its native country, it is much employed in the treatment 
of dysentery. 

Administration. — The dose of the powder is gr. x to gr. 
xxx. It is best given in the form of infusion (half a troy- 
ounce to boiling water Oj, dose, f§j to foij^ which should be 
used at once, as it is liable to spoil. Of the tincture (four troy- 
ounces to diluted alcohol Oiij), f5j to f5iv may be given. 
Columbo is often combined with aromatics, iron, and alkalies, 
and is sometimes added to purgative mixtures. 

Berberina (C 20 H 17 NO 4 ), the alkaloid found in Columbo, is 
widely diffused in the vegetable kingdom, and is obtained from 
numerous plants of the natural orders Berberaceo3, Menisper- 
maceo?, and Ranunculacece, as barberry, yellow-root, hydrastis, 
goldthread, and others. It has been employed, in the form of 
muriate and sulphate, as a tonic and febrifuge, in doses of from 
one to ten grains. 



118 MATERIA MEDICA. 

CHIRETTA. 

The herb and root of Agathotes Chirayta (Nat. Ord. Gen- 
tianacese), an East Indian plant, found in the northern moun- 
tainous parts of India, have been introduced into Europe, under 
the name of Chiretta or Chirayta, where it now ranks among 
the best simple bitters. It contains a peculiar bitter neutral 
substance, termed ehiratin ; in medicinal properties, it resem- 
bles gentian, and may be used in the same way. 

XANTHORRIZA — YELLOW-ROOT. 

The ROOT of Xanthorriza Apiifolia (Nat. Ord. Ranuncula- 
cese), an indigenous shrub, of our Southern arid Western 
States, is a good simple bitter, which agrees very well with the 
stomach. 

AROMATIC BITTERS. 
SERPENTARIA. 

The roots of several species of Aristolochia are known 
under the name of Virginia Snakeroot. The most familiar is 
A. serpentaria (Nat. Ord. Aristolochiacese), an herbaceous in- 
digenous plant, with a perennial root, composed of numerous 
slender fibres, arising from a knotty, brown head, one or more 
stems, eight or ten inches in height, heart-shaped, pointed, 
yellowish-green leaves, and purple, tubular flowers, springing 
up close to the root. It grows in our Southern and South- 
eastern states, in shady woods and on hill-sides, flowering in 
May and June ; but from the great demand for the roots it has 
become scarce. A. reticulata is a variety found in the South- 
western States. 

Virginia Snakeroot is found in the shops, in tufts of long, 
slender, matted fibres, attached to a knotty, rugged head. 
They are brittle, and of a yellowish-brown colour. The odour 
is aromatic and agreeable ; the taste somewhat pungent, bitter, 



SERPENTARIA. 



119 



and aromatic. "Water and alcohol extract its virtues, which 
depend on the presence of a volatile oil and a bitter principle. 



Fig. 1 




The roots of A. reticulata are very commonly substituted for 
those of A. serpentaria, from which they differ only in the 
larger size of their fibres. They are quite equal to the latter, 
and are even thought to contain a larger proportion of volatile 
oil. 

Effects and Uses. — Virginia Snakeroot is a combined stimu- 
lant and tonic, with diuretic or diaphoretic properties, accord- 
ing to the mode of its administration. It is much used in the 
latter stages of fevers, and in other acute diseases, and is fre- 
quently combined with Peruvian bark, in the treatment of 



120 MATERIA MEDICA. 

intermittents. The proper form of administration is that of 
infusion (half a troyounce to boiling water Oj), in doses of fgj 
to fjij, repeated. Of the tincture (four troyounces to diluted 
alcohol Oij), the dose is f5j to foij ; of the fluid extract, foss- 
f5j. Huxhams Tincture contains serpentaria. 



AXTHEMI S C HAMOMILE. 

Anthemis nobilis, or Chamomile (Nat. Ord. Asteraceae), is a 
small, herbaceous, trailing European plant, cultivated exten- 
sively both in Europe and this country. The flowers are 
described by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia as the portion used, but 
the entire heads are really the commercial article. The 
flowers consist of small spheroids, with convex, yellow disks, 
and numerous white, spreading rays. By cultivation they be- 
come double. In Europe the single heads are preferred, as the 
aromatic properties reside in the disks, which are larger in the 
single-flowered wild plants ; but in this country, the cultivated, 
double heads, which are not inferior in tonic virtues, are used. 
Chamomile flowers have a bitter, aromatic taste, and a strong, 
peculiar odour, both of which are imparted to water and alcohol. 
They contain a volatile oil, bitter extractive, and a little tannic 
acid. 

Effects and Uses. — Chamomile, in small doses, is a mild, 
agreeable aromatic tonic, and, in large doses, acts as an emetic. 
The cold infusion is much employed as a stomachic, and the 
hot infusion is given to aid the operation of emetics. The 
flowers, boiled in water, form a good fomentation to inflamed 
parts. The usual form of administration is the infusion (half a 
troyounce to water Oj). Dose, as a stomachic, fgij, two or 
three times a day, cold; as an emetic, hot, ad libitum. 

Cotula (Mayweed). Anthemis (or Maruta) cotula, Wild 
chamomile, or Mayweed (Nat. Ord. Asteraceae), an herbaceous 
plant, indigenous in Europe, but extensively naturalized in the 
United States, resembles chamomile very closely, both in bo- 



THOROUGHWORT. 



121 



tanical characters and in properties, and is used as a substitute 
for it in domestic practice. 

Matricaria (G-erman Chamomile). The flowers of Matri- 
caria chamomilla {Nat. Ord. Asteraceae), an annual European 
plant, possess properties very similar to those of chamomile. 
They are considerably smaller than common chamomile, and 
have a larger proportion of disk florets compared with those of 
the ray. They are not much employed in this country. 



EUPATORIUM — THOROUGHWORT. 

Eupatorium perfoliatum, Boneset, or Thoroughwort (Nat. 
Ord. Asteraceae), is a very common indigenous plant, growing 

Fig. 13. 




in wet grounds in every part of the United States. It has a 
perennial root, with numerous herbaceous stems, from two to 



122 MATERIA MEDICA. 

five feet high, long, narrow leaves, perforated by the stems, and 
numerous white flowers, forming a flattened summit to the plant, 
which appear in August, continuing in bloom till October. The 
leaves and tops are the officinal portion. They have a faint 
odour, a strongly bitter taste, are soluble in water or alcohol, 
and contain a peculiar bitter principle, gum, tannic acid, resin, 
salts, and other matters. E. teucrifolium, E. aromaticum, and 
other native species, are almost identical in their properties with 
E. perfoliatum. 

Effects and Uses. — Thoroughwort is a stimulant tonic, dia- 
phoretic, and expectorant, and in large does proves emetic and 
laxative. It is a good stomachic in dyspepsia, and, from its 
Gombined corroborant, expectorant, and diaphoretic properties, 
is an excellent remedy in epidemic influenza, and in the later 
stages of pneumonia and bronchitis. It is also used with good 
effect in rheumatism, and in intermittent, remittent, and typhoid 
fevers. It should be given in infusion (a troyounce to boiling 
water Oj), fsij of which may be taken cold, as a stomachic, 
three or four times a day, and in freer warm draughts as a dia- 
phoretic. 

ABSINTHIUM — WORMWOOD. 

The tops and leaves of Artemisia Absinthium, or Worm- 
wood {Nat. Ord. Asteracese), a European plant, naturalized in 
New England, are ranked among the aromatic bitters, but are 
not now much employed. They may be given in infusion (a 
troyounce to boiling water Oj)— not officinal. 

Wormwood contains an essential oil, which possesses narcotic 
properties, producing epileptiform convulsions, and, in large 
doses, is capable of causing fatal results. A liqueur, termed 
absinthe, containing the oil in question, is much used in France, 
with highly pernicious effects. 

MAGNOLIA. 

The barks of Magnolia glauca, Magnolia acuminata, and 
Magnolia tripetala (Nat. Ord. Magnoliaceae), indigenous trees. 



ANGUSTURA. 123 

remarkable for the beauty of their foliage, and the size and 
fragrance of their flowers, are officinal, and rank with the aro- 
matic bitters. The barks of the trunk, branches, and root, are 
alike officinal ; but, those of the last are the most active. They 
contain a volatile oil, a green resin, and a peculiar crystalliz- 
able bitter principle. The aromatic property is impaired by 
drying, and is lost when the barks are long kept. 

They are used as gentle stimulant tonics and diaphoretics, in 
the low stages of fever, rheumatism, &c. An infusion may be 
given, but the best solvent is diluted alcohol. 

LIRIODENDRON — TULIP-TREE BARK. 

The bark of Liriodendron tulipifera, the Tulip-tree, or 
American Poplar (Nat. Oral. Magnoliacege), the well-known 
pride of the American forest, remarkable for its size, foliage, 
and beautiful tulip-shaped flowers, closely resembles those of 
magnolia in its medicinal properties, but is less aromatic and 
more stimulant. It is said to contain a peculiar principle, 
termed liriodendrin. It may be given in powder, in the dose 
of 3j to 5ij ; and in infusion, decoction, and tincture. 

ANGUSTURA. 

Angustura bark is derived from Galipea officinalis (Nat. Ord. 
Rutacese), a small tree of the district of country bordering on 
the Orinoco river, in South America. It occurs in pieces of 
various lengths and sizes ; sometimes flat, sometimes slightly 
curved, but rarely entirely quilled. Externally, it is of a 
light-gray colour, and is covered with lichens, with a soft, spongy 
epidermis, which is readily scraped off; internally, the colour is 
yellowish-brown. It has a disagreeable smell, and a bitter, aro- 
matic, somewhat pungent taste. It imparts its virtues to water 
and alcohol, and contains a volatile oil and a bitter principle, 
termed cusparin. The bark of Strychnos nux vomica has been 
sometimes mixed with Angustura bark, and is thence known as 
false angustura bark. 



124 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Effects and Uses. — Angustura bark is a stimulant tonic, 
and in large doses acts on the stomach and bowels. From its 
liability to adulteration with the bark of strychnos nux vomica, 
it has fallen into disuse, and it has no superiority over serpen- 
tina, and others of the indigenous aromatic bitters. Dose, in 
powder, gr. x to Sss ; of the infusion (half a troyounce to boil- 
ing water Oj), fgij, repeated. 

CASCARILLA. 

This is the bark of Croton Eluteria (Nat. Ord. Euphor- 
biacese), a small tree of the Bahamas and other West India 
islands. It occurs sometimes in the form of small thin frag- 
ments — sometimes in that of rolled pieces, one or two inches 
long, occasionally longer, and varying in size from that of a 
quill to that of the little finger. It is usually covered with a 
grayish-white rugous epidermis, and is of a brown colour beneath. 
It has a warm, spicy, and bitter taste, and an aromatic, agreeable 
odour, which is particularly fragrant when it is burned. It 
yields its properties to alcohol, and partially to water ; and con- 
tains volatile oil, resin, and a bitter principle, called cascarillin. 

Effects and Uses. — Cascarilla is a very pleasant aromatic 
bitter, causing neither vomiting nor purging, and hence agree- 
ing very well with the stomach. It may be given in powder, 
in the dose of 3j to 5ss ; but this is a less agreeable form than 
the infusion (a troyounce to boiling water Oj), of which the 
dose is f§ij. 

CANELLA. 

This is the bark of Canella alba (Nat. Ord. Meliacese), a 
large tree of the West Indies and South America. It comes 
in quilled pieces of a whitish-yellow colour, or in flat fragments, 
which are thicker and darker. It has an aromatic odour, and 
a warm, pungent, aromatic, and somewhat bitter taste. It im- 
parts its virtues to alcohol, and partially to water; and con- 
tains volatile oil, resin, bitter extractive, gum, &c. 






CINCHONA. 125 



Effects and Uses. — An aromatic tonic, little employed ex- 
cept in combination. Pulvis Aloes et Canellce (Poivder of 
Aloes and Canella) popularly known as hiera picra, consists of 
aloes four parts, canella one part; dose, gr. x. to 3j. 



A C H I L L E A — Y ARROW. 

Achillea Millefolium, Milfoil, or Yarrow (Nat. Ord. Com- 
posite Senecionidese), a perennial herb, common to the old and 
new continents, growing to the height of twelve or eighteen 
inches, with doubly pinnate, minutely divided leaves, and whitish 
flowers, possesses mild stimulant tonic properties, with some 
astringency. The leaves and flowering tops are the portion 
to be employed. Of the infusion, made in the proportion of an 
ounce to the pint, a wine-glassful or more may be given. It 
yields a volatile oil, which has been used in the dose of 20 or 
30 drops. 

ASTRINGENT BITTERS. 
CINCHONA. 

The name Cinchona (derived from the Countess del Cin- 
chon, wife of a viceroy of Peru) is applied to the bark of dif- 
ferent species of Cinchona (Nat. Ord. Cinchonacese), large 
trees which grow in the mountainous regions of the western 
portions of South America, from the nineteenth degree of south 
latitude to about the tenth degree of north latitude. Three 
principal varieties of cinchona are known in commerce: Cin- 
chona Flava (Yellow Bark), called in commerce Calisaya 
Bark, derived from Cinchona Calisaya; Cinchona Pallida 
[Pale Bark), called in commerce Loxa and Lima Bark, derived 
from Cinchona Condaminea and Cinchona Micrantha ; and Cin- 
chona Rubra (Red Bark), derived from Cinchona Succiruba. 
The Pharmacopoeia now recognizes, however, as officinal the 
barks of all species of the genus Cinchona, which contain at 
least two per cent, of the proper cinchona alkaloids. 



12G MATERIA MEDICA. 

Peruvian Bark is brought to the United States from the 
Pacific ports of South America. It is obtained by stripping 
the trunks and branches of the Cinchona trees during the dry 
season, and is dried by exposure to the sun, during which pro- 
cess the smaller pieces usually become quilled. 

1. The Yellow or Calisaya Bark comes both in quilled and 
flat pieces. The former are from three or four inches to a foot 
and a half long, from a quarter of an inch to two or three 
inches in diameter, and of variable thickness. They have a 
brownish epidermis (with longitudinal wrinkles and trans- 
verse fissures), which possesses none of the virtues of the 
bark. The bark itself is one or two lines thick, compact, of a 
short, fibrous texture, and when broken presents shining points. 
The flat pieces, which are derived from the larger branches and 
trunk, are usually destitute of epidermis, are more roughly 
marked externally, and are of a browner hue than the quilled 
pieces. They are also less compact, less bitter, and of less 
medicinal virtue. The yellow bark is distinguished from the 
other barks by its much more bitter taste ; its comparative 
freedom from astringency ; its brownish-yellow, somewhat 
orange colour, which is still brighter in the powder ; and by 
containing a large proportion of quinia with very little cin- 
chonia. 

2. The Pale Bark comes in cylindrical pieces of variable 
length, sometimes singly, sometimes doubly quilled, from two 
lines to an inch in diameter, and from half a line to two or 
three lines in thickness — the best kinds being about the size of 
a goose-quill. Their exterior surface is rough, marked with 
fissures, and of a grayish colour, owing to adhering lichens. 
Their interior surface is of a cinnamon colour, and, in the finer 
sorts, smooth. The colour of the powder is a pale fawn. The 
taste is moderately bitter, and somewhat astringent ; the odour 
feeble, but rather aromatic in the powder and decoction. The 
pale barks, of which there are two varieites, Loxa Bark and 
Huanuco or Lima Bark, contain a much larger proportion of 
cinchonia than of quinia ; and, from their yielding little quinia, 
have fallen into disuse in the United States. 



CINCHONA. 127 

3. The Red Bark usually comes in large, thick, flat pieces ; 
sometimes also in quills from half an inch to two inches in 
diameter. They are covered with a reddish-brown, rugged 
epidermis, beneath which is a dark-red, brittle, and compact 
layer, the interior parts being woody and fibrous, and of a 
lively brownish-red colour. The taste of red bark is bitter and 
astringent; its odour not different from that of the other barks; 
its powder is reddish. It contains considerable quantities both 
of quinia and cinchonia. 

Under the name of Carthagena Barks, several common 
varieties of cinchona were long brought to this country from 
the northern Atlantic ports of South America. They were of 
inferior quality, and were therefore not recognized by the 
Pharmacopoeias; but, since the reduced supply and consequent 
high price of the Calisaya bark, large quantities of very good 
bark have been imported from New Granada, and are now used 
in the manufacture of quinia, under the name of Colombian 
barks. 

Within a few years, the cultivation of several varieties of 
Cinchona trees has been successfully introduced into Southern 
India, and valuable specimens of red bark (the product of C. 
succirubra), equal to that of South America, have been sent to 
Europe ; and, lately, a new variety, C. officinalis, of rapid 
growth, has been successfully cultivated. 

Chemical Constituents. — The most important constituents of 
cinchona are two alkaloid principles, termed quinia and cincho- 
nia, which exist chiefly in combination with an acid called kinic. 
These alkaloids are found in different proportions in the different 
barks, quinia being obtained from the yelloiv bark most abun- 
dantly, cinchonia from the pale bark, and the two principles in 
about equal proportion from the red bark. Two other valuable 
alkaloids, quinidia and cinchonidia, are found (also as kinates), 
most abundantly in the pale and Carthagena barks; but, to a 
certain. extent in all. Other principles found in cinchona are 
cincho-tannic acid, colouring matter, kinovic acid, starch, fatty 
matter, kinate of lime, lignin, &c. Gum is found in the pale 
bark, but not in the yellow or red bark. 



128 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Quinia is obtained by heating the sulphate with an alkaline 
solution. Quinia Sulphas {Sulphate of Quinia), is prepared 
in the following manner : Powdered yellow bark is boiled in 
water acidulated with muriatic acid, by which the alkaloid is 
separated from its combination with kinic and other acids, to 
form a soluble muriate. By the addition of lime, this salt is 
decomposed, and quinia precipitated. The precipitate is washed 
with distilled water, and is separated from insoluble impurities 
by digestion in boiling alcohol, which is afterwards distilled off. 
To the residual brown viscid mass, dissolved in distilled water, 
and heated to the boiling point, sulphuric acid is added, in 
quantity sufficient to dissolve the quinia. The liquor is then 
boiled with animal charcoal, filtered, and set aside to crystallize. 
The alkaloid quinia may be obtained in the form of fine crys- 
talline needles of a silky lustre, but usually occurs as a loose 
white powder ; it is inodorous, very bitter, sparingly soluble in 
cold water, but somewhat more readily so in hot water, readily 
soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and the fixed and volatile 
oils. It unites with acids to form salts, the most important of 
which is the officinal salt, the sulphate. Its composition is 
C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 ,3H 2 O. Quinia and its salts may be distinguished 
from all other vegetable alkalies and their salts (excepting 
quinidia), by striking an emerald-green colour, when treated 
first with fresh chlorine-water and then with ammonia. Hera- 
path's test is by adding to sulphate of quinia (gr. v.), diluted 
acetic acid (f5i), with alcohol (f5ss), and tincture of iodine (8 
drops), heating gently over a spirit lamp till it forms a clear 
light-brown solution, when, as the liquor cools, right-angled, 
quadrate, rhombic crystals are deposited, which by reflected 
light appear of a copper-green colour, resembling the elytra of 
Spanish flies. Cinchonia is a white crystalline substance, less 
bitter than quinia, almost insoluble in cold water, very soluble 
in boiling alcohol, and slightly soluble in ether and the fixed 
and volatile oils. Its composition is C 20 H 24 N 2 O. It is dis- 
tinguishable from quinia by striking a white precipitate, when 
chlorine-water and afterwards ammonia are added ; with ferro- 
cyanine of potassium, a yellowish-white precipitate ensues. 



CINCHONA. 129 

Cinchonia being insoluble in ether, while quinia is soluble in 
that menstruum, the latter may by this means be readily sepa- 
rated from the former alkaloid. The medicinal properties of 
quinia and cinchonia are analogous, and the sulphate of cin- 
chonia is now officinal. Quinidia is isomeric with quinia, but 
more crystallizable and less soluble in ether ; its salts strike a 
white precipitate with solution of iodide of potassium. (7m- 
chonidia is isomeric with cinchonia. It is usually found mixed 
with quinidia, the mixture being known as commercial quinidia. 
The commercial sulphate of quinidia (which is more soluble in 
water and alcohol than the sulphate of quinia), may be used 
as a substitute for the latter salt. 

Incompatibles. — The alkalies and alkaline earths precipitate 
the alkaline principles of cinchona ; tannic acid, and the tinc- 
ture and compound solution of iodine, form with them insoluble 
compounds ; the ferric salts precipitate cincho-tannic acid ; 
solution of arsenite of potassium is also incompatible with 
infusions and decoctions of cinchona. 

Physiological Effects. — Locally, cinchona and its alkaloids 
act as irritants, and have, besides, a marked antiseptic effect, 
arresting putrefaction and fermentation by a destructive in- 
fluence upon fungi and infusoria. Cinchona produces upon 
the stomach a stimulant effect to the appetite and digestion, 
and, from the tannic acid which it contains, a slightly astrin- 
gent action, not belonging to the salts of its alkaloids. If 
given too long, or if the stomach or bowels are in an irritable 
condition, it is apt soon to produce nausea, vomiting, and even 
diarrhoea. The constitutional effects of the cinchona prepara- 
tions, within toxic limits, are powerfully tonic, marked by 
increased fulness with diminished irritability of the pulse, im- 
proved tonicity of the capillary vessels, and augmentation of 
the general vigour. Large doses produce depression, the first 
indications of which are upon the special senses, especially that 
of hearing, which undergoes subjective noises, as ringing and 
roaring in the ears, with partial deafness ; dimness of vision is 
an accompaniment, though less common ; the face is flushed, 
the eyes are suffused, with often severe headache ; very large 

9 



130 MATERIA MEDICA. 

doses produce a marked sedative influence upon the pulse and 
temperature of the body, with sometimes dilatation of the 
pupils, delirium, and even convulsions; death is said in rare 
cases to have followed cinchona-poisoning, though immense 
doses of the sulphate of quinia have been taken with impunity. 
The cinchona alkaloids are eliminated almost exclusively by 
the kidneys, acting as diuretics, though they diminish the pro- 
duction of uric acid. They are said to arrest the amoeboid 
movements of the white blood-corpuscles. 

Medicinal Uses.— The most important therapeutic employ- 
ment of cinchona is as a febrifuge in the treatment of fevers of 
a miasmatic origin. Its efficacy in these diseases was first made 
known to the world by the Jesuit missionaries in Peru, from 
whom it was called Jesuit's powder. The type of miasmatic 
fever in which the powers of bark are most strikingly displayed, 
is intermittent; the non-pernicious and uncomplicated forms of 
which it rarely if ever fails to control. It may be given in 
these cases from the very onset of the attack ; and if, owing to 
gastric irritability, it is rejected by the stomach, it should be 
introduced by the rectum. In remittent fevers, cinchona is 
scarcely less useful than in intermittents ; and most physicians, 
who practice in miasmatic districts, now concur in recommend- 
ing its early exhibition in these fevers, without waiting for a 
remission. In the pernicious or congestive forms of intermit- 
tent and remittent fevers, the early administration of large 
doses of cinchona or the salts of quinia or cinchonia, in combi- 
nation with stimulants, is imperatively demanded ; and the hy- 
podermic injection of the sulphate of quinia may here be neces- 
sary. As a prophylactic against miasmatic fever, the use of 
the preparations of cinchona is very efficacious. In the varieties 
of typhus, including that termed cerebro-spinal meningitis, the 
salts of quinia, in full doses, are generally resorted to, in con- 
junction with abundant alcoholic stimulation and nourishment. 
In yellow fever, the declining stages of typhoid fever, the ma- 
lignant exanthemata, gangrene, erysipelas, carbuncle, extensive 
suppurations, the typhoid forms of diseases generally, the hec- 
tic of phthisis, acute rheumatism, diarrhoea, dysentery and 



CINCHONA. 131 

cholera, and various disorders of the nervous system, as neu- 
ralgia, tetanus, and chorea, cinchona and its preparations are 
constantly employed ; and, as they have been found to lessen 
the amount of uric acid and urea in the urine, they have been 
prescribed also in gout. Cinchona is also much used as a sto- 
machic and general tonic, but, where gastric susceptibility exists, 
as in convalescence, from acute diseases, some of the simple 
bitters are preferable. Topically, cinchona is employed as an 
astringent and antiseptic. 

Administration. — The use of cinchona in powder, since the 
discovery of sulphate of quinia, has been very much abandoned, 
owing to its bulk and disagreeable taste. When exhibited in 
this form, half a troyounce to an ounce is the dose as a febri- 
fuge, given usually in divided amounts ; as a tonic, 5j- The 
following officinal preparations are employed : decoction (a troy- 
ounce of yellow or red bark to Oj of water, to be boiled for ten 
minutes, and water enough added to make the decoction measure 
a pint; aromatic sulphuric acid f5j may be afterwards added), 
dose, f§ij, repeated ; infusion (a troyounce of yellow or red 
bark to water Oj, to which aromatic sulphuric acid f5j may be 
added), dose f5ij repeated ; extract (of yellow bark), dose gr. x 
to gr. xxx, equivalent to 5j of bark ; fluid extract (yellow), dose, 
f5i, equal to 5j of bark ; tincture (six troy ounces of yellow 
bark to a mixture of three measures of alcohol with one of 
water, Oij), dose, f3j to f3iv ; compound tincture or Huxhanis 
tincture (containing red bark four troyounces, bitter orange- 
peel three troyounces, serpentaria three hundred and sixty 
grains, to a mixture of three measures of alcohol with one of 
water, Oijss), dose, f5j to f5iv. In prescribing bark, opium or 
port wine is often given with it, when it acts on the bowels. 
It is also occasionally combined with serpentaria. And, when 
the stomach will not retain it, it has been used externally in 
the form of cataplasmata, pediluvia, bark jackets, &c, though, 
in such cases, it may be administered by the rectum, and the 
endermic or even the hypodermic exhibition of the sulphate of 
quinia may be resorted to. 



132 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Quince Sulphas {Sulphate of Quinia). This salt is pre- 
pared by the process described at p. 128. It occurs in fine, 
silky, rather flexible, needle-shaped crystals (interlaced among 
one another, or grouped in small starlike tufts), which are 
odourless, very bitter, and slightly efflorescent. It is soluble 
in 740 parts of cold and 30 parts of boiling water, readily 
soluble in alcohol, but insoluble in ether, and by the addition 
of sulphuric acid is converted into a salt, which is soluble in 11 
parts of cold water; its cold solution is opalescent. The officinal 
sulphate consists of one eq. of base to one-half of acid, and eight 
eqs. of water; the more soluble salt is regarded as a neutral 
sulphate. Sulphate of quinia is decomposed by the alkalies 
and their carbonates, the alkaline earths, astringent infusions, 
the soluble salts of lead, acetates and tartrates generally, and 
the compound solution of iodine. Various substances are 
mixed as adulterations with the sulphate of quinia. They may 
be detected by adverting to their relative solubility in different 
menstrua, as compared with the sulphate, or by chemical tests. 
Thus, gum and starch are left behind by alcohol; salicin 
becomes red on contact with sulphuric acid, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of sulphate of quinia on the 
system are the same as those of cinchona, and, from its being 
less apt to disagree with the stomach, it has to a great extent 
superseded the use of the latter. In large doses it produces 
headache, ringing of the ears, and sometimes vertigo, amaurosis, 
deafness, delirium, dilatation of the pupils, and other evidences 
of a powerful action on the cerebro-spinal system; see p. 129. 

Administration. — The ordinary dose of the sulphate of 
quinia, as a febrifuge, is gr. xvi, equal to about gj of bark, but 
as much as twenty grains, and even more, are often required; as 
a general tonic, gr. j to gr. vj. It may be given dissolved in 
some aromatic water, by the aid of aromatic sulphuric acid, 
also as an enema, or hypodermically. Pills of Sulphate of 
Quinia (Pilulce Quinia} Sulphatis), are made by beating 
together 24 grains of sulphate of quinia with 14 grains of 
clarified honey into a pilular mass, and dividing into 24 pills. 
Many other salts of quinia than the sulphate have been intro- 



CINCHONA. 133 

duced into practice, but they possess no advantage over the 
officinal salt. 

QuiNLX Valerianas {Valerianate of Quinia), is obtained 
by dissolving freshly precipitated quinia in diluted valerianic 
acid. It occurs in transparent or white rhomboidal tables, of 
the peculiar repulsive odour of valerianic acid, and an acrid, 
bitter taste. Soluble in alcohol and ether, and partially soluble 
in water. It fulfils the indications of quinia and valerianic 
acid, and is therefore especially useful in nervous disorders. 

Crude Quinia is the impure quinia obtained from the 
manufacturer, before separation from the insoluble impurities. 
It is a soft solid of resinous aspect, nearly free from bitter- 
ness, and may be given to children in the same doses as the 
sulphate. 

Quinoidia, quinoidine, or amorphous quinia, is a substance 
obtained by precipitation, with an alkaline carbonate, from the 
mother liquor left after the preparation of sulphate of quinia. 
When moderately heated, it appears as a resinous mass, of a 
yellowish-white or brownish colour, which, according to Liebig, 
bears the same relation to ordinary quinia that uncrystalliza- 
ble sugar bears to the crystallizable. The quinia in this pre- 
paration is thought to be converted, by the action of heat, into 
an isomeric alkaloid, termed quinicia; and, by the same action, 
cinchonia is converted into an isomeric alkaloid, termed cincho- 
nicia. It is considered equally efficacious with quinia, but 
requires doses rather larger than the sulphate of quinia, than 
which it is much more economical. 

Cinchonia Sulphas {Sulphate of Cinchonia), is made from 
the mother-water remaining after the crystallization of sul- 
phate of quinia. Being the most soluble of the sulphates of 
the four alkaloids found in bark, it remains in solution after 
the sulphate of quinia, and the mixed sulphate of cinchonidia 
and quinidia, have crystallized out. From the mother-water, 
it is precipitated by solution of soda, then washed with alcohol, 
next reconverted into a sulphate, and boiled with animal char- 
coal to decolorize it. It occurs in short, oblique, shining 
prisms with dihedral summits, of a very bitter taste, more solu- 



134 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ble in water than the sulphate of quinia, readily soluble by 
alcohol, and sparingly so by ether. By the addition of sulphuric 
acid, it is converted into the more soluble neutral sulphate. 
It is now admitted to have the same remedial properties as the 
sulphate of quinia, but requires about one-third larger doses. 

EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS. 

The leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus (Nat. Ord. Myrtacese), 
a lofty tree of Australia, have within the last few years come 
into notice as a febrifuge tonic. Two varieties, latifolius and 
longifolius, exist, the latter only of which has decided medicinal 
virtues; the leaves of this are ensiform, parchment-like, of a 
grayish-green colour, from 4 to 14 inches in length, an inch or 
two in breadth, of a pleasant aromatic smell, and a bitterish, 
rather pungent taste; the fresh leaves are more active than the 
dried; they owe their activity to a volatile oil, the more vola- 
tile and chief portion of which is termed eucalyptol (C 12 H 20 O), 
This, like quinia, has a powerful antiseptic action, and depresses 
the temperature of the body even more than quinia. 

Eucalyptus has been given with excellent results in miasmatic 
fevers, in doses of from 60 grains to half an ounce of the dried 
leaves, or less of the fresh; a tincture is the best form (a troy- 
ounce to 2 fluidounces of alcohol), dose f5\j, in some aromatic 
water. Eucalyptol, in alcoholic solution, may be given in the 
dose of 20 drops, repeated 2 or 3 times. It has been found 
efficient in whooping-cough. 

COR X US FLORID A — D OGWOOD. 

Cornus Florida, or Dogwood (Nat. Ord. Cornaceae), is an 
indigenous tree found in most parts of the United States, and 
growing in the Middle States to the height of from fifteen to 
twenty feet. Its flowers are remarkable for large four-leaved 
white or pinkish involucres, which appear with us in May. 
The officinal portion is the bark, that of the root being pre- 
ferred. It occurs in pieces of various sizes, more or less rolled, 
of a reddish-gray colour, with occasionally a fawn-coloured 



DOGWOOD. 



135 



epidermis. Its odour is slight; its taste bitter, astringent, and 
slightly aromatic. It yields its virtues to water and alcohol, 
and contains resin, bitter extractive, tannic arid gallic acids, &c. 
The barks of Cornus Sericea, or Swamp Dogwood, and of 

Fig. 14. 




Cornus Circinata, or Round-leuved Dogwood, possess analogous 
properties. 

Effects and Uses. — Dogwood is deservedly esteemed the best 
substitute for cinchona among the native astringent bitters. 
It is somewhat stimulant, and not unfrequently disorders the 
stomach. Dose, in powder, 3j to 5j ; of the decoction (a troy- 
ounce to water Oj), f§ij may be given ; the fluid extract con- 
tains Si in f§i. 



136 MATERIA MEDICA. 



SALIX — WILLOW. 

The bark of Salix alba, or the White Willow (Nat. Ord. 
Salicacese), is ranked among the astringent bitters. It is little 
employed, however, except in the form of salicin, its active 
principle (C ]3 H 18 7 ) which consists of white, slender, silky crys- 
tals, inodorous, but very bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, 
but not in ether ; it ranks with the glucosides. It has been 
used as a substitute for the sulphate of quinia, but it is very 
inferior to it as a febrifuge. As a general tonic, however, and 
also in diarrhoea, it is useful, and is to be given in the dose of 
from gr. x to gr. xxx. The sulphate of quinia is often adulter- 
ated with salicin, but the fraud may be detected by the addition 
of concentrated sulphuric acid, which strike a blood-red colour 
with salicin. 



PRUNUS VIRGIN IANA — WILD-CHERRY. 

The wild-cherry has long been known under the name of 
Prunus Yirginiana, which is still retained by the Pharmaco- 
poeia. This name, however, belongs to another tree, the choke- 
cherry ; and the wild-cherry is now properly distinguished as 
Cerasus serotina (Nat. Ord. Drupaceae). It is a large indige- 
nous tree, attaining a great height and size in the Southwestern 
States, but usually with us about twenty-five to thirty feet 
high. The trunk is covered with a rough, blackish bark, which 
detaches itself semicircularly ; the leaves are ovate, oblong, and 
acuminate ; the flowers, which appear in May, are white, and 
are followed by fruit about the size of a pea, of a purplish- 
black colour, and a not unpleasant, prussic, bitterish taste. 
The medicinal portion is the bark of the root and trunk, the 
former of which is the more active. It is found in the shops, 
in pieces of various lengths and sizes, deprived of the epider- 
mis and slightly curved, of a reddish-brown colour, and a bitter, 
slightly astringent, aromatic taste. 

It contains a bitter principle, resin, starch, and tannic and 



NECTANDRA. 137 

gallic acids, and yields on distillation a volatile oil, nearly 
identical with the oil of bitter almond, which does not pre- 
exist in the bark, but is formed by the action of water on 
amygdalin, through the agency of an albuminous principle 
termed emulsin, as in the bitter almond. The leaves also yield 
this oil. Boiling water impairs the virtues of the bark. 

Effects and Uses. — Wild-cherry bark is tonic, with some 
astringency, and at the same time exercises a sedative influence 
on the nervous and circulatory systems, owing to the hydro- 
cyanic acid, which is developed in it. It is used with excellent 
effect as a sedative corroborant in various forms of pulmonary 
irritation, particularly in the latter stages of pneumonia, and 
in the hectic of phthisis. It is also a useful stomachic and tonic 
in a variety of cases. The proper form of administration is 
the infusion (half a troyounce to cold water Oj), in the dose of 
fgij, twice or thrice daily. Of the fluid extract (of which a 
fluidounce represents an ounce of the bark), the dose is f5j-ij« 
The syrup is made by percolating five troyounces of the 
coarsely powdered bark with w T ater till a pint of filtered liquor 
is obtained, and afterwards adding twenty-eight troyounces of 
sugar ; it is an agreeable preparation, dose, f5ss. 

> 

NECTANDRA. 

The bark of Nectandra Rodiei (Nat. Ord. Lauracese), the 
Greenheart tree, a large tree of Guiana, and the neighbouring 
countries of South America, has, within a few years, been 
introduced into medicine, under the name of bebeeru bark. It 
occurs in large, flat, heavy pieces, one to two feet long, from 
two to six inches broad, and three or four lines thick, of a 
grayish-brown colour on its outer surface, and a dark cinnamon 
on the inner. It has an intensely bitter, somewhat astringent 
taste, and contains tannic acid, resin, gum, &c, and two alka- 
loids, which have been isolated, termed bebeeria (C 19 H 21 N0 3 ), 
and nectandria (C^H^NOJ. Bebeeru bark is employed as a 
febrifuge and tonic in South America, and the sulphate of 
bebeeria has been used in Europe and this country with some 



138 MATERIA MEDICA. 

success, in the treatment of intermittent fevers. The full dose 
is 3j-5j. 

The rhizome of Greum rivale, or Water Avens, and the root 
of Spiraea tomentosa, or Hardhack {Nat. Ord. Rosacese), and 
the bark of Prinos verticillatus, or Black Alder (Nat. Ord. 
Aquifolaceae), are indigenous astringent tonics of considerable 
power. 

PEPSINA — PET SIN. 

In connection with the subject of stomachic tonics, this article 
is entitled to brief mention. It is prepared from the rennets 
either of the calf, sheep, or pig, taken from the animal as soon 
as killed. These are washed under a thin stream of water. 
The internal membranes are then carefully scraped off, and 
macerated in water for two hours, at a temperature of 59° F., 
and then strained through a coarse cloth. The pepsin in the 
solution is then precipitated by acetate of lead, allowed to set- 
tle, and the supernatant liquid poured off; a current of sul- 
phuretted hydrogen is passed through the semi-liquid deposit, 
which precipitates the lead in the form of sulphide. The pure 
pepsin remains in solution, which is then filtered, and evapo- 
rated to dryness at a uniform temperature of 113° F. Bou- 
dault's Pepsin has the highest commercial reputation. Pepsin 
is now a good deal used in dyspepsia and diarrhoea, and may 
be given in doses of 15 to 30 grains before each meal, sus- 
pended in syrup of orange-peel or other syrup, to disguise its 
disagreeable taste. It is probably more efficient in cases of 
children than of adults. When nourishment is to be given by 
the rectum (as when food is rejected by the stomach), the addition 
of pepsin and a little hydrochloric acid to animal broths for 
rectal injection is highly useful. 

PANCREATINUM — PANCREATINE 

This is obtained from the pancreas of recently killed animals, 
by treating the colourless viscous juice with alcohol and drying 






PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 139 

the precipitate in vacuo. It is employed to promote the diges- 
tion of fatty matters, and may be administered in the form of 
emulsion, or dissolved in diluted alcohol or glycerin, or as a 
powder ; it is a good addition to cod-liver oil. Dose, 2 to 5 
grains. 

MINERAL TONICS. 
FERRI PR.EPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 

The preparations of Iron (Ferrum), termed Ferruginea, 
Chalybeates, and Martial preparations, are the most important 
of the mineral tonics. Besides their local tonic-astringent effect, 
and their general corroborant action on the cerebro-spinal sys- 
tem, which they possess in common with the other mineral 
tonics, they exercise a restorative influence on the composition 
of the blood, by increasing the number of its colouring parti- 
cles, and the amount of its solid constituents. Iron is in fact 
a natural constituent of the blood, and is to be considered as a 
nutrient rather than a medicine. The effects of the chalybeates 
are best observed in conditions of the system in which there is 
a relative want of the red corpuscles of the blood. Under their 
use in such cases, while the digestive functions are promoted, 
the pulse becomes fuller and stronger, the skin assumes a 
healthy tint, the lips and cheeks become more florid, the tem- 
perature of the body is increased, and the muscular strength is 
greatly invigorated. On the other hand, the administration of 
the ferruginous preparations in health, or too long continued, 
is .thought to produce symptoms of plethora, vascular excite- 
ment, and a tendency to congestion and hemorrhage ; though 
it may be doubted whether the blood will assimilate more than 
the normal proportion of iron. 

The red corpuscles of the blood act as carriers of oxygen, 
which they take up from the inspired air in the lungs, and it is 
now believed that the iron in the blood-corpuscles converts 
oxygen into ozone, a more active form of this element. The 
diseases in which chalybeates are most serviceable are those 
which depend on a deficiency of the red corpuscles of the 



140 MATERIA MEDICA. 

blood, as the various forms of anwmia, particularly where this 
is connected with irregularity of the uterine functions; also, 
scrofula, tuberculosis, degeneration of the viscera, and ca- 
chectic states of the system, characterized by a pale, flabby 
condition of the solids. Many forms of nervous disorder, as 
neuralgia, chorea, hysteria, and epilepsy, are very decidedly 
controlled by the preparations of iron, and they probably con- 
stitute the best remedies in these affections, when attended with 
anaemia. Several of the preparations of iron are also much 
employed both as stomachics and astringents. 

The following are the officinal preparations of iron : 

Ferrum Redactum (Reduced Iron). Metallic iron is ob- 
tained for medicinal purposes in the form of an impalpable 
powder, by reducing the hydrated oxide (officinally subcarbon- 
ate), by passing a stream of hydrogen gas over it. It is a light, 
tasteless, iron-gray powder, insoluble in water, but completely 
soluble in diluted sulphuric acid, and it should be kept in a well- 
stoppered bottle, owing to its great liability to oxidation. This 
preparation, sometimes called Quevenne's Iron, is a mild 
chalybeate, and is a favourite prescription with many practi- 
tioners, in the treatment of chlorosis and other varieties of 
anaemia. Dose, gr. v to gr. x, three times a day, in the form of 
pill made with sugar and gum; it is sometimes prepared with 
chocolate in the form of lozenges. It is well adapted to pro- 
longed use. 

Ferri Oxidum Hydratum (Hydrated Oxide of Iron). This 
preparation (ferric hydrate) (Fe 2 6HO) is made by precipitating 
the ferric hydrate from its combination in any tersalt of iron 
by means of ammonia. Officinally, the tersulphate of iron is 
employed for this purpose. When dry, it is a reddish-brown 
powder, and is not considered an eligible preparation for medici- 
nal use. It is furnished in the form of a freshly precipitated, 
soft, moist, reddish-brown magma, for use as an antidote to 
arsenious acid. 

Ferri Subcarbonas (Subcarbonate of Iron). This salt is 
obtained by the double reaction of solutions of sulphate of iron 
and carbonate of sodium. It is at first a white precipitate; 



PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 141 

but, by exposure to the air, it becomes greenish, and afterwards 
rust-colored, being converted nearly entirely into the hydra- 
ted oxide by the absorption of oxygen, and the evolution of 
carbonic acid. It has a slightly styptic taste, is insoluble 
in water, but readily dissolves in hydrochloric and sulphu- 
ric acids and carbonic acid water. It is one of the most val- 
uable of the ferruginous compounds, free from local irritation, 
and readily dissolved in the fluids of the stomach; and is much 
employed in chlorosis, chorea, neuralgia, and even pertussis and 
tetanus. Dose, gr. v to gr. xxx, three times a day. 

Troehisci Ferri Subcarbonatis (Troches of Subcarbonate of 
Iron), are made with subcarbonate of iron five troyounces, 
vanilla thirty grains, sugar fifteen troyounces, and a sufficient 
quantity of mucilage of tragacanth — the mass to be divided 
into 480 troches; each lozenge contains five grains of the sub- 
carbonate. 

Fmplastrum Ferri (Plaster of Iron), is made with subcarbon- 
ate of iron three troyounces, lead-plaster twenty-four troy- 
ounces, and Burgundy pitch six troyounces. 

Pilula Ferri Carbonatis (Fill of Carbonate of Iron). — 
Vallet's Ferruginous Fill. To protect the carbonate of iron 
(ferrous carbonate) (FeC0 3 ) from oxidation, it is prepared (as 
in the process last described) by dissolving the reacting salts in 
weak syrup instead of water; honey and sugar being afterwards 
added, to preserve it unaltered and bring it to the pilular con- 
sistence. This preparation, from its unchangeableness, is 
preferred to the ordinary subcarbonate, and is one of the most 
popular of the chalybeates. It contains nearly half its weight 
of ferrous carbonate. From five to twenty grains of the 
pilular mass may be taken in divided doses through the 
day. 

Mistura Ferri Oomposita (Compound Mixture of Iron), is a 
mixture of the carbonate of iron (prepared by the reaction of 
sulphate of iron twenty grains and carbonate of potassium 
twenty-five grains), with myrrh sixty grains, spirit of lavender 
half a fluidounce, and rose-water seven fluidounces and a half, 
and sugar sixty grains to resist oxidation. It is a favourite 



142 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



chalybeate in chlorosis and amenorrhea. Dose, fgj to fgij, 
three times a day. 

Pilulce Ferri Composite (Compound Fills of Iron), are pre- 
pared with carbonate of sodium and sulphate of iron each 
eighteen grains, myrrh thirty-six grains, and syrup, the mass to 
be divided into twenty-four pills. Dose, from two to six pills 
three times a day. Both these preparations should be made 
only as wanted for use. 

Ferri Sulphas (Sulphate of Iron), known, in its impure 
state, as green vitriol or copperas, is prepared for medicinal use 
by dissolving iron wire in diluted sulphuric acid, with heat. It 
is ferrous sulphate (FeS0 4 7H 2 0), and occurs in transparent, pale 
bluish-green crystals, of the form of the oblique rhombic prism, 
of an acrid, styptic taste, soluble in water, but insoluble in 
alcohol. By exposure to the air, they effloresce, absorb 
oxygen, and become yellowish-white, from the formation of 
ferric sulphate. When heated to 212°, they give out six 
of their seven equivalents of water, and are converted into 
a grayish-white mass, known as the dried sulphate. The alka- 
lies and alkaline earths and their carbonates, nitrate of silver, 
acetate of lead, are incompatible with this salt. Sulphate of 
iron is one of the most active of the ferruginous preparations, 
but its local effects are powerfully astringent, and in a concen- 
trated form it acts as an irritant poison. It is preferred to 
other chalybeates, where there is much relaxation of the solids, 
with excessive discharges ; but it is not so well adapted to long- 
continued use, on account of its local irritant action. Topi- 
cally, it is employed in substance and solution, as a styptic and 
astringent. Dose, gr. j to gr. v, in pill ; of the dried sulphate 
(ferri sulphas exsiecata), gr. ss to gr. iij. 

Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis (Solution of Tersulphate of 
Iron). This preparation is made by dissolving 12 troyounces 
of the sulphate of iron (ferrous sulphate) in a mixture of 2 troy- 
ounces and 60 grains of sulphuric and a troyounce and 360 grains 
of nitric acid, with water enough to make a pint and a half of 
solution. The nitric acid furnishes oxygen, which converts the 
iron from a ferrous to a ferric condition. It is Fe 2 3S0 4 (ferric 



PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 143 

sulphate). This solution is a clear, reddish-brown liquid, nearly 
devoid of odour, and of a sour, very styptic, and somewhat 
acrid taste. Its chief use is in making the hydrated oxide of 
iron, and it should be kept on hand, for the preparation of the 
antidote for arsenious acid. It may be used as a styptic, but 
for this purpose it is inferior to the next preparation. 

Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis {Solution of Subsulphate of 
Iron). This solution, known as MonseVs Solution, is made in 
the same way as the last preparation, except that only half 
the amount of sulphuric acid is used ; the ferric oxide is 
therefore only partially saturated, and a subsalt results 
(2Fe 2 3S0 4 ) It has a syrupy consistence, a ruby-red colour, is 
inodorous, and has a very astringent but not acrid taste. It is 
a less irritant salt than the tersulphate, and may be used in- 
ternally, in hemorrhage from the stomach and bowels, in the 
dose of from five to fifteen grains. Externally, it is one of 
the most efficacious styptics we can employ, and has been 
injected into varicose veins with success for the cure of varicose 
ulcers, and, applied by means of the atomizer, has been found 
efficient in hemoptysis. Diluted with water, it is a good local 
application to inflamed mucous surfaces. 

Ferri Chloridum [Chloride of Iron). This salt, which is 
ferric chloride (Fe 2 Cl 6 ), is made by heating iron wire with 
muriatic acid (by which ferrous chloride is formed), and after- 
wards converting the ferrous chloride into ferric chloride by 
heating it with muriatic and nitric acids. It occurs in frag- 
ments of a crystalline structure, an orange-yellow colour, in- 
odorous, of a strong chalybeate, styptic taste, deliquescent, 
and wholly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Internally, it 
is used chiefly in the form of the tincture. Externally, it is 
applied as a styptic, and in solution, of various strengths, as an 
astringent. One part, gradually added to six parts of collo- 
dion, forms a yellowish-red, limpid liquid, of valuable styptic 
properties. 

Liquor Ferri Chloridi {Solution of Chloride of Iro7i), is 
prepared by dissolving iron wire {three troi/ounces) in muriatic 
acid {eleven troyounces), heating to the boiling point, then heat- 



144 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ing the liquid, after filtration, with muriatic acid (six troyounces 
and a half) and nitric acid (a troyounce and a half) and after- 
wards adding distilled water enough to make a solution measur- 
ing a pint. A reddish-brown liquid, having an acid and 
strongly styptic taste, and sp. gr. 1.355. It may be used in- 
ternally, for the purposes of the chloride, in doses of TT|ij-vi, 
diluted, and externally as a styptic. 

Tinctura Ferri Chloridi (Tincture of the Chloride of Iron), 
is made by mixing one part of Solution of Chloride of Iron 
with three parts of alcohol. It is a tincture of the chloride, 
though there is probably some reaction between the acid and 
alcohol, as the preparation has an ethereal odour. It is of 
a reddish-brown colour, and has a sour, styptic taste. It is one 
of the most effective of the chalybeates, acting locally as an 
energetic astringent and styptic, and, in large doses, as an 
irritant. Its indications, both general and topical, are very 
analogous to those of the sulphate, with the addition of some 
specific action on the urino-genitai apparatus, which renders 
it applicable to the treatment of affections of these organs ; 
it is especially useful in erysipelas. Dose, TT]x to Tt|xxx, 
gradually increased to f5j or f5ij, and taken in some mild 
diluent. 

Ferri Iodidum (Iodide of Iron). This salt is ferrous iodide 
(Fel 2 ). and is made by the addition of iron filings to a mixture 
of iodine in distilled water. Bj evaporation, with as little 
contact of air as possible, green tabular crystals are obtained, 
of a styptic taste, volatile, deliquescent, and very soluble in 
both water and alcohol. But, by exposure to the air, the 
ferrous iodide undergoes decomposition, a portion of the 
iron parting with its iodine, and becoming oxidized. Hence, 
the salt is hardly fit for medicinal use, unless protected from 
decomposition, as in the officinal 

Syrupus Ferri Iodidi (Syrup of Iodide of Iron), which is 
prepared by mixing iodine (2 troyounces) and iron wire (300 
grains) in distilled water (3 fluidounces), and shaking the mix- 
ture until the solution has acquired a green colour. Into this 
solution, a pint of syrup, heated to 212°, is to be filtered, and, 






PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 145 

when the liquid has cooled, sufficient syrup is to be added 
to make the whole measure 20 fluidounces. It must be kept in 
well-stoppered two-ounce vials. It is a transparent liquid, of a 
pale-green colour, and furnishes an excellent alterative tonic, 
combining the effects of iodine and of iron, and is particularly 
applicable to the treatment of scrofula, visceral engorgements, 
phthisis, &c. Dose, 20 to 40 drops, three times a day. 

Pilulce Ferri Iodidi (Pills of Iodide of Iron), are made with 
iodine, iron wire, reduced iron, sugar, gum arabic, liquorice- 
root, liquorice, and an ethereal solution of balsam of Tolu. 
They keep very well. Each pill contains about one grain of 
iodide of iron, and one-fourth of a grain of reduced iron. 

Ferri et Potassii Tartras (Tartrate of Iron and Potas- 
sium) (Fe 2 KC 4 H 4 6 ,H 2 0), is prepared by the addition of hy- 
drated oxide of iron to a mixture of bitartrate of potassium in 
distilled water. It occurs in transparent scales of a ruby-red 
colour, which are wholly soluble in water. The tartaric acid 
and potash, in combination in this preparation, render it less 
constipating than the other chalybeates ; and, from its agreea- 
ble taste, it is adapted to the diseases of childhood. It is, 
moreover, not incompatible with alkalies. Dose, gr. x to 5ss. 

Ferri Phosphas (Phosphate of Iron), is obtained by the 
double reaction of solutions of sulphate of iron and phosphate 
of sodium, and is ferrous phosphate (Fe 3 2P0 4 ). It is a 
bright, slate-coloured powder, insoluble in water, but soluble 
in the mineral acids ; by exposure to the air it absorbs oxygen, 
with the production of ferric oxide, and acquires a blue colour. 
Dose, gr. v to gr. x. 

Ferri Pyrophosphas (Pyrophosphate of Iron), is a mixture 
of ferric pyrophosphate (Fe 4 3P 2 7 ,9H 2 0), and of citrate of am- 
monium. It occurs in apple-green scales, of an acid, slightly 
saline taste, and is very soluble in water. A good chalybeate. 
Dose, grs. ij-v. Given also as a syrup. 

Ferri Oitras (Citrate of Iron), may be prepared by the ad- 
dition of hydrated oxide of iron to a solution of citric acid. It 
is ferric citrate (Fe 2 C 6 H 5 7 ), and occurs in thin, transparent 
pieces, of a garnet-red colour, with a mild, acid, chalybeate taste, 

10 



H6 



MATERIA MEDIC A. 



slowly soluble in cold water, but readily soluble in boiling 
water. Dose, gr. v to gr. x. It is officinal also in the form 
of solution of citrate of iron (liquor ferri citratis), a deep reddish- 
brown liquid, given in doses of 10 to 20 drops ; and it is by 
evaporating this solution that the solid citrate is obtained. 

Liquor Ferri Nitratis (Solution of Nitrate of Iron), is 
prepared by the gradual addition of diluted nitric acid to an 
excess of iron wire. It is ferric nitrate (Fe 2 6N0 3 ), and is a 
pale, amber-coloured liquid, with a strong, astringent, acid 
taste. It is tonic and astringent, agreeing very well with the 
stomach, and is employed in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea, 
haematemesis, hemorrhage from the bowels, and uterine hemor- 
rhage, particularly when anaemic symptoms are present. Dose, 
gtt. x to gtt. xx, two or three times a day, in dilution. 

Ferrum Ammoxlatum (Ammoniated Iron), is prepared by 
evaporating a solution of chloride of iron and chloride of am- 
monium. It is a mechanical mixture of these salts, and is of 
an orange-red colour, wholly soluble in water and diluted alco- 
hol. It contains a small and variable quantity of iron ; but is 
considered a valuable deobstruent in glandular swellings, and 
in large doses is aperient. It is not now officinal. Dose, gr. 
iv to gr. xij, or more. 

Ferri Hypophosphis (Eypophosphite of Iron) (ferric hypo- 
phosphite) (Fe 2 2PH 2 2 ), is obtained by the reaction of a solu- 
tion of hypophosphite of sodium or ammonium with solution o 



' 



tersulphate of iron. It is a white, amorphous powder, insolu- 
ble in cold water, soluble in hydrochloric acid, incompatible with 
the soluble salts of mercury and silver, but has the advantage 
of not being decomposed by the cincho-tannic acid of cinchona. 
This is a good chalybeate in diseases of degeneration of the 
nervous tissue, and has been also given in phthisis ; other hypo- 
phosphites are combined with it. Dose, gr. x-xxx, three times 
a day. 

Ferri Oxalas (Oxalate of Iron), (ferrous oxalate) (FeC 2 4 ), I 
is made by the reaction of solutions of oxalic acid and sulphate I 
of iron. It occurs as a lemon-yellow, crystalline powder, almost I 
destitute of taste, slightly soluble in water, but easily acted I 






PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 147 

upon by the dilute acids, and decomposed by the alkalies and 
their carbonates. This chalybeate is of recent introduction, and 
has the advantage of being well borne by the stomach, of being 
readily absorbed, while it is nearly destitute of astringency, 
and not disposed to change like the ferrous salts generally. 
Dose, gr. ij-iij, in pill, three times a day. 

Ferri Ferrocyanidum (Ferrocyanide of Iron), (Fe 4 Fcy 3 ), 
or Pure Prussian Blue, is obtained by the action of ferro- 
cyanide of potassium on solution of tersulphate of iron. It is 
of a rich dark-blue colour, without smell or taste, and is insol- 
uble in water, alcohol, and the dilute mineral acids. Its effects 
on the economy in health are not very striking ; but it has been 
used both as an antiperiodic tonic and in the treatment of neu- 
ralgia, chorea, &c. Dose, gr. v, three or four times a day. 

Ferri Lactas (Lactate of Iron), is made by mixing diluted 
lactic acid with iron filings. It is ferrous lactate and occurs 
in greenish-white crystalline crusts or grains, of a mild, sweet- 
ish, ferruginous taste, sparingly soluble in water, and insoluble 
in alcohol. Used in chlorosis, and has a marked effect in in- 
creasing the appetite. Dose, gr. x-xx, in pill, lozenge, or 
syrup. 

Ferri et Quinia Citras (Citrate of Iron and Quinia). 
This salt is prepared by precipitating quinia from the sulphate 
by ammonia, and afterwards dissolving it in a hot solution of 
citrate of iron. As found in the shops, it is probably a mixture 
of ferric citrate with a variable proportion of citrate of iron 
and quinia. It occurs in thin, transparent scales, of a reddish 
or yellowish-brown colour, with a tint of green, not very solu- 
ble in water, and of a ferruginous, moderately bitter taste. It 
combines the virtues of its two bases, and is thought to have 
an especial agency in diminishing the formation of urea by the 
kidneys, whence its use in uraemia. Dose, gr. v-x. 

Ferri et Ammonii Citras (Citrate of Iron and Ammo- 
nium), is made by adding water of ammonia (6 fluidounces) to 
solution of citrate of iron (a pint), and evaporating. It occurs 
in the form of garnet-red, translucent scales, of a slightly ferru- 



148 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ginous taste, and is readily soluble in water; it has antacid 
properties. Dose, gr. v-x. 

Ferri et Strychnia Citras {Citrate of Iron and Strychnia), 
is made by mixing a solution of strychnia and citric acid {each 
5 grains), in a fluidrachm of distilled water, with a solution of 
citrate of iron and ammonium (500 grains), in a fluidounce of 
water, and evaporating. It occurs in garnet-red scales, of a 
bitter, ferruginous taste, readily soluble in water. An excellent 
tonic — dose, gr. ij-iij, two or three times a day. 

Ferri et Ammonii Sulphas {Sulphate of Iron and Am- 
monium) (Fe 4 3S0 4 ,(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 24H 2 0). This salt, called also 
ammonio-ferric alum, is made by adding sulphate of ammonium 
to a hot solution of tersulphate of iron. It occurs in octohedral 
crystals, of a pale-violet colour, and sour astringent taste, efflor- 
escent, and very soluble in water. Used in diarrhoea and chronic 
dysentery. Dose, gr. v-xv, two or three times a day. 

Ferri et Ammonii Tartras {Tartrate of Iron and Am- 
monium), occurs in transparent, garnet-red scales, of a sweet- 
ish taste, soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol and ether. A 
mild chalybeate. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Various other combinations of iron have been from time to 
time introduced into the practice of medicine; but they are 
needlessly multiplied. The arseniate, acetate, bromide, tannate, 
and valerianate, are recommended by different therapeutists. 

CUPRI PR^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF COPPER. 

Metallic copper is inert. The salts of copper act locally as 
caustics, irritants, and astringents. When exhibited in small 
doses, they exert a corroborant influence over the cerebro- 
spinal system, and are employed to fulfil the indications to 
which tonics are applicable, as in the cure of ague, neuralgia, 
epilepsy, &c. In larger doses, they act as emetics; and, in 
excessive doses, they produce gastro-intestinal inflammation, 
and disorder of the nervous system ; death, in fatal cases, is 
usually preceded by convulsions, paralysis, and delirium. They 
are employed therapeutically, both as external and internal 



PREPARATIONS OF COPPER. 149 

remedies; externally, as stimulants, astringents, styptics, and 
caustics ; internally, as tonics, astringents, and emetics. In 
cases of poisoning from the cupreous compounds, the best anti- 
dote is albumen, as white of eggs, milk, wheaten flour. The 
ferrocynanide of potassium is also very efficacious, forming 
with the cupreous compound an insoluble ferrocyanide of cop- 
per. This salt (which throws down a mahogany-coloured 
precipitate), ammonia (which strikes an azure-blue colour), 
sulphuretted hydrogen or sulphide of ammonium (which 
throws down a deep brownish-black precipitate), and metallic 
iron, (on which metallic copper is deposited from a cupreous 
solution), are tests for the soluble salts of copper. 

Cupri Sulphas {Sulphate of Copper). This salt, known 
as Hue stone and blue vitriol, is obtained by roasting the native 
sulphuret, or by combining the oxide of copper and sulphuric 
acid, and occurs also as a by-product in silver-refining. It is 
cupric sulphate (CuS0 4 5H 2 0). It occurs in fine, prismatic, 
blue crystals, which, by exposure to the air effloresce slightly, 
and become covered with a greenish-white powder. It has a 
styptic, metallic taste, is entirely soluble in water, but insoluble 
in alcohol. It is employed as a tonic and nervine. It is an 
excellent remedy in obstinate intermittent fever, neuralgia, and 
essential nervous diseases, in doses of gr. J to gr. j, or more, in 
pill, repeated so as not to occasion vomiting. As an astringent, 
it may be given in the same doses, and will be found extremely 
valuable in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, and 
enteritis, and chronic catarrh with profuse secretion. As an 
emetic, the dose is gr. iij to gr. v. Externally, it is used as an 
'escharotic to fungous granulations, and in solution to arrest 
hemorrhages, mucous discharges, &c. 

Cuprum Ammoniatum (Ammoniated Copper), (Ammonio- 
sulphate of copper) is made by rubbing together sulphate of 
copper and carbonate of ammonium. It has a deep azure-blue 
colour, a styptic, metallic taste, and an ammoniacal odour. Its 
action is very similar to that of sulphate of copper ; but it is used 
principally as an antispasmodic tonic in nervous disorders, — 
epilepsy, chorea, hysteria, spasmodic asthma, &c. Dose, gr- 
J, gradually increased. 



150 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Cupri Subacetas {Subacetate of Copper), or Verdigris, 
(Cu.,02C 2 H 3 2 ), occurs in pale, bluish-green or green masses or 
powder. The dose is gr. J- to gr. J ; but it is a powerful poison 
in an overdose, and hence is rarely given as a tonic. The pow- 
der is used as an escharotic, and an ointment is used. 



ZINCI PRJ1PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF ZINC. 

Zinc in its metallic state is inert. Its compounds are very 
analogous in their effects on the system to those of copper, but 
are less energetic. The tests for soluble zinc salts are sul- 
phide of ammonium, which throws down a white sulphide (the 
only white sulphide met with), the alkalies, alkaline carbonates, 
and ferrocyanide of potassium, all of which give white precipi- 
tates. The zinc preparations are employed topically as caustics, 
astringents, and desiccants ; and internally as tonics, astrin- 
gents, and antispasmodics, and in large doses, as emetics. In 
cases of poisoning (which are, however, very uncommon), albu- 
men, demulcents and opiates are to be administered. 

Zinci Sulphas {Sulphate of Zinc), or White Vitriol, is pre- 
pared by dissolving zinc in diluted sulphuric acid. It occurs 
in small, colourless, transparent, prismatic crystals, resembling 
those of sulphate of magnesium (ZnS0 4 ,7H 2 0). They have 
a metallic, astringent taste, are soluble in water, and insoluble 
in alcohol. Dose, as a tonic, antispasmodic, and astringent, 
gr. j to gr. v ; as an emetic, it is the promptest and safest that 
can be given in cases of narcotic poisoning, in the dose of gr. 
x to gr. xx. Externally, it is much used as a caustic, and in 
solution as an application to inflamed mucous membranes, in the 
strength of gr. j or ij to fgss of water. 

Zixci Oxidum [Oxide of Zinc) is made by roasting zinc in 
the air. This is an impure form, known as Commercial Oxide 
of Zinc {Zinci Oxidum Venale), sometimes called tutty. A 
purer form is obtained by exposing precipitated carbonate of 
zinc to heat, which expels the carbonic acid and water. It is 
a yellowish-white powder (ZnO), insoluble in water, but solu- 
ble in diluted sulphuric and chlorohydric acids. It has been 



PREPARATIONS OF ZINC. 151 

given in diarrhoea, and as an antispasmodic tonic, in doses of 
gr. ij to iij, gradually increased to gr. viij or x, and is highly 
esteemed in the treatment of epilepsy ; but it is chiefly used 
externally as a dusting powder, or in the form of ointment (80 
grains to ointment of benzoin 400 grains). 

Zixci Acetas [Acetate of Zinc) is made by heating commer- 
cial oxide of zinc in a solution of acetic acid and distilled water, 
and occurs in white micaceous crystals (Zn2C 2 H 3 2 ,2H 2 0), 
very soluble in water, and efflorescent in a dry air. It may be 
given internally as a tonic antispasmodic, in the dose of gr. j 
or ij, gradually increased ; but it is chiefly used as a topical 
astringent in ophthalmia, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, &c, in the 
proportion of gr. ij to gr. vj, or more, to an ounce of water. 

Zinci Carbonas Pr^cipitata [Precipitated Carbonate of 
Zinc), is obtained by the double reaction of solutions of sul- 
phate of zinc and carbonate of sodium. It is a soft, white 
powder, a mixture of carbonate and hydrate (ZnC0 3 ,2ZnH 2 2 ), 
similar in its action to the oxide, but is chiefly used as a dust- 
ing powder, and to make a mild astringent and desiccant cerate 
(a troyounce to ointment five troyounces). 

Calamina Pr^eparata [Prepared Calamine), obtained by 
heat from calamine, the native impure carbonate of zinc, is a 
pinkish powder, used as a desiccant, and in the form of a cerate, 
called Turner's cerate. Calamine is so frequently adulterated 
that it is now dismissed from the Pharmacopoeia, though still 
much used. 

Liquor Zinci Chloridi [Solution of Chloride of Zinc), is 
prepared by dissolving zinc (6 troyounces), in muriatic acid, 
then adding nitric acid (150 grains), and evaporating to dry- 
ness ; this is dissolved in distilled water (5 fluid ounces), with 
the addition of precipitated carbonate of zinc (150 grains), and, 
after filtration, enough distilled water is added to make the 
liquid measure a pint. The evaporation of this solution 
yields 

Zixci Chloridum [Chloride of Zinc) (ZnCl 2 ), a whitish- 
gray, semitransparent, deliquescent mass, having the softness 
of wax, and soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. It has 



152 MATERIA MEDICA. 

been employed internally in doses of gr. j or ij, as an anti- 
spasmodic tonic in chorea, epilepsy, and neuralgia. Its local 
action is that of a powerful caustic, and it is one of the best 
escharotics that can be exhibited, to produce healthy granula- 
tions in malignant or indolent ulcers, especially in lupus. It 
may be used as a lotion in the strength of gr. ij to foj of water, 
or dissolved in a little alcohol, or in the form of paste, made 
with one part of the salt to two or four of flour. A solution 
of the chloride of zinc is employed as an antiseptic, and is also 
injected into the bloodvessels of anatomical subjects to preserve 
them for dissection. Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid is a solu- 
tion of about 200 grains in a fluidounce of water. 

Zinci Iodidum {Iodide of Zinc) (Znl 2 ), is made by digesting 
an excess of zinc with iodine diffused in water. It occurs in 
the form of a white deliquescent mass, or of fine needles, of a 
metallic styptic taste, very soluble in water. It has been used 
internally, as a tonic, antispasmodic, and astringent, in doses 
of gr. i-ij, best exhibited in the form of syrup. Externally, it 
is a most valuable local stimulant and escharotic, equal if not 
superior in effect to the chloride, and, although not officinal, is 
much used. 

Zinci Valerianas {Valerianate of Zinc) (Zn2C 5 H 9 2 ), is 
prepared by the double reaction of valerianate of sodium and 
sulphate of zinc. It occurs in white, pearly scales, having a 
faint odour of valerianic acid, and a metallic styptic taste. 
It dissolves in 160 parts of water and 60 of alcohol. Used in 
epilepsy and nervous affections, in the dose of one or two grains, 
repeated several times a day. 



ARGENTI PR^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF SILVER. 

In the metallic state, silver is wholly inert. The only prepa- 
ration which is extensively employed is — 

Argenti Nitras {Nitrate of Silver). This salt (AgN0 3 ) 
is obtained by dissolving silver in diluted nitric acid. It is 
anhydrous, and occurs in transparent colourless, shining, heavy 
rhombic plates, which have a strongly metallic and bitter 



PREPARATIONS OF SILVER. 153 

taste, are wholly soluble in distilled "water, and become black- 
ened by the action of light and organic matters. Its solution 
yields with chlorohydric acid or chloride of sodium a white 
precipitate, entirely soluble in ammonia. 

Physiological Effects. — The topical action of nitrate of silver 
is that of a caustic or corrosive ; and this effect is produced by 
its combining with the albumen and fibrin of the tissues. 
"When applied to mucous membranes, it forms a compound with 
the animal matter of the mucus, which protects the tissues 
from the action of the caustic. Hence, large doses may be 
taken with considerable impunity by the stomach. But, in 
excessive quantity, it may occasion gastro-enteric irritation, 
with disturbance of the nervous system ; and in these cases, 
the antidote is common salt (chloride of sodium), or any inert 
chloride, which produces, when in contact with the nitrate, 
nitrate of sodium and chloride of silver. In medicinal doses, 
nitrate of silver has a specific corroborant and antispasmodic 
action on the nervous system ; and, after prolonged use, pro- 
duces a peculiar indelible blueness or slate-colour of the skin. 

Medicinal Uses. — Internally, nitrate of silver has been chiefly 
employed as an antispasmodic tonic in the treatment of epi- 
lepsy, and it is among the most reliable remedies that can be 
administered in this intractable affection ; but its effect in dis- 
colouring the skin is an objection to its protracted use. It is 
also used in locomotor ataxia, chorea, and gastrodynia, and as 
an astringent in dysentery. But it is as an external agent that 
it is chiefly resorted to. It is the most efficacious application 
that can be made to inflamed mucous membranes, and either 
in the solid form or in solution, it is employed in every variety 
of inflammation of this tissue. It is also extensively used to 
produce healthy granulations in wounds and ulcers, to arrest 
the progress of erysipelatous inflammation and variolous pus- 
tules, in porrigo and other skin diseases, in strictures, and to 
destroy the virus of chancres and of poisoned wounds. 

Administration. — The dose of nitrate of silver internally is 
gr. J, gradually increased to gr. iij or iv, three times a day, in 
pill made with some mild vegetable powder. For external use, 



154 MATERIA MEDICA. 

solutions are made of various strengths, from gr. ij to 5ss, in 
an ounce of distilled water. An ointment is also employed. 

Argenti Nitras Fusa {Fused Nitrate of Silver, Lunar 
Caustic). For external use, in the solid form, nitrate of silver 
is melted and poured into small moulds. 

Argenti Oxidum {Oxide of Silver) (Ag 2 0), is obtained by 
adding solution of potassa to a solution of nitrate of silver. 
It is a tasteless, olive-brown powder, very slightly soluble in 
water. Its uses are analogous- to those of the nitrate, and it is 
employed in epilepsy, gastrodynia, chronic diarrhoea, uterine 
disease, &c. It is considered to be free from liability to dis- 
colour the skin. Dose, gr. ss to gr. ij, twice or thrice daily, in 
powder or pill. 

BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS — SUBNITRATE OFBISMUTH. 

This salt is prepared by first forming the ternitrate of bis- 
muth by dissolving bismuth in diluted nitric acid; as metallic 
bismuth generally contains arsenic, the nitrate thus formed is 
converted into the carbonate, by the addition of solution of car- 
bonate of sodium, whereby most of the arsenic is removed as 
soluble arseniate of sodium ; the carbonate of bismuth is next 
dissolved in nitric acid, and the nitrate of bismuth is again 
formed ; a little water is added to the mixed solution of nitrate 
and arseniate of bismuth, by which the subarseniate is depos- 
ited and separated ; the addition of a large amount of water 
causes a deposition of subnitrate of bismuth ; the supernitrate 
remaining in solution is lastly decomposed by ammonia, which 
takes most of the nitric acid, and precipitates the bismuth 
combined with the remainder, in the form of subnitrate. Sub- 
nitrate of bismuth, known as pearl white and magistery of bis- 
muth (BiON0 3 ,H 2 0) is a white, inodorous, tasteless powder, 
nearly insoluble in water. In large amounts (two drachms 
have produced death), it acts as a poison with symptoms like 
those of arsenical poisoning. Its medicinal properties are tonic, 
antispasmodic, and astringent, and it has been employed in 
intermittent fever ; but it is now chiefly used to allay sickness 



OXALATE OF CERIUM. 155 

and vomiting in chronic nervous affections of the stomach, to 
relieve the pain of gastralgia, and also as an astringent in sub- 
acute and chronic diarrhoea. Dose, gr. v to 3j, or even 5ss, 
in powder or pill. Externally, it is a good remedy in skin 
diseases in the form of ointment. The subcarbonate of bismuth 
— bismuthi subcarbonas (Bi 2 2 C0 3 ,H 2 0) — is recommended as 
a substitute for the subnitrate. It is thought to be more read- 
ily tolerated by the stomach, and is more soluble in the gastric 
juice, but it is less astringent. The test for a soluble salt of 
bismuth is a piece of paper wetted with a solution of sulphocy- 
anide of potassium, and dried, which will produce a yellow 
spot at the point of contact. 

CAD Mil SULPHAS — SULPHATE OF CADMIUM. 

This salt is obtained by the addition of sulphuric acid to car- 
bonate of cadmium ; the latter salt being first procured by the 
reaction of carbonate of sodium upon nitrate of cadmium, pre- 
viously made by dissolving cadmium in nitric acid and water. 
It occurs in transparent, colourless, prismatic crystals (CdS0 4 ), 
of an astringent, austere taste, and very soluble in water. In 
its effects on the system, it closely resembles sulphate of zinc, 
but it has been chiefly used in this country, as a collyrium (gr. 
j-ij to water foj), and has been found very efficacious in specks 
and opacities of the cornea. 

CERII OXALAS — OXALATE OF CERIUM. 

This salt {Ce f, G 2 O^H 2 0), is usually made by adding a 
solution of oxalate of ammonium to any soluble salt of cerium, 
and is also obtained from the mineral cerite. It occurs as a 
snow-white, granular powder, inodorous and tasteless, insoluble 
in water, alcohol, and ether, but dissolved by sulphuric acid. 
It is believed to resemble the salts of silver, bismuth, and zinc 
in its effects, and has lately been deservedly extolled in obsti- 
nate forms of vomiting, especially the vomiting of pregnancy. 
In chorea, and other neuroses, it is also highly recommended. 



156 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Dose, a grain three times a day, or oftener, in pill or suspended 
in water. The nitrate of cerium has also been employed, and 
is more soluble. Dose, somewhat less. 



ACIDA MINERALIA — MINERAL ACIDS. 

The diluted mineral acids are usually classed with tonics ; 
but, although they exert a very considerable corroborant influ- 
ence on the system, their action is in many respects peculiar 
and distinctive. In the concentrated form, they are corrosive. 
When properly diluted with water and swallowed in medicinal 
doses, they allay thirst, increase the appetite, and stimulate di- 
gestion. After absorption into the blood, they often produce a 
restorative effect in morbid conditions of the circulating fluid, 
and in their passage out by the secretions, act as astringents. 
They are employed — as tonics, usually in combination with the 
vegetable bitters, in dyspepsia, especially when it is dependent 
on a deficiency of the gastric fluid; as antalkalines, to correct 
the morbid alkalinity of the blood in typhoid and other essen- 
tial fevers, and in purpura, scurvy, and analogous blood dis- 
eases; as astringents and styptics in hemorrhage from the 
stomach and bowels, and in colliquative discharges; to allay 
febrile heat and cutaneous irritation ; in phosphatic lithiasis ; 
and locally, as escharotics ; and, in very dilute solution, they 
are injected into the bladder as lithontriptics. In cases of 
poisoning from the mineral acids, the alkaline earths and fixed 
oils are the proper antidotes. 

Acidum Sulphuricum {Sulphuric Acid), (H 2 S0 4 ), formerly 
called Oil of Vitriol, is obtained by burning sulphur, mixed 
with nitre, over a stratum of water contained in a chamber 
lined with sheet-lead. It is a dense, colourless, inodorous, 
corrosive liquid, of a strongly acid taste and an oily consist- 
ence, which unites with water in all proportions, with the 
evolution of heat. When of the sp. gr. 1.845, it contains one 
equivalent of water. It should have, as directed by the Phar- 
macopoeia, the sp. gr. 1.843, when it contains 79 per cent of 
anhydrous acid. The diluted acid is readily detected by a 



MINEKAL ACIDS. 157 

soluble salt of barium, which precipitates a white insoluble 
barium sulphate. In the concentrated form, it is not employed 
internally, but is sometimes used externally as a caustic. When 
swallowed, it acts as a violent corrosive poison, usually staining 
the lips, mouth, and fauces with white or black sloughs ; occa- 
sionally, the action of the poison is spent upon the upper part 
of the larynx, and death takes place from asphyxia, without 
the entrance of the poison into the stomach. The proper 
antidote is magnesia or chalk, or solution of soap, and mucila- 
ginous drinks should be afterwards freely administered. 

Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum {Diluted Sulphuric Acid), 
contains two troyounces of sulphuric acid in a pint of acid 
diluted with distilled water. It is given as a tonic, refrigerant, 
and astringent, in the dose of from ten to thirty drops, three 
times a day, in water, and should be sucked through a tube to 
prevent injury to the teeth. This acid is a particularly valu- 
able remedy in typhus and typhoid fevers, colliquative perspi- 
rations, cholera, and choleraic diarrhoea; and it is the best 
corrective for phosphatic lithiasis. Some observations have been 
made which seem to assign it prophylactic powers against epidemic 
cholera. It is used externally as a gargle, and wash to ulcers. 

Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum {Aromatic Sulphuric 
Acid), or Elixir of Vitriol, is made by digesting six troyounces 
of sulphuric acid in a pint of alcohol, then percolating a troy- 
ounce of ginger and a troyounce and a half of cinnamon with 
alcohol till a pint of tincture is obtained, and mixing the tinc- 
ture with the diluted acid. It is a reddish-brown liquid, with 
an aromatic odour and a pleasant acid taste; and is an agree- 
able substitute for the diluted sulphuric acid, administered in 
the same doses. 

Acidum Sulphurosum {Sulphurous Acid), is made by heat- 
ing sulphuric acid with charcoal and distilled water. The sul- 
phuric acid is deprived of an equivalent of oxygen by the 
charcoal, and becomes sulphurous acid (H 2 S0 3 ). It is a 
colourless liquid, having the smell of burning sulphur, and a 
sulphurous, sour, and somewhat astringent taste. It has been 
only of late years employed in medicine, and is believed to have 



158 MATERIA MEDICA. 

a special influence in destroying parasitic life. Internally, it 
is very efficacious in sarcina ventriculi, or yeast vomiting ; dose, 
foj, largely diluted with water. Externally, it is used in skin 
diseases (particularly those of a parasitic nature, either animal- 
cular or cryptogamous) — diluted with two or three measures of 
water or glycerin. The sulphite of sodium — sodii sulphis (Na 2 
S0 3 ,7H 2 0)— is used as a substitute for sulphurous acid, which 
is developed from the salt by any of the organic acids. It 
occurs in white efflorescent, prismatic crystals, of a sulphurous 
taste, soluble in four parts of cold and one part of boiling 
water. Dose, 5j, three times a day; a solution (5i-fSi of 
water) is a good local application in erysipelas. The hyposul- 
phite of sodium (Na 2 S 2 3 ,5H 2 0), is used for the same purposes. 
It occurs in white, tabular crystals, of a pearly lustre and sul- 
phurous taste, which are very deliquescent, and very soluble in 
water and alcohol, and insoluble in ether. Dose, gr. x-xx, 
three times a day, and for external use, 5j, dissolved in water 
f5j. Both the sulphite and hyposulphite of sodium have been 
found efficacious in intermittent and remittent fevers. The 
sulphite is perhaps the more efficacious salt. Potassii sulphis 
(sulphite of potassium) (K 2 S0 3 ,2H 2 0), occurs in white, opaque 
fragments or powder, of a saline and sulphurous taste, very 
soluble in water ; its uses and doses are the same as those of 
sulphite of sodium. The sulphite of magnesium (MgS0 3 ,6H 2 0), 
is also employed in zymotic diseases, and is less unpalatable 
than the sodium salt, and besides contains a larger propor- 
tional quantity of acid. The sulphites of sodium, potassium, 
and magnesium are employed in the treatment of purulent 
infection. Sulphites of calcium and ammonium have been also 
recommended. 

Acidum Nitricum (Nitric Acid) (HN0 3 ), is obtained by the 
action of sulphuric acid upon nitrate of potassium. When 
pure, it is colourless ; but, as found in the shops, it is usually 
of a straw colour, owing to the presence of hyponitric acid. It 
should have a sp. gr. 1.420 (when it contains 60 per cent, of 
anhydrous acid), and is a corrosive, sour liquid, employed, in 
the concentrated form, as an escharotic to destroy warts and 



MINERAL ACIDS. 159 

stimulate indolent sinuses, and, diluted, as an astringent wash 
or gargle. Cases of poisoning from this acid are to be treated 
with magnesia or soap, and mucilaginous drinks. In poisoning 
from nitric acid, the fauces and mouth are covered with yellow 
eschars. Internally, it is used in the form of 

Acidum Nitricum Dilutum {Diluted Nitric Acid), which 
contains three troyounces of acid in a pint of diluted acid. 
This is given as a substitute for sulphuric acid, but is more apt 
to disagree with the stomach ; it is also employed as an altera- 
tive in syphilis, and has been found useful in whooping-cough. 
Combined with laudanum and camphor-water, it is much used 
in the treatment of dysentery, under the name of Hopes Cam- 
phor Mixture (camphor water f5viij, nitric acid f5i, laudanum 
25 drops ; dose fgss, repeated). Dose, for internal use, 20 to 
40 drops, three times a day, reduced with water. 

Acidum Muriaticum (Muriatic Acid), is an aqueous solu- 
tion of hydrochloric acid gas (HC1), of sp. gr. 1.160, and is ob- 
tained by the action of sulphuric acid on solution of chloride 
of sodium or common salt. It is, when pure, a transparent, 
colourless liquid, but has often a yellow colour, owing to the 
presence of chlorine, iron, or other contaminations ; it gives off 
dense white fumes when in contact with ammonia, and evolves 
chlorine gas when heated with peroxide of manganese. It has 
a corrosive taste, and a suffocating odour, and is an active 
poison, though less irritating than sulphuric and nitric acids. 
Magnesia or soap is the proper antidote. It is used, exter- 
nally, as a caustic, and as an application in diphtheria, ulcera- 
tive and gangrenous stomatitis, &c. ; internally, in the form of 

Acidum Muriaticum Dilutum (Diluted Muriatic Acid), 
which contains four troyounces of acid in a pint of diluted 
acid. This is employed in typhoid and typhus fevers, malig- 
nant scarlatina, &c. ; also to counteract phosphatic deposits in 
the urine, to prevent the generation of worms, in syphilis, in 
dysentery, and in some forms of dyspepsia. Dose, twenty to 
sixty drops, which may be given in infusion of rose. 

Acidum Nitro-Muriaticum (Nitro-Muriatic Acid). This 
acid is made by mixing three troyounces of nitric acid with five 



160 MATERIA MEDICA. 

troyounces of muriatic acid, and consists of two compounds of 
chlorine and nitric oxide (N 2 2 C1 4 and NOC1), mixed with free 
chlorine. It has a deep golden-yellow colour, and emits the 
smell of chlorine, which is the chief active constituent. Inter- 
nally, it is employed as a stomachic tonic, and is thought also 
to be particularly efficacious in oxaluria, and in diseases of the 
liver and syphilis. It should not be given with mercurials. 
Externally, it is used as a bath, either local or general, in oxa- 
luria, syphilis, and chronic hepatitis, for which purpose one or 
two ounces of acid may be added to a gallon of water. Dose, 
from two to five drops, properly diluted, and carefully increased. 

Acidum Nitro-Muriaticum Dilutum [Diluted Nitro-Muri- 
atic Acid), contains four troyounces of acid in a pint of diluted 
acid ; dose, ten to twenty drops. 

Acidum Oxalicum {Oxalic Acid) (H 2 C 2 4 ,2H 2 0). This 
acid, which is found in many vegetables, as the sorrels, and is 
often deposited in the bladder as oxalate of calcium or mul- 
berry calculus, is usually obtained by decomposing sugar or 
starch with nitric acid. It occurs in small, colourless, pris- 
matic crystals, having a strongly acid taste, is soluble in water, 
and decomposable by heat without residue. It is used medi- 
cinally with success in typhoid fever, in scurvy, and purpura, 
and as an astringent to check the Colliquative perspirations of 
phthisis, and the expectoration of chronic bronchitis. Dose, 
gr. J to gr. 1, three or four times a day. It is a virulent acro- 
narcotic poison, in large amounts, acting with very great 
rapidity and certainty ; and, as its crystals resemble those of 
Epsom salt, it is often sold by mistake for that purgative, from 
which it may be distinguished by its acid properties, and, in solu- 
tion, by nitrate of silver (which yields a white precipitate, sol- 
uble in cold nitric acid), and by calcium salts (which precipitate 
white oxalate of calcium, soluble in nitric acid). The proper 
antidote is chalk or magnesia, mixed with water. Salt of sorrel, 
a crystalline compound of oxalic acid with acid potassium oxa- 
late, produces analogous poisonous effects. 



TANNIC ACID. 161 



ORDER V. — ASTRINGENTS. 



These are medicines which produce contraction and corruga- 
tion of the tissues. Their constitutional effects are somewhat 
analogous to those of tonics ; as, like them, they increase the 
tone and vigour of the body, and exercise a control over 
various disorders of the nervous system. But they are chiefly 
employed to cure relaxation of the fibres and tissues, to subdue 
inflammation of superficial parts, and to arrest hemorrhage and 
excessive discharges from mucous membranes or other secret- 
ing surfaces. In checking morbid discharges from the bowels, 
astringents, while they diminish the secretions from the intes- 
tinal canal, do not, like opium, restrain the peristaltic move- 
ments : hence the necessity of combining them with opiates. 
They are divided into Vegetable and Mineral astringents. 
Most of the former owe their astringency to the presence of 
a principle termed tannic acid, and differ from tonics in 
the absence of bitterness. The mineral preparations, usually 
classed among astringents, are those of alum and lead, and 
are distinguished from the mineral astringent-tonics, by their 
more decided astringency and a sedative action on the vascular 
system. 

VEGETABLE ASTRINGENTS. 
ACIDUM TANNICUM — TANNIC ACID. 

This acid, which is the active principle of the vegetable astrin- 
gents, is usually extracted from powdered nutgalls by the 
action of washed ether. The nutgall, made into a soft paste 
with ether, is enveloped in a canvas cloth, and is pressed 
between tin plates; the resulting cake is again mixed with 
washed ether and expressed; and the expressed liquids are 
mixed, evaporated, and dried ; the water seems to be the solvent 
which extracts the tannic acid. It is a light, feathery, non-crys- 
talline powder, of a yellowish-white colour, and a strongly 
astringent taste, is very soluble in water, and soluble, though 
less so, in alcohol and ether. It produces a white flocculent 

11 



1(32 MATERIA MEDICA. 

precipitate with solution of gelatine, a bluish-black precipitate 
with ferric salts, and white precipitates with solutions of the 
vegetable alkalies ; and these substances are to be, therefore, 
considered incompatible with all the vegetable astringents. 
There is a variety of tannic acid (mimo-tannic acid), obtained 
from kino, catechu and some other substances, which strikes 
a greenish-black precipitate with the salts of iron, and is not 
convertible into gallic acid. Tannic acid is C 27 H 22 17 ; it is a 
glucoside, yielding, like many other substances, glucose, when 
boiled with diluted sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, the other 
product being gallic acid. 

Effects and Uses. — Tannic acid is a powerful astringent, and 
is applicable to all the cases in which astringents are useful. 
It is now believed, however, that, owing to its coagulating in- 
fluence on albumen, tannic acid is not absorbed in the stomach, 
and cannot produce constitutional effects until converted into 
gallic acid, but this is probably again changed in the blood 
into tannic acid by combination with glucose. It is used in- 
ternally, in the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, 
hemorrhage, colliquative sweats, &c. ; also as an enema in 
diarrhoea, dysentery, prolapsus ani, and fissure of the rectum; 
and, as a topical application, in hemorrhages, inflammations, 
and morbid discharges from mucous membranes, ulcers, &c. 
It is, perhaps, the best form in which the vegetable astringents 
can be employed, owing to the certainty and minuteness of the 
dose in which it can be given. Dose, gr. j to gr. iij, or iv, in 
pill, occasionally repeated. For external use, the glycerite of 
tannic acid (glyceritum acidi tannici), is employed ; it is made 
by rubbing together and dissolving at a gentle heat 2 troy- 
ounces of tannic acid in half a pint of glycerin. Ointment of 
tannic acid {ungnentum acidi tannici), is made by rubbing up 
30 grains of tannic acid with a troyounce oflard. 

ACIDUM GALLIC UM — GALLIC ACID. 

This principle is found in many of the vegetable astringents, 
but less uniformly than tannic acid, and is probably the result 



NUTGALL. 163 

of changes which the latter has undergone. It is prepared by 
exposing a mixture of nutgalls in water to the air, when the 
tannic acid gradually absorbs oxygen and is converted into 
gallic acid ; it is purified by being boiled in water and filtered 
through animal charcoal. It occurs in small, silky, nearly 
colourless crystals, having a slightly acid and astringent taste, 
and is soluble in boiling water, and slightly so in cold water. 
It is H 3 C 7 H 3 5 ,H 2 0. 

Effects and Uses. — Gallic acid is a valuable astringent, which 
has of late been extensively employed in hemorrhagic disorders, 
as uterine hemorrhage, hemoptysis, hematuria, bloody diar- 
rhoea, &c. Both tannic and gallic acids have been found useful 
in albuminuria. Gallic acid has but feeble local astringent 
powers, and is probably converted into tannic acid in the blood ; 
given by the stomach, it is more efficacious than the latter acid. 
It may be given in doses of gr. ij to gr. v, in pill, every two 
or three hours. Gclycerite of gallic acid is made by the same 
formula as that of tannic acid. 



GALL A — N UTGALL. 

Nutgall is a morbid excrescence found upon Quercus in- 
fectoria, or the Gall-Oak (Nat. Ord. Corylacese), a small tree 
or shrub of Asia Minor. The Gall-nuts are produced by the 
puncture of the buds by a fly (Cynifs qwrcusfolii or Diplolepis 
gallon tinctorial) to form a nidus for its eggs. This occasions an 
irritation and flow of juices to the part, resulting in the forma- 
tion of a tumour round the larva, which, on attaining maturity, 
perforates the gall and escapes. Galls are produced chiefly in 
Syria and Asia Minor, and are imported from the Levant. 
They are brought also from Calcutta, being collected to some 
extent in India. Galls are spherical, about the size of a 
hickory-nut, but of varying dimensions, with small tubercles 
on their surface. The best are bluish or black externally, and 
grayish within, without odour, and of a very astringent, bitter 
taste. They yield their properties to both water and alcohol, 
but best to the former, and contain both tannic and gallic 



104 MATERIA MEDICA. 

acids. White galls are collected after they have been perfo- 
rated by the insect, and are inferior in astringency. 

Effects and Uses.— Galls are powerfully astringent, but are 
not much used internally. In the form of infusion or decoc- 
tion, they are employed as enemata in diarrhoea and dysentery, 
and also as gargles. Dose of the poivder, gr. x to gr. xx. 
The tincture (four troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij) may be 
given in the dose of f5j to f5iij, but it is chiefly used as a 
chemical test. The ointment (one part to seven parts of lard) 
is a favourite application in hemorrhoids. 



CATECHU. 

Catechu, formerly called Terra Japonica, is an extract of 
the wood of Acacia Catechu, a small prickly tree of India 
(Nat. Ord. Fabacese). Twelve or fifteen varieties of the drug 
are described by pharmacologists ; but it is usually met with 
in the shops, in masses of various shapes and sizes, of a rusty- 
brown colour externally, and varying internally from a reddish 
or yellowish-brown to a dark-brown colour. The best is of a 
dark colour, and is easily broken into small angular fragments, 
with a smooth glossy surface, bearing some resemblance to 
kino. It is without smell, and has an astringent, bitter taste. 
It contains about 50 per cent, of tannic acid (of the variety 
which strikes a greenish-black precipitate with the salts of 
iron), and about 30 per cent, of a peculiar extractive, called 
catechuic acid, to both of which it owes its peculiar properties. 

Effects and Uses. — This is one of the most powerful and 
^ valuable of the vegetable astringents, possessing also mild tonic 
properties. It is much employed in diarrhoea, dysentery, 
hemorrhages, and in all cases of immoderate discharge, unat- 
tended with inflammatory action. It is a good deal used in 
relaxed conditions of the mouth and throat, to relieve the 
hoarseness of public speakers, also in aphthous ulcerations of 
the mouth, and spongy affections of the gums. Topically, it is 
employed as a styptic, and in solution as an injection in gonor- 



KINO. 165 

rhoea and gleet, &c. Dose of the powder, gr. x to 5ss, in bolus 
or emulsion. 

Infusum Catechu Compositum {Compound Infusion of 
Catechu), is made by adding boiling water (Oj) to powdered 
catechu (half a troyounce), and cinnamon (5j) — dose, foj to 
foij, three or four times a day. Of the tincture (three troy- 
ounces to diluted alcohol Oij, with cinnamon two troyounces), 
the dose is f5j to foiij. 

KINO. 

The term Kino is applied to the products of several trees. 
Five varieties are known. 1. East India kino, which is the 
most common, and is the inspissated juice of Pterocarpus 
marsupium {Nat. Ord. Fabacese), a lofty tree of Malabar. 2. 
African kino, the original variety introduced into Europe, but 
not now met with ; obtained from Pterocarpus erinaceus {Nat. 
Ord. Fabacese). 3. Jamaica kino, the extract of the wood and 
bark of Coccoloba uvifera, or Seaside Grape {Nat. Ord. Poly- 
gonacese), a small tree of South America and the West Indies. 
4. South America or Caraccas kino, which is probably derived 
from Coccoloba uvifera. 5. Botany Bay kino, the concrete 
juice of Eucalyptus resinifera {Nat. Ord. Myrtacese), a large 
tree of Australia. 

East India kino is met with in small, angular, shining frag- 
ments, of a dark-brown or reddish-brown colour, brittle, with- 
out smell, but with a very astringent taste. It contains tannic 
acid (of the second variety), kinoic acid (which is the red colour- 
ing matter), pectin, ulmic acid, and inorganic salts. 

South American kino comes in large masses, externally very 
dark, and internally of a deep reddish-brown colour. 

Jamaica kino is like the last, but contained in large gourds. 

Effects and Uses. — Kino is a powerful astringent, and is 
much used in diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, leucorrhoea, gonor- 
rhoea, hemorrhages, &c. Externally, it is employed as a 
styptic, and as a stimulant to indolent ulcers. Dose, of the 
powder gr. x to oss ; of the tincture (5vj (mixed with an equal 



166 MATERIA MEDICA. 

bulk of dry sand) to diluted alcohol, consisting of two measures 
of alcohol and one measure of water, fSviij), f5j or f5\j may be 
given, and it is frequently added to chalk mixture in diarrhoea. 
It spoils by keeping. 



KRAMER IA — RHATANY. 

Rhatany is the ROOT of Krameria triandra (Nat. Ord. Poly- 
galeae), a shrub of Peru. It occurs in woody cylindrical pieces, 
of the thickness of a goose-quill to twice that size — many radi- 
cles being often united to a common head. They have a dark, 
reddish-brown bark, and a tough central ligneous portion, of a 
lighter red colour. They are without smell, but have a very 
astringent, slightly bitter, and sweetish taste, which is much 
stronger in the cortical than the ligneous portion ; and, hence 
the smallest pieces should be preferred, as they contain the most 
bark. Rhatany yields a large proportion of tannic acid (of 
the second variety), and a peculiar acid, termed krameric, both 
of which probably contribute to its astringency. It imparts its 
properties to both cold and boiling water, but more fully to 
alcohol. 

Effects and Uses. — Rhatany is powerfully astringent, with 
some tonic properties. It is much used in the treatment of 
diarrhoea, dysentery, hemorrhages, &c, and as an enema in 
fissure of the anus, hemorrhoids, leucorrhoea, &c. The pow- 
dered extract is an ingredient in many tooth-powders, and the 
tincture is also used as an astringent mouth-wash. Dose of the 
powder gr. xx to gr. xxx. But it is more employed in infusion 
(a troyounce to boiling water Oj), dose, fgj or fgij ; watery ex- 
tract, dose gr. x to gr. xv ; fluid extract, dose f5ss-i ; tincture 
(six troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij), dose f5j to toy ; and 
syrup (twelve troyounces percolated with water till four pints 
of filtered liquor are obtained, which is to be evaporated to 
seventeen fluidounces, and in this thirty troyounces of sugar 
are to be dissolved by gentle heat), dose f5j to fsss ; or the 
syrup may be made by adding twelve fluidounces of the fluid 
extract to twenty-four fluidounces of syrup. 



WHITE OAK — BLACK OAK. 167 



HEMATOXYLIN — LOGWOOD 



t Logwood, or Campeachy wood, is the heart-wood of Hae- 
atoxylonCampechianuin [Nat. Ord. Fabaceae), a medium-sized 
ee of Campeachy and other maritime parts of tropical America, 
and now naturalized in the West Indies. The portion used in 
medicine, and also as a dye, is the heart-wood, from which the 
bark and white sap-wood are removed, previously to exporta- 
tion. It is imported in billets of different sizes, of a dark 
colour externally, and a deep-red internally; in the shops it is 
kept in chips or raspings. It has a sweetish, astringent, and 
rather peculiar taste, and a feeble, not unpleasant smell. It 
contains kino-tannic acid, a colouring principle called hcematin 
or hcematoxylin. volatile oil, resin, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — It is a mild astringent, useful in chronic 
diarrhoea, and dysentery, and particularly well adapted to the 
weakened condition of the bowels, which follows cholera infan- 
tum, and is also much employed in the diarrhoea of phthisis. 
It is given either in decoction (a troyounce to water Oij, boiled 
down to Oj),in the dose of f§j to f^ij to adults, and foj to f5ij 
to children; or watery extract in the dose of gr. x to 5ss, in 
solution. 



QUERCUSALB a — w hiteoak. quercus tinctori a — 

BLACK AK. 

The barks of several species of American oaks possess astrin- 
gent properties, and are probably to be found in the shops, but 
the only officinal varieties are Quercus Alba, White Oak, and 
Quercus Tinctoria, Black Oak (Nat Ord. Amentacese). The 
inner bark is the portion used, but the leaves and acorns are 
also astringent. White Oak-Bark is distinguished by its whitish 
colour. When prepared for use, it is deprived of its epidermis, 
and is of a light brown colour and fibrous texture, with an as- 
tringent and bitterish taste. Water and alcohol extract its 
virtues, which depend mainly on the presence of tannic and 



168 MATERIA MEDICA. 

gallic acids, with a bitter principle, termed quercin. Black 
Oak-Bark is more furrowed, has a darker colour, a more bitter 
taste, and stains the saliva yellow, when chewed ; it is much 
employed as a dye, under the name of quercitron. It contains 
a larger proportion of tannic and gallic acids than the white 
oak-bark. 

Effects and Uses. — A decoction of white oak-bark is a good 
remedy in diarrhoea and hemorrhoids, and is employed as an 
enema in hemorrhoids, and prolapsus and fissure of the anus, 
as a gargle in relaxation of the uvula, and as an injection in 
leucorrhoea. It is used as a bath in the bowel complaints of 
children ; and a poultice of the ground bark is applied in gan- 
grene. Black oak-bark is too irritating for internal exhibition : 
but for external use it is a stronger astringent than the white 
oak-bark. Of the decoction of white oak (decoctum querents 
albce), (a troyounce to water Oj), foij may be taken frequently. 

GERANIUM. 

One of the most powerful of the indigenous astringents is 
Geranium maculatum, Crowfoot, or Cranesbill (Nat. Ord. Ge- 
raniaeese), a perennial herbaceous plant, growing in moist woody 
situations, with an erect stem, one or two feet high, three to 
five-lobed, incised, pale-green, mottled leaves, and large purple 
flowers, which appear in April and May. The part used is the 
rhizome, which should be collected in the autumn. This, 
when dried, occurs in wrinkled, rough pieces, from a quarter to 
a half an inch in thickness, furnished with slender fibres, of a 
dark-brown colour externally, and a pale-flesh colour within. 
It has an astringent, but not bitter taste, little or no smell, and 
contains tannic and gallic acids, with some mucilage. 

Effects and Uses. — This is an excellent simple astringent, 
agreeing very well with the stomach, and might be advanta- 
geously substituted for more expensive foreign drugs. It may 
be used internally to fulfil the indications of kino, rhatany, &c, 
in bowel complaints and hemorrhages, and topically as an ene- 
ma, gargle, injection, &c It is also a valuable styptic. Dose 



UVA URSI. 



169 



in powder, gr. x to xx ; of the decoction (a troyounce to water 
Oj), f5j to fSij may be given ; this is not officinal. A decoction 

Fig. 15. 




in milk is given to children. The fluid extract may be given 
in doses of 5ss-5i- 



UVA URSI. 



Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, or Bearberry (Nat. Ord. Eri- 
cacese), is a small, trailing, evergreen shrub, with coriaceous, 
obovate leaves (somewhat like box leaves and red whortleberry 



170 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



leaves), about half an inch in length, pale rose-coloured flowers, 
appearing from June to September, and small red berries, 
which ripen during the winter. It is found in the northern 



Fig. 16. 




parts of Asia, Europe, and America. The leaves are the 
only part used. When dried, they have a faint hay-like odour, 
and a bitterish, astringent taste. They yield their virtues to 
water and alcohol, and contain tannic and gallic acids, a prin- 
ciple termed ursin (which is said to act as a diuretic in the dose 
of a grain), a crystallizable glucoside, termed arbutin, extract- 
ive, resin, gum, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — Uva Ursi is astringent, tonic, and diu- 
retic, and exercises a particular control over discharges from 
mucous surfaces. Hence, its employment in catarrh of the 
bladder, chronic bronchitis, with profuse discharge, &c. It is 
also applicable to the ordinary uses of the vegetable astringents. 
Dose of the powder 3j to 3ij, three times a day ; but it is 
usually given in decoction (a troyounce to water Oj), of which 
f5J to fsij may be taken three times a day. The fluid extract 
may be given in the dose of f5ss-foj. 



PIPSISSEWA. 



171 



CHI MA PHIL A P IPSISSEWA. 

Chimaphila umbellata, Pipsissewa, Wintergreen, or Ground- 
Holly (Nat. Ord. Pjrolaceas), is a small, indigenous, evergreen 

Ficr 17. 




plant, common to the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and 
America, and found abundantly in woody situations in all parts 
of the United States. It has an erect stem, three to ten inches 
high, lanceolate, somewhat wedge-shaped, serrated, dark-green 
leaves, arranged in irregular whorls, and beautiful five-petaled 



172 MATERIA MEDICA. 

flowers, of a white colour tinged with red, and a very agreeable 
perfume, which appear in June. The leaves are the officinal 
portion. In the fresh state, they have a fragrant smell when 
bruised, which they lose after drying. Their taste is bitterish 
and astringent, but somewhat aromatic. They contain tannic 
acid, bitter extractive, resin, and probably some acrid volatile 
constituent— as the fresh leaves, when bruised and applied to 
the skin, will cause redness and even vesication. 

Chimaphila maculata, or Spotted Pipsissewa, possesses analo- 
gous properties to those of C. umbellata, from which it differs 
principally in the character of its leaves. They are of a deep 
olive-green colour, veined with greenish-white ; and the flowers 
are a pure white, and appear in July. 

Effect and Uses. — Pipsissewa is astringent and tonic, and 
also diuretic. It is employed in the disorders of the urinary 
organs to which uva ursi is applicable, and also for its diuretic 
properties in dropsy, attended with debility of the digestive 
organs. Indeed, it is classed by some therapeutists among the 
diuretics. It is usually given in decoction (a troyounce to 
water Oi), of which Oj may be taken in the twenty-four hours ; 
and a fermented decoction, made with molasses, ginger, and 
yeast, is often used. The fluid extract may be given in doses 
of f5ss-i. 

The following vegetable astringents deserve notice, though 
less frequently employed than the foregoing : 

Granati Fructus Cortex (Pomegranate Rind). This is 
the rind of the fruit of Punica Granatum, the Pomegranate 
tree (Nat. Ord. Myrtacese), a small tree of Northern Africa, 
Syria, and Persia, now naturalized in the warmer portions of 
Europe, the West Indies, our Southern States, &c. The rind 
of the fruit is a powerful astringent, but is little used inter- 
nally, from its liability to occasion nausea. Dose, in powder, 
gr. xx to 5ss ; but it is best given in decoction (a troyounce to 
water Oj), (not officinal), dose, fgj. 

Rosa Gallica (Bed Rose). Rosa Centifolia (Pale Rose), 
The petals of these two species of rose are officinal, but those 



BLACKBERRY. 173 

of almost every other species of cultivated rose may be em- 
ployed for the same purposes as rosa centifolia, which is not 
astringent. The red rose is a mild astringent, and is chiefly 
used in conjunction with sulphuric acid, in the infusum rosce 
compositum — compound infusion of rose (half a troy ounce to 
boiling water Oijss, diluted sulphuric acid f5iij, sugar a troy- 
ounce and a half) ; dose, fgij to fgiv. The confection is used 
as a basis for pills. Mel Rosce {Honey of Hose), made with 
diluted alcohol and clarified honey, is used as an addition to 
gargles ; the syrup is added to mixtures. The pale rose is 
slightly laxative. Aqua Rosce [Rose Water), distilled from 
the pale rose is much employed in collyria, &c. Unguentum 
Aquce Rosas [Ointment of Rose Water) is made by melting 
together expressed oil of almond, 3 troyounces and a half, 
spermaceti, a troyounce, white wax, 120 grains, and then grad- 
ually adding Rose water, 2 fluidounces ; this is a very soothing 
application, much used under the name of cold cream. 

Diospyros (Persimmon). The unripe fruit of Diospyros 
Virginiana (Nat. Ord. Ebenacese), an indigenous tree, is em- 
ployed in diarrhoea, dysentery, and uterine hemorrhage, in in- 
fusion, syrup, and vinous and acetous tinctures. The bark is 
bitter and astringent, but is not officinal. 

Tormentilla (Tormentil). The rhizome of Potentilla Tor- 
mentilla (Nat. Ord. Rosacese), a European plant, is used in 
Europe as an astringent, in the dose of oss to 5j, but is seldom 
or never employed in this country. 

Rubus (Blackberry). The bark of the root of Rubus 
villosus, and Rubus Canadensis (Nat. Ord. Rosacese), the 
former an erect, prickly shrub, and the latter a creeping brier, 
are very efficient mild astringents, which have been used with 
excellent effect in bowel-complaints, especially those of children. 
The astringency resides principally in the cortical portion, and 
hence the smallest roots should be preferred ; of the decoction 
(not officinal), (a troyounce to water Oj), f§ij may be taken fre- 
quently. 

The fluid extract may be given in doses of f3i-ij ; the syrup 
is made by adding half a pint of the fluid extract to a pint and 
a half of syrup. Dose, a tablespoonful. 



174 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Heuchera (Alum-root). The rhizomes of Heuchera Amer- 
icana and other species of Heuchera (Nat. Ord. Saxifragacea), 
indigenous plants known under the common name of Alum- 
root, with radical leaves somewhat like those of the maple, and 
numerous radical flower-stems, one to two feet in height, with 
rose-coloured flowers arranged in pyramidal panicles — possess 
very decided astringent properties, and may be used both ex- 
ternally and internally. 

A large number of vegetable substances, both indigenous 
and foreign, have been used as astringents, in addition to those 
enumerated — the astringent principle being the most common 
medicinal quality with which plants are endowed. 

The foregoing list comprises all the more important. 



CREASOTUM — CREASOTE. 

Creasote is a peculiar substance obtained from wood-tar, or 
from crude pyroligneous acid. When pure, it is a colourless, 
oleaginous liquid, with a caustic, burning taste, and a penetra- 
ting, disagreeable characteristic odour, like that of smoked 
meat. Its sp. gr. (U. S. P.) is 1.046; its formula is C 8 H 10 O 2 . 
It forms two solutions with water, one of 1 part to 80 parts of 
water, the other of 1 part of water in 10 parts of creasote ; and 
it is soluble, in all proportions, in alcohol, ether, naphtha, and 
acetic acid. It is distinguished from carbolic acid, by not coag- 
ulating collodion when mixed with it, and by not imparting a 
blue colour to a slip of pine wood dipped first into an alkaline 
solution of creasote, and, then, after drying, into muriatic acid. 
A remarkable property of creasote is its power of preserving 
meat, whence its name (from apeac, flesh, and oafa, I save). 

Effects and Uses. — Creasote, in large doses, is an aero- 
narcotic poison. In small doses, it is styptic and astringent, 
and, though not very nearly allied to the vegetable astringent 
articles, which contain tannic acid, it is, perhaps, more generally 
administered for its astringent than for any other properties. 
It is an excellent remedy in hsematemesis, and is also employed 



CARBOLIC ACID. 175 

emoptysis and other hemorrhages. It is very efficacious 
in allaying vomiting and gastric irritability, and has been 
exhibited for its astringent virtues with good effect in diarrhoea, 
diabetes, and chronic bronchitis, and as a nervine in epilepsy, 
hysteria, neuralgia, &c. Externally, it is applied, in various 
degrees of dilution, to indolent, sloughing, and foul ulcers ; in 
several cutaneous affections ; as a gargle in putrid sorethroat ; 
and for the relief of deafness. In the concentrated form, it is 
a good styptic in capillary hemorrhages, and is applied with 
effect to the hollows of carious teeth, for the removal of the 
pain of toothache. There is no antidote in cases of poisoning 
from creasote, but stimulants are to be freely administered. 

Dose, internally, one to two drops, frequently repeated, in 
pill, or diluted with mucilage. 

For external use, from two to six drops, or more, may be 
added to a fluidounce of distilled water. 

Aqua Creasoti [Creasote Water) (5i to distilled water Oi), 
contains 3.72 minims in each fluidounce. Dose, foj— iv. 

Creasote ointment contains half a fluidrachm of creasote in 
an ounce of lard. 



ACIDUM CARBOLICUM — CARBOLIC ACID. 

This substance, termed also phenic acid, phenyiic acid, and 
phenylic alcohol, is a product of the distillation of coal-tar oil. 

Impure Carbolic Acid (Acidum Carbolieum Impurum), 
is made by treating the impure coal-tar of commerce with a 
weak alkaline solution, when it is resolved, on the addition of 
water, into a light oil and a heavier alkaline liquid ; the latter 
is separated and neutralized with muriatic acid, and the impure 
carbolic acid, which is disengaged, is afterwards distilled from 
dried chloride of calcium, to remove water, when, upon exposing 
the distillate to a low temperature, carbolic acid congeals in the 
form of a colourless crystalline mass. 

In its pure state, it is solid at ordinary temperatures, crys- 
tallizing in minute plates or long rhomboidal needles, white or 
colourless, of a peculiar empyreumatic odour like that of crea- 



176 MATERIA MEDICA. 

sote (but not identical with it), and an acrid burning taste ; 
if even slightly impure, it has a reddish colour, or will acquire 
it, upon exposure. Its sp. gr. is 1.065, and it deliquesces upon 
exposure, and readily assumes the liquid state, in the presence 
of a little water, without dissolving in it. When quite pure, it 
melts at 106° F., forming an oily-looking colourless liquid, 
which boils at 359° F. It is soluble in 20 parts of water, and 
very soluble in alcohol, ether, acetic acid, glycerin, and the 
fixed and volatile oils. Its solution coagulates collodion, which 
distinguishes it from creasote. Although it combines with sali- 
fiable bases, it does not act as an acid upon colours, and would 
be properly designated as phenylic alcohol, or the hydrated 
oxide of phenyl (C 6 H 5 ,HO). 

Effects and Uses. — Carbolic acid is a local irritant, and, 
when applied to the skin or mucous membranes, produces 
severe pain, with a white eschar. Taken internally in large 
quantities, it acts as a powerful irritant poison, with an action 
on the brain, shown by contracted pupils, stertorous breathing, 
insensibility, coma, and frequently death, from asphyxia; its 
external application has destroyed life. As an antidote, in 
cases of poisoning, a saturated solution of saccharate of cal- 
cium has been lately recommended. In small doses, its local 
effects upon the gastro-enteric mucous membrane resemble those 
of creasote, and after absorption (as shown by experiments upon 
the lower animals), it exercises a decided influence upon the 
nerve-centres. Its most interesting property, however, is its 
destructive influence upon the lower forms of vegetable and 
animal life, through which it arrests fermentation, and produces 
a powerful disinfectant and antiseptic effect. It is used inter- 
nally to check vomiting, as an astringent in diarrhoea, in sar- 
cina ventriculi, as an anthelmintic, and in zymotic diseases as 
scarlatina, diphtheria, &c. As an external application, its uses 
are still more important. It is employed in the concentrated 
form as a caustic in hospital gangrene, and to produce local 
anaesthesia, and in various forms of dilution, as an application 
in diphtheria, in cutaneous eruptions (especially those of organic 
origin), as a dressing to foul ulcers, abscesses, and sinuses, to 






PREPARATIONS OF LEAD. 177 

compound fractures, to carbuncles, to burns and scalds, to sup- 
purating surfaces, with a view to the prevention of pyaemia, and, 
from its influence in coagulating albumen, as an haemostatic. 
It is also a most valuable disinfectant. The dose, internally, 
is one or two grains, or, if liquefied by heat, one or two drops, 
in sweetened water or glycerin. For disinfectant purposes, 
the impure liquid acid (which contains from 70 to 90 per 
cent, of carbolic and cresylic acids jointly, with impurities 
derived from coal-tar), answers very well. Carbolates of sodium 
and potassium have been also employed. Suppositories of Car- 
bolic Acid (Suppositoria Acicli Cdrbolici), contain each one 
grain of carbolic acid. Grlycerite of Carbolic Acid {Grlycei'itum 
Acidi Carbolici), is made by rubbing together 2 troyounces of 
carbolic acid with half a pint of glycerin, until the acid is dis- 
solved ; of this 4 minims may be given internally. Carbolic 
Acid Water [Aqua Acidi Carbolici), contains 10 fluidrachms 
of the glycerite dissolved in distilled water enough to make the 
mixture measure a pint, dose, foss-i. Ointment of Carbolic 
Acid ( Unguentum Acidi Carbolici), contains 60 grains of car- 
bolic acid in 420 grains of ointment. 

Recently, Sulpho-Carbolic Acid and various salts of this 
acid have been employed. Sulpho-carbolic acid (HC 6 H 5 S0 4 ) is 
thought to be a more efficient antiseptic and disinfectant than 
carbolic acid alone. The Sulpho-Carbolate of Zixc (Zn(C 6 
H 5 S0 4 ) 2 H 2 0) is believed to combine the virtues of zinc-salts and 
carbolic acid, and has been used with success internally in diar- 
rhoea, in the same doses as the sulphate of zinc, and externally, 
in aqueous solution of from 3 to 6 grs. to the ounce, as an in- 
jection in gonorrhoea, and as a dressing for wounds and ulcers. 
Sulpho-carbolates of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, 
and quinia have also been employed; they are recommended as 
antiseptics in cholera and zymotic diseases generally. The sul- 
pho-carbolate of lead might be used where the acetate of lead 
is indicated and the corrective action of carbolic acid is called 
for, while its solubility in glycerin and alcohol adapt it to ex- 
ternal application. 



178 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



MINERAL ASTRINGENTS. 



PLUMBI PR^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF LEAD 



Metallic lead is considered inert. The sulphuret and sul- 
phate are probably also inactive; but, with these exceptions, 
all the compounds of lead possess more or less activity. When 
administered in therapeutical doses, they act as astringents in 
the alimentary canal, checking secretion, and causing consti- 
pation. After absorption, they produce a diminution in the 
volume and frequency of the pulse and in the activity of the 
secreting functions, and frequently arrest sanguineous dis- 
charges, both natural and artificial. In excessive doses, several 
of the saturnine compounds are irritant and corrosive poisons, 
giving rise to gastro-enteric inflammation. The proper anti- 
dotes are sulphuric acid, or some alkaline or earthy sulphate, 
in solution in a large quantity of diluent. The hydrated ses- 
quisulphuret of iron is also said to act as an antidote. The 
tests for lead are sulphuretted hydrogen, and a solution of iodide 
of potassium ; the former strikes a black, and the latter a yellow 
precipitate, with soluble lead salts. 

When the system becomes impregnated with lead, either from 
the too long-continued use of its preparations medicinally, from 
drinking water drawn through lead-pipes, or from exposure to 
its influence in lead-factories, &c, a peculiar kind of chronic 
poisoning is produced, which shows itself in a variety of symp- 
toms. The most usual form of lead-poisoning is colic, some- 
times termed colica pictonum, or -painter s colic, which is 
characterized by sharp abdominal pains, with hardness and 
depression of the abdominal parietes, obstinate constipation, 
nausea, vomiting, &c. Next in frequency is lead-arthralgy, 
in which there are severe pains in the limbs, attended by 
cramps, hardness, and tension of the painful parts. Lead- 
paralysis is another, though less common variety of the dis- 
ease, and is characterized by a loss of voluntary motion, owing 
to the want of contractility of the muscular fibres of the 
affected parts. It most frequently affects the upper extremities, 



PREPARATIONS OF LEAD. 179 

and the extensor rather than the flexor muscles. Occasionally, 
functional disease of the brain is also observed as one of the 
consequences of lead-poisoning. The absorption of lead into 
the system is recognized by a saturnine coloration of the gums, 
of the mucous membrane of the mouth, and of the teeth. The 
antidotical treatment of chronic lead-poisoning consists in the 
internal administration of solutions of sulphuric acid and of 
soluble alkaline and earthy sulphates, and in the use of baths 
of sulphuret of potassium, dissolved in warm water, by which 
the salts of lead, deposited on the skin, are converted into the 
insoluble sulphuret. The iodide of potassium is employed as 
an eliminative remedy. For lead-colic, a combination of ca- 
thartics and opiates has been employed ; but the best remedy is 
alum, in doses of 5jor 5ij\ every three or four hours, dissolved 
in some demulcent liquid. In the treatment of lead-palsy, 
strychnia and electricity may be used, but it is a very intract- 
able form of the disease. The use of sulphuric acid lemonade 
is resorted to, by workmen in lead factories, as preventive of 
lead-poisoning. Milk has been found also to answer the same 
purpose. By passing a strong solution of the sulphuret of 
potassium or of sodium, heated to the temperature of 212° F., 
through leaden pipes, the interior surface will become coated 
with an insoluble sulphuret of lead, and the water distributed 
through them will be free from contamination. 

Therapeutically, the preparations of lead are employed as 
astringents, sedatives, and desiccants. For internal use, the 
acetate is almost exclusively employed. It is a most valuable 
remedy in hemorrhages, from its combined sedative and astrin- 
gent influence, and is also very serviceable in fluxes from the 
mucous membranes, particularly of the bowels. Topically, 
lead-washes are employed to relieve superficial inflammation, 
to arrest morbid discharges, and as desiccants. They are 
objectionable, however, as eye-washes, from their often forming 
precipitates of lead upon the cornea, which are highly inju- 
rious. 

Plumbi Acetas {Acetate of Lead). This salt (Pb2C 2 H 3 2 ), 
known also as Saccharum Saturni or Sugar of Lead, is made 



180 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



by immersing lead in distilled vinegar, or litharge in pyro- 
ligneous or crude acetic acid. It occurs in colourless, needle- 
shaped crystals, which effloresce on exposure to the air. They 
have an acetous odour, and a sweetish, astringent taste, and 
are soluble in both water and alcohol. The mineral acids and 
their soluble salts, the alkalies and alkaline earths, and vege- 
table astringents, are incompatible with acetate of lead. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of this salt are those of the 
saturnine preparations, which have been already described. 
Its medicinal influence is sedative and astringent. In hemor- 
rhages, it is more employed internally than any other remedy, 
usually in combination with opium. And this combination is 
also much resorted to in the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, 
and cholera, and may be prescribed with advantage to arrest 
the secretion of bronchitis and the night sweats of phthisis, 
and in the cure of internal aneurism. In yellow fever, it is 
employed to check the hemorrhagic condition of the gastric 
mucous membrane. It is a dangerous remedy in chronic dis- 
eases, from the liability to lead-poisoning. As a topical remedy, 
acetate of lead, in aqueous solution, is extensively employed to 
relieve inflammation and diminish morbid discharges. 

Dose, gr. j or ij to gr. viij, two or three times a day. 
When applied to mucous membranes, the strength of the solu- 
tion may be gr. ss to gr. j or ij, to water fgj — for phlegmonous 
inflammation, 5ij to water Oj. Suppositories of Lead (Sup- 
positoria Plumbi) contain each 3 grains of acetate of lead ; 
for suppositories of lead and opium, see p. 58. 

Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis (Solution of Subacetate of 
Lead). This preparation, frequently termed Goulard's Ex- 
tract, is an aqueous solution of the diacetate of lead (Pb 3 2 2C 2 
H 3 2 ), and is made by boiling acetate of lead and litharge in 
distilled water. It is a colourless liquid, of sp. gr. 1.267, 
which is decomposed on exposure to the air, with the formation 
of insoluble carbonate of lead, and occasions a dense white pre- 
cipitate with solution of gum. In other respects it resembles 
a solution of acetate of lead. 

Uses. — It is chiefly employed, diluted, to promote the 



PREPARATIONS OF LEAD. 181 

resolution of external inflammation and arrest discharges from 
suppurating, ulcerated, and mucous surfaces. The officinal 
dilution is Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus, commonly known 
as lead-water, and consists of solution f5iij, to distilled water 
Oj. Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatis, or Goulard's Cerate, is made 
by mixing four troyounces of melted white wax with seven 
troyounces of olive oil, afterwards adding two fluidounces and 
a half of Goulard's extract, and thirty grains of camphor dis- 
solved in a troyounce of olive oil ; it is an admirable dressing 
to excoriated and blistered surfaces, burns, scalds, &c. 

Plumbi Iodldum (Iodide of Lead) (Pbl 2 ), is made by the 
double reaction of solutions of nitrate of lead and iodide of 
potassium. It is a bright-yellow, heavy, inodorous powder, 
volatilizable by heat, sparingly soluble in cold water, but more 
soluble in boiling water. It is chiefly used to reduce the vol- 
ume of indolent tumours, and may be given internally in the 
dose of gr. iij or iv, or more, in pill ; but it is principally em- 
ployed externally in the form of ointment (5j to ointment 420 
grains). 

Plumbi Nitras (Nitrate of Lead) (Pb2N0 3 ) made by dis- 
solving litharge in diluted nitric acid, occurs in white, nearly 
opaque, octohedral crystals, permanent in the air, of a sweet, 
astringent taste, and soluble in water and alcohol. It may be 
given internally, as a sedative astringent, in doses of gr. J to 
gr. j, twice or thrice daily, in pill or solution. But its prin- 
cipal use is as a topical agent in the treatment of wounds, 
ulcers, and cutaneous affections. Ledoyens Disinfecting Fluid 
is a solution of nitrate of lead 5j in water foj. 

Plumbi Oxidum (Oxide of Lead) (PbO) or Litharge, is pre- 
pared by blowing air through melted lead, and is also obtained 
in the process for extracting silver from argentiferous galenas. 
It occurs in minute yellowish or orange-coloured scales, inso- 
luble in water, and is never employed internally. It is some- 
times sprinkled over ulcers, but its chief use is in the prepa- 
ration of Emplastrum Plumbi or Lead-Plaster (called also 
diachylon), which is made by boiling litharge (thirty troy- 
ounces) with olive oil (fifty-six troyounces) and water, and is, 



182 MATERIA MEDICA. 

chemically, a mixture of oleate and margarate of lead. It 
serves as a basis for most of the other plasters. Emplastrum 
Saponis {Soap- Plaster), made by rubbing up soap (four troy- 
ounces) with lead plaster (thirty-six troyounces), is an excellent 
discutient. Soap-Cerate is made by melting together two troy- 
ounces of soap-plaster and two troyounces and a half of yellow 
wax, and afterwards adding four troyounces of olive oil. 

Plumbi Carbonas [Carbonate of Lead), or White Lead 
(PbC0 3 ) is manufactured in this country by exposing lead to 
the fumes of vinegar or acetic acid, carbonic acid being derived 
from the fermentation of tan, in which the pots containing lead 
are packed ; acetate of the protoxide of lead, as formed, is con- 
verted into carbonate. It is a white powder, without smell or 
taste, and insoluble in water, and, as it occurs in commerce, is 
a compound of the carbonate and hydrate of lead (PbC0 3 + 
Pb2HO). It is never administered internally, but it is em- 
ployed as a dusting powder — though there is danger of its 
absorption. Unguentum Plumbi Carbonatis (60 grains to oint- 
ment 420 grains), is a good application to burns, &c. White 
paint is used for the same purpose ; but, when applied to a 
large surface, it may produce lead-poisoning. 



ALUM EN — ALUM. 

Alum is a double salt, a sulphate of aluminium and ammo- 
nium (Al 2 3S0 4 ,Am 2 S0 4 ,24H 2 0). It is found native in Italy, 
in the neighbourhood of Rome, but is usually manufactured 
from aluminous schist, and sometimes by the direct combination 
of its constituents. It crystallizes in regular octohedrons ; but 
it is commonly found in the shops in large, colourless, trans- 
parent crystalline masses, without any regular form. It has 
an astringent and sweetish acid taste ; by exposure to the air 
it slowly effloresces ; it is soluble in cold water, and more so in 
boiling water; and when heated, it undergoes the watery fusion, 
swells up, gives out its water of crystallization, and is converted 
into a white, spongy mass, called dried alum. The alkalies 
and their carbonates, lime-solution, magnesia and its carbonate, 



ALUM. 183 

tartrate of potassium, acetate of lead, and the vegetable astrin- 
gents, are incompatible with alum. 

Besides the ammonia alum, there are varieties in which the 
ammonia is replaced by some other base, as potassa or soda ; 
the alum of commerce was formerly the sulphate of aluminium 
and potassium (A1 2 3S0 4 ,K 2 S0 4 ,24H 2 0), but this has been super- 
seded by ammonia alum. 

Physiological Effects. — The immediate topical effect of alum 
is that of a powerful astringent, in virtue of a chemical action 
on the tissues. When it is applied to a part, in large quan- 
tities, the astriction is soon followed by irritation ; and thus, 
taken internally in excessive doses, it gives rise to vomiting, 
griping, purging, and even inflammation of the gastro-enteric 
mucous membrane. After its absorption, it acts as an astrin- 
gent on the system generally, and produces astriction of the 
tissues and fibres, and a diminution of secretion. 

Medicinal Uses. — Alum is employed internally in hemor- 
rhages, chronic diarrhoea, colliquative sweating, diabetes, &c, 
and it is sometimes combined with cubeb in the treatment of 
gleet, gonorrhoea, and leucorrhoea. It has been recommended 
in dilatation of the heart and aneurism of the aorta, and has 
also been given as an emetic in croup. Its use in lead-colic 
has been alluded to. As a topical remedy, it is extremely 
valuable as an astringent antiphlogistic, in ophthalmia, diphthe- 
ria, tonsillitis, &c. ; to produce contraction of the tissues, in 
relaxation of the uvula, prolapsus ani, &c. ; as a styptic in 
hemorrhages ; and to arrest excessive secretion from the mu- 
cous surfaces. In hemoptysis and bronchitis, a strong solution 
of alum may be applied by atomization. 

Dose, gr. x. to 3j or 3ij, in powder, or solution, or made into 
pills, with some tonic extract, and combined with an aromatic, 
as nutmeg, to prevent nausea. It may be agreeably given in 
the form of whey, prepared by boiling 5ij with milk Oj, and 
straining, of which the dose is foij. Topically, it is employed 
in the forms of powder, solution, and poultice, the latter of 
which is made by rubbing up whites of eggs with alum, and is 
applied to the eye in ophthalmia, between folds of linen. Dried 



184 MATERIA MEDICA. 

alum (alumen exsiccatum), is employed internally in the dose 
of gr. v-x, and externally as a mild escharotic. 

Aluminii Sulphas (Sulphate of Aluminium) (A1 2 3S0 4 , 
9H 2 0), is employed externally as an astringent and antiseptic 
application to ulcers, an injection in gonorrhoea, &c. The 
aqueous solution is used to preserve bodies for dissection. A 
paste, made of a mixture of sulphate of aluminium and sp. 
nitrous ether, applied to the cavity of a carious tooth, is a good 
remedy for toothache. 

ORDER VI. — STIMULANTS. 

Stimulants are medicines, which produce a rapid and tem- 
porary exaltation of the vital functions. Their influence is 
most conspicuous in conditions of morbid depression, when a 
marked tolerance of their action is established, and large 
amounts are borne. In health, when the powers of the system 
are at the normal standard, stimulants soon induce depression, 
Topically, they irritate and inflame the parts to which they are 
applied, and hence are classed with irritants. 

They are employed principally in disorders known as as- 
thenic, and in all conditions of the system attended with ex- 
haustion. From their action in arousing the energies of the 
nervous system, they exercise a control over many nervous 
disorders, particularly those of a spasmodic nature. They are 
also frequently given with a view to their action on some one 
or other of the secretions. As stimulants to the gastrointes- 
tinal canal, they are administered to promote digestion (when 
they are called stomachics), and to dispel flatulence (when they 
are known as carminatives). Topically, they are employed as 
rubefacients, vesicants, &c. 

The more powerful and rapid stimulants are called diffusible. 
In overdoses, they act as violent narcotics and sedatives. The 
diffusible stimuli usually employed are vinous and spirituous 
liquors, and the preparations of ammonia. Vegetable stimu- 
lants which contain a volatile oil, are termed aromatics, and are 
usually given as stomachics and carminatives. Their volatile 
oils are also employed as local irritants. 



PREPARATIONS OF ALCOHOL. 185 



DIFFUSIBLE STIMULANTS. 
ALCOHOL. 

Alcohol is a product which results from a process termed the 
vinous fermentation, in substances containing grape-sugar. At 
a temperature of 80° F., the presence of a fermenting body 
converts a solution of grape-sugar into alcohol and carbonic 
acid. Starchy substances, being convertible into grape-sugar, 
also yield alcohol. Alcohol is obtained from vinous or fer- 
mented liquors, by repeated distillation. It is, chemically, a 
hydrated oxide of ethyl, C 2 H 5 HO. For officinal purposes, it 
should be of the specific gravity 0.835, when it contains about 
fifteen per cent, of water. It is a colourless, inflammable 
liquid, wholly vaporizable by heat, and unites in all proportions 
with water and ether. Contamination of fusel oil or amylic 
alcohol may be detected by agitation with concentrated sul- 
phuric acid, when, if the alcohol become coloured, the presence 
of the impurity is indicated in proportion to the depth of the 
colour ; or solution of nitrate of silver, with exposure to a 
bright light, will convert fusel oil into a black powder. A 
stronger alcohol, alcohol fortius, sp. gr. 0.817, is made by shak- 
ing officinal alcohol with heated carbonate of potassium. This 
is nearly free from water and fusel oil, and is used for pharma- 
ceutical purposes. 

Physiological Effects. — Alcohol is the intoxicating ingredient 
of all vinous and spirituous liquors. It is a powerful diffusible 
stimulant, the effects of which are most conspicuous in disease, 
while, in health, it soon begins to produce narcosis — in small 
doses, exciting the vascular and nervous systems, increasing the 
heat of the body, exhilarating the mental faculties, and stimu- 
lating the secretions ; in larger amounts, disordering the stomach, 
destroying the control of the will over the voluntary muscles, 
and inducing incoherence, delirium, sopor, or other form of de- 
rangement of the intellectual functions ; and, in excessive 
quantity, acting as a narcotic poison, producing coma and death. 



186 MATERIA MEDICA. 

The treatment in cases of poisoning from alcohol is the same as 
that which is to be pursued in cases of poisoning from opium. 
Ammonia is a physiological antidote. The habitual use of al- 
coholic narcotics in excess gives rise to a well-known train of 
mental and physical disorders : dyspepsia, visceral obstructions, 
cirrhosis of the liver, gout, dropsy, mania-a-potu, paralysis, 
and even confirmed insanity. Topically, alcohol acts as an 
irritant. 

Medicinal Uses. — Alcohol, in the form of vinous and spirit- 
uous liquors, is employed to rouse and support the system in 
debility, asphyxia, syncope, the latter stages of acute attacks, 
typhoid and typhus fevers, asthenic and malignant diseases, 
exhausting hemorrhages and suppurations, gangrene, to counter- 
act the effects of the bites of venomous reptiles, in mania-a-potu, 
and in poisoning from digitalis, tobacco, and other narcotics : 
also as a stomachic in colic, flatulence, indigestion, nausea, &c. 
In typhoid and typhus fevers, alcohol probably acts as a phy- 
siological antidote to the blood-poison, and should be given in 
the very first stage of the fevers. Indeed, the early adminis- 
tration of the preparations containing alcohol furnishes our 
best means of counteracting the depressing action of disease in 
general. As a topical application, alcohol is used to produce 
cold by its evaporation ; as a styptic ; to harden the cuticle 
over delicate parts ; and as a stimulant. Mixed with white of 
eggs, it forms a good coating to bed-sores. 

Alcohol Dilutum (Diluted Alcohol), or Proof Spirit, con- 
sists of equal parts of alcohol and distilled water, and has a 
sp. gr. 0.941. It is used exclusively for pharmaceutical pur- 
poses. 

Vinum (Wine). The fermented juice of the grape consists 
of water and alcohol in varying proportions, with volatile oil, 
oenanthic acid and ether, tannic, malic, and other acids, bitar- 
trate of potassium, &c. Wine loses most of its cream of tartar 
by age. It is employed medicinally in typhus and typhoid 
fevers, exhausting chronic diseases, extensive suppurations, 
gangrene, &c. In typh-fevers, it constitutes our chief thera- 
peutic resource, and may be administered to the amount of one 



PREPARATIONS OF ALCOHOL. 187 

or two pints, in the twenty-four hours, either pure, or in the 
form of ivine-whey . This is made by adding from a gill to half 
a pint of white wine to a pint of boiling milk, separating the 
curd from the whey, and flavouring with sugar and spices. 

The officinal wines are Vinum Xericum [Sherry Wine), and 
Vinum Portense (Port Wine). Port contains tannic acid, 
and is preferred in dysentery, diarrhoea, &c, for its astringency. 
Madeira, which is the strongest of the white wines, is an ex- 
cellent stimulant, but may be objectionable from its acidity. 
Champagne is a pleasant stimulant, where gastric irritability is 
present. Madeira and Port contain about 23 per cent of alco- 
hol ; Sherry, 19 per cent. ; Champagne, 13 per cent. As ar- 
ticles of diet, the stronger wines, when used in excess, often 
produce gout, dropsy, and diseases of the kidneys and liver; 
and, except in advanced age, and in feeble constitutions, or 
where the tuberculous diathesis exists, cannot but be considered 
as objectionable. 

The malt liquors are useful where more permanent stimuli 
are called for, as in diseases tending to emaciation, chronic 
abscesses, &c. The best are porter and ale. 

Spiritus Vini Gallici (Brandy), is obtained by the distil- 
lation of wine. It contains about 50 per cent, of alcohol, with 
water, volatile oil, tannic acid, colouring matter, &c. It -is the 
best stimulus, where a rapid and decided impression is called 
for, as in collapse, syncope, &c. ; and, from the tannic acid 
which it contains, is useful in bowel-complaints. Spiritus 
Frumenti ( Whisky), obtained from fermented grain by distil- 
lation, is of about the same alcoholic strength as brandy, and 
may be substituted for it ; it does not contain tannic acid. 
Rum (Spiritus Saechari), the ardent spirit obtained from sugar, 
is more sudorific than brandy. Gin (Spiritus Juniperi), is 
corn spirit flavoured with oil of juniper ; and, owing to the oil 
of juniper, which it holds in solution, it is an active diuretic as 
well as stimulant and stomachic. Arrack, the spirit of Eastern 
countries, is prepared from a fermented infusion of rice. 
Spiritus Myrcl^ {Spirit of Myreia), Bay-rum, the spirit 
obtained by distilling rum with the leaves of myreia acris, is a 
refreshing local application. 



188 MATERIA MEDICA. 



AMMONIA PRJEPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 
AMMONIA. 

Ammonia is a gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen 
(NH 3 ), usually obtained by the action of lime on sal ammoniac 
(or chloride of ammonium). It is a powerful stimulant and 
local irritant, but is rarely used in medicine. The following 
preparations of Ammonia are employed as diffusible stimuli : 

Aqua Ammonle Fortior [Stronger Water of Ammonia). 
This is an aqueous solution of ammonia, of the specific gravity 
0.900. It is a colourless liquid, wholly volatilizable by heat, 
of a caustic, acrid taste, and a very pungent odour of ammonia; 
and is too strong for medicinal use, internally, in its unmixed 
state, containing 26 per cent, of gaseous ammonia. It is a 
powerful corrosive poison, for which the diluted acids, as vine- 
gar, lemon juice, &c, are the proper antidotes. It is used ex- 
ternally as a vesicant, and has the advantage over cantharides 
of a more speedy operation and non-affection of the urinary 
organs. 

Aqua Ammonije ( Water of Ammonia), has a specific gravity 
of 0.960, containing nearly 10 per cent, of ammonia, and is 
employed as a stimulant, sudorific, antacid, and rubefacient. 
As a stimulant, ammonia is admirably adapted for speedily 
rousing the action of the vascular and respiratory systems, 
especially when it is an object at the same time to promote the 
action of the skin. For this purpose it is employed in low 
forms of disease, particularly in the typhoid exanthemata, in 
syncope, in asphyxia from narcotic poisons, and to counteract 
the effects of the bites of venomous reptiles. In dyspepsia, it 
is useful with a view to the relief both of acidity and flatulence. 
For internal use, other preparations of ammonia are generally 
preferred, and this is used chiefly as a rubefacient. Dose, in- 
ternally, ten to thirty drops, largely diluted. As a rubefacient, 
the officinal liniment may be used (a fluidounce of water of am- 
monia to two troyounces of olive oil). 

Spiritus Ammonia [Spirit of Ammonia), is a solution of 



PREPARATIONS OF AMMONIA. 189 

ammonia in alcohol. It is given as a stimulant, antispasmodic, 
and carminative, in the dose of ten to thirty drops, diluted 
with water. But a pleasanter preparation, with similar pro- 
perties, is 

Spiritus Ammonite Aromaticus {Aromatic Spirit of Am- 
monia). This is made by dissolving a troyounce of carbonate 
of ammonium in three fluidounces of water of ammonia, pre- 
viously mixed with four fluidounces of water, then dissolving 
two fluidrachms and a half of oil of lemon, forty minims of oil 
of nutmeg, and fifteen minims of oil of lavender, in a pint and 
a half of alcohol, afterwards mixing the two solutions, and 
adding water enough to make the whole measure two pints. It 
is a very agreeable antacid stomachic and stimulant, and may 
be given in the dose of thirty drops to f5j, or more, diluted 
with water. 

Ammonii Carbonas {Carbonate of Ammonium). This salt, 
sometimes termed volatile alkali, is a sesquicarbonate, (N 4 H 16 C 3 
8 ), and is prepared by subliming a mixture of chloride of 
ammonium and chalk. It occurs in whitish, transparent masses, 
wholly dissipated by heat, of a pungent, ammoniacal odour, an 
acrid, alkaline taste, and is soluble without residue in water. 
On exposure to the air it becomes opaque, falls into powder, 
and deteriorates by the loss of ammonia. 

Effects and Uses. — Its indications are the same as those of 
solution of ammonia, to which it is preferred for internal ex- 
hibition as a diffusible stimulant. It is especially valuable in 
pneumonia, and by some therapeutists is relied on to the ex- 
clusion of other medication in this disease. It has also been 
recommended in diabetes, and in scrofula, attended with a 
languid circulation. Dose, gr. v to xx, in pill, or preferably 
in solution with gum and sugar. Mixed with some aromatic 
oil (as that of bergamot or lavender), it is used as a smelling 
salt, in syncope, hysteria, &c. 



190 MATERIA MEDICA, 



ARNICA. 

Arnica montana, Leopard's-bane (Nat. Ord. Asteraceae), is 
a perennial, herbaceous plant, found in northern Germany and 
other northern countries of Europe, and also in the north- 
western portions of America. The flowers are described by 
the U. S. Pharmacopoeia as the officinal portion, but the article 
of commerce consists really of the heads, from which fre- 
quently the involucre has been removed; they are brought 
here from Germany. They are large, of a fine orange-yellow 
colour, of a strong, disagreeable odour, when fresh (which is 
diminished by desiccation), and an acrid, bitterish taste. The 
root also is used in Europe. Both contain a volatile oil, and 
an alkaloid principle termed amicina has been found in them. 
Arnica is a stimulant, with emetic and cathartic properties in 
large doses. Its effects, internally, are not very well under- 
stood in this country, where it is little used, except externally, 
in the form of fomentation, or lotion, for the relief of bruises, 
sprains, and local paralysis. The extract (alcoholic), is given 
in doses of gr. v-x. This is chiefly used, however, in making 
a plaster (emplastrum arnica?, one part of extract to two parts 
of previously melted resin plaster). The tincture (six troy- 
ounces to alcohol Ojss, water Oss, with, after percolation, the 
addition of diluted alcohol enough to measure Oij) is used as a 
local stimulant, often mixed with soap liniment. 

Phosphorus is obtained from the phosphate of calcium 
of bone-ash, by removing the lime with sulphuric acid, and 
afterwards deoxidizing the residuum by heating with charcoal. 
It is a translucent, highly inflammable, nearly colourless solid, 
resembling wax, without taste, but having a peculiar garlicky 
smell: sp. gr. 1.8. It is insoluble in water, and dissolves 
sparingly even in the oils, ether, and alcohol, but is readily 
soluble in chloroform. It emits, when exposed to the air, white 
fumes, which are luminous in the dark. In medicinal doses, 
phosphorus is a valuable stimulant to the nutrition of the 



AROMATICS. 191 

tissues, and has been employed with advantage in cases of 
nervous exhaustion and degeneration of nerve-tissue, and 
especially in neuralgia. In overdoses, however, it is a most 
violent poison, being probably absorbed unchanged into the 
blood, and not converted into phosphoric acid, as was at one 
time supposed; it acts as a blood-poison, and among its effects 
is the production of acute fatty degeneration of the tissues. In 
cases of poisoning from phosphorus, after the administration 
of an emetic, magnesia should be given, suspended in large 
quantities of mucilaginous drinks. The oil of turpentine is 
also recommended as an antidote; it acts best when old; oxy- 
genated water has been also used; oils and fats are to be 
avoided. Therapeutically, the dose is j\ 2 °f a g ra i n j dissolved 
in absolute alcohol, 3 or 4 times a day, to which some aromatic 
water may be added; melted resin, (24 parts to 1 part of 
phosphorus), is a good solvent. 

The Phosphuret of Zinc has lately been employed in cases 
where the administration of phosphorus is indicated. It is pre- 
pared by passing the vapour of phosphorus over zinc heated to 
ebullition, in a current of dry hydrogen, and occurs as a gray, 
crystallized body, unaltered by moist air, and easily decom- 
posed in the stomach, with the evolution of phosphuretted 
hydrogen. Dose, about gr. 6 \. 

AROMATICS. 

Aromatics owe their virtues to the presence of oils obtained 
from them by distillation, and termed volatile oils (plea vola- 
tilia), sometimes also distilled and essential oils. These oils 
possess, in a high degree, the odour and taste of the plants 
from which they are procured. Locally, they are powerful 
irritants, and, taken into the stomach in overdoses, act as acrid 
poisons. They pass partially into vapour at ordinary tempera- 
tures, and are completely volatilized by heat ; hence, decoctions 
and extracts are improper preparations of the aromatics. The 
distilled oils are inflammable, very slightly soluble in water, 
but soluble in alcohol and ether. Their ultimate constituents 



192 MATERIA MEDICA* 

are usually, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ; and, on exposure 
to the air, they gradually absorb oxygen, become thicker, less 
odorous, and of a deeper colour, and are finally converted into 
resins. 

CAPSICUM. 

Capsicum or Cayenne pepper is the fruit of Capsicum an- 
nuum, C. fastigiatum, and other species of Capsicum (Nat. Ord. 
Solanacese), American tropical plants, naturalized in most warm 
climates, and cultivated in our gardens. C. annuum is an 
annual, about two feet high, with an herbaceous, crooked, 
branching stem ; ovate, pointed leaves ; greenish-white flowers ; 
and pendulous, pod-like berries of a crimson or yellow colour, 
two or three inches long. These pods, when dried and ground, 
form Capsicum, the best of which is the African. Powdered 
Capsicum has a bright-red colour, which fades upon exposure 
to light ; an aromatic, peculiar smell, and a bitterish, acrid, 
burning taste. An alkaloid principle termed capsicia, slightly 
soluble in water, but very much so in alcohol, ether, and oil 
of turpentine, exists in capsicum, associated with resin and 
volatile oil. 

Effects and Uses. — Capsicum is principally employed as a 
condiment and stomachic, and is very useful in torpid conditions 
of the digestive organs, or as an adjunct to other remedies, to 
rouse the susceptibility of the stomach. Its constitutional 
effect is not in proportion to its local effect, and it is therefore 
of no great efficiency as a diffusible stimulant. It has, how- 
ever, been recommended in cynanche maligna and scarlatina 
anginosa. It is a good stomachic in the dyspepsia of drunk- 
ards. As a gargle, it is much employed in the sore throat of 
scarlatina, and also as a cataplasm to cause counter-irritation. 
Dose of the powder, gr. v to gr. x, in pill ; of the tincture (a 
troyounce to diluted alcohol Oij), f5j or f5ij ; of the infusion, 
which is used also for a gargle (half a troyounce to boiling 
water Oj) fgss. The oleoresin is a powerful rubefacient, and 
may be given internally in the dose of a drop. 



CINNAMON. 193 



PIPER — BLACK PEPPER. 

Black pepper is the unripe berries of Piper Nigrum (Nat. 
Ord. Piperaceae), a vine of the East Indies. The berries are 
gathered before they are quite ripe, and dried in the sun. 
They are wrinkled and black, in consequence of the drying of 
the pulp over the grayish-white seed, and in this state are known 
as black pepper. If permitted to ripen, and soaked in water 
till the outer coat is removed, they constitute white pepper. 
Pepper has an aromatic, peculiar odour, and a hot, spicy, pun- 
gent taste. Its properties are taken up by alcohol and ether, 
and partially by water. It contains a volatile oil, an acrid 
resin, and a peculiar alkaloid crystalline principle, called 
piperin or piperia (C 17 H 19 N0 3 ), which has been used as an anti- 
intermittent remedy. 

Effects and Uses. — Pepper is a warm carminative stimulant, 
chiefly employed as a condiment ; but it is also a useful stom- 
achic, and a good adjunct to bark in the treatment of intermit- 
tent fevers. Dose, gr. v to gr. xx. Of the oleoresin the dose 
is 1-3 drops. 

CINNAMOMUM — CINNAMON. 

There are two varieties of cinnamon : Ceylon cinnamon, 
which is the prepared bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum (Nat. 
Ord. Lauraceae), a tree of Ceylon and Java ; and China Cinna- 
mon, or Cassia, the prepared bark of Cinnamomum aromaticum 
(Nat. Ord. Lauraceae), a tree of China. The most esteemed is 
the Ceylon cinnamon. To obtain this, the bark is peeled from 
branches which are three years old ; the epidermis is afterwards 
scraped off; the smaller quills are introduced into the larger 
ones, and they are then dried in the sun and made into bundles. 
It is found in the shops in long, cylindrical pieces, which are 
very thin and smooth, and of a yellow-brown colour, and a 
splintery fracture. It has a fragrant odour, and a warm, 
sweetish, aromatic, slightly astringent taste. Its constituents 

13 



194 



MATERIA ME] 



are volatile oil, a little tannic acid, mucilage, an acid, lignin. 
&c. The greater part, however, of the cinnamon brought to 
this country is the cassia cinnamon. It has the general appear- 
ance, smell, and taste of true cinnamon. But its substance is 
thicker, its texture coarser, its fracture shorter, its colour 
darker, browner, and duller, and its flavour less sweet, and 
more pungent and astringent. Its properties are identical 
with those of the Ceylon variety. 

Effects and Uses. — Cinnamon is an aromatic stimulant, with 
a slight astringency. It is used chiefly as a carminative, and 
as an addition to other medicines. Dose, gr. x to 5ss ; of the 
tincture (three troyounces to two measures of alcohol with one 
measure of water Oij), the dose is foj to f5iij- Oleum cinna- 
momi (oil of cinnamon), is of a light-yellow colour, which deepens 
by exposure to the air, with the development of an acid, termed 
cinnamic ; dose, one or two drops. Aqua cinnamomi (cinna- 
mon water), is prepared by rubbing up the oil with carbonate 
of magnesium, adding distilled water, and filtering.* It is used 
as a vehicle for other medicines. Spiritus cinnamomi (spirit of 
cinnamon), contains one part of the oil dissolved in fifteen parts 
of stronger alcohol ; dose, ten to twenty drops. Cinnamon 
enters into a large number of preparations. 



MYRISTICA — NUTMEG. 



MACIS — MACE. 

These products are portions of the fruit of Myristica fra- 
grans (Nat. Ord. Myristica cese), a tree of the Moluccas, culti- 
vated also in Java and Sumatra, and other parts of the East 
Indies, and introduced into the isles of France and Bourbon, 
and several of the West India islands. It bears a pyriform 
fruit, about the size of a small peach, which has a fleshy peri- 
carp, opened by two longitudinal valves. Within this is the 

* The waters of the aromatic oils are all made by rubbing up half a fluid- 
drachm of the oil with 60 grains of carbonate of magnesium, then with two 
pints of distilled water, and afterwards filtering;. 



CLOVES. 195 

arillus, a scarlet reticulated membrane, which, when dry, 
becomes yellow-brown and brittle, and is termed mace. The 
kernels of the fruit are the nutmegs. 

They are oval, of the size of an olive, of a greyish-brown 
colour, marked with furrows ; and to preserve them from the 
attacks of an insect, they are steeped in a mixture of lime and 
water. Mace has a pleasant, aromatic smell, and a warm, bit- 
terish, pungent taste. Nutmegs have a delightfully fragrant 
odour, and a warm, aromatic, grateful taste. 

Nutmeg contains a volatile oil, and by expression yields a 
fatty substance, known as "butter of nutmegs." From mace, 
also, a volatile oil is obtained by distillation. 

Effects and Uses. — Nutmeg is one of the most agreeable of 
the aromatic stimulants, and is much employed for its carmina- 
tive virtues, also as a flavouring ingredient, and to obviate the 
griping effects of cathartics. It is said to have narcotic pro- 
perties, and hence may be useful in bowel complaints. Mace 
is chiefly employed as a condiment. Dose of either, 3j to 5ss. 
Oleum myristicaz [oil of nutmeg), is of a pale straw-colour ; 
dose, 2 or 3 drops. Spiritus myristicce is made by dissolving 
a fluidounce of the oil in three pints of stronger alcohol ; dose, 
f5j or f5ij. 

CARYOPHYLLUS — CLOVES. 

Cloves are the unexpanded flowers of Caryophyllus aro- 
maticus {Nat. Orel. Myrtacese), an evergreen tree of the Mo- 
luccas. They are from five to ten lines long, and from one 
line to one line and a half thick, the corolla forming a ball or 
sphere at the top, and the calyx a tapering, somewhat quadran- 
gular base, resembling a nail, whence the common name, from 
the French clou. When good, they are of a dark-brown colour, 
with a yellowish-red tint; they have a strong, fragrant odour, 
a hot, acrid taste, and, when pressed with the nail, should give 
out oil. They contain a highly pungent volatile oil, tannic 
acid, resin, &c, and two crystalline principles, termed caryo- 
phjllin and eugenin ; the oil consists of two oils, a heavy oil 
and a light oil, the heavy oil being termed caryophyllic acid. 



196 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Effects and Uses. — Cloves are among the most stimulating 
of the aromatics, but are chiefly used as a flavouring ingredient 
and as a condiment. Dose, gr. v to gr. x. The infusion (5ij, 
to boiling water Oj) is a warm, grateful stomachic, and will 
often relieve nausea. The oil, oleum caryophylli, is pale, or 
yellowish, becoming darker by age ; dose, 2 to 6 drops. 



PIMENTA — PIMENTO. 

Pimento, called also Allspice, is the unripe berries of 
Eugenia Pimenta (Nat. Ord. Myrtacese), a handsome evergreen 
tree of the West Indies and South America. It comes exclu- 
sively from Jamaica, and consists of round, brown, roughish 
berries, rather larger than black peppercorns, with an external 
hard, brittle shell, inclosing two dark-brown seeds. They have 
an aromatic, agreeable smell, and a strong, clove-like taste. 
They are principally used as a condiment. The oil, oleum 
pimento?, has a brownish-red colour, and consists of a light and 
heavy oil, the latter identical with caryophyllic acid ; dose, 3 
to 6 drops. 

Oleum Cajuputi (Oil of Cajeput). The volatile oil of the 
leaves of Melaleuca Cajuputi (Nat. Ord. Myrtacese), a tree of 
the Moluccas, is a powerful diffusible aromatic stimulant, much 
employed in Eastern countries, and of late coming into use in 
the United States. It is a transparent oil, of a fine green 
colour, a lively penetrating odour, analogous to that of camphor 
and cardamom, and a warm, pungent taste. It is an admirable 
stomachic, for the relief of nausea, and is also used as an anti- 
spasmodic stimulant in low fevers, spasmodic cholera, &c. ; 
dose, 1 to 5 drops. 



OLEUM TEREBINTHIN^l — OIL OF TURPENTINE. 

Oil of turpentine, commonly called spirit of turpentine, is 
obtained by distillation from the turpentine of Pinus palustris 
and other species of Pinus (Nat. Ord. Pinacese). When pure, 
it is a limpid, colourless, volatile, and inflammable liquid, of a 
strong, penetrating, peculiar odour, and a hot, pungent, bit- 



GINGER. 197 

terish taste. It is lighter than water, very slightly soluble in 
it, less soluble in alcohol than most other volatile oils, and 
readily soluble in ether. 

Effects and Uses. — Oil of turpentine is stimulant, diuretic, 
blennorrhetic, and anthelmintic, and, externally, rubefacient. 
As a stimulant, it is a very valuable remedy in typhoid fever, 
particularly where the abdomen is tympanitic, the tongue dry, 
and the bowels are ulcerated. It is employed also with advan- 
tage in morbid discharges from mucous membranes, hemor- 
rhages, rheumatism, nervous disorders, atonic dropsy, gleet, 
nephritic and calculous affections, and as an anthelmintic in 
taenia. Enemata of the oil of turpentine are particularly ser- 
viceable for the relief of tympanites. Externally, it is used for 
purposes of counter-irritation. 

Dose, as a stimulant or diuretic, five to thirty drops, re- 
peated ; as an anthelmintic or as an enema, f Sss to f §ij. 



ZINGIBE R — G I N G E R. 

Ginger is the rhizome of Zingiber officinale [Nat, Ord. Zingi- 
beracese) a perennial, herbaceous plant, growing to the height 
of two or three feet, with long, lanceolate leaves, and yellow 
flowers. Its native country is unknown : but it has been culti- 
vated in Asia from time immemorial, and was early introduced 
into the tropical regions of America. Ginger-root occurs 
in flattish, jointed, branched or lobed, palmate pieces, which 
rarely exceed four inches in length. In the young state, the 
roots are preserved in sugar, and form a very pleasant sweet- 
meat. When old, they are taken up, scalded in hot water, and 
dried, when they are known as black ginger. Sometimes they 
are scraped, previously to being dried, and are then called 
white or Jamaica ginger. The former comes from the East 
Indies ; the latter from the West Indies. The powder of black 
ginger is yellowish-brown; that of white ginger, yellowish-white. 
Both varieties have a powerful, peculiar odour, and a warm, pun- 
gent, aromatic taste. They impart their virtues to water and 
alcohol, and contain a pale-yellow volatile oil, resin, starch, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — Ginger is a pungent, aromatic stimulant, 



198 MATERIA MEDICA. 






much employed as a stomachic in flatulency, and spasm of the 
stomach and bowels. It is also used as a condiment, and to 
correct the unpleasant taste and nauseating qualities of other 
medicines. A paste made of the powder and warm water is 
used as a counter-irritant. Dose, gr. x to gr. xx, in pill. The 
officinal preparations are: infusion (half a troyounce to boiling 
water Oj), dose fgij ; tincture (eight troyounces to alcohol Oij), 
dose TTLx-xx; fluid extract— dose 20 to 30 drops; syrup 
(made by rubbing up a fluidounce of the fluid extract with 160 
grains of carbonate of magnesium, 2 troyounces of sugar, and 
42 fluidounces of water, and filtering, and then dissolving in 
the liquid 70 ounces of sugar at a gentle heat) ; oleoresin — dose, 
1 to 2 drops ; and troches (made by mixing the tincture (f§j) 
with tragacanth (5'j), sugar (ten troyounces), and a little syrup 
of ginger, and dividing into 240 troches). 

C A R D A M M U M — CARDAMOM. 

Cardamom is the fruit of Elettaria Cardamomum (Wat. 
Ord. Zingiberacese), a perennial plant, from six to nine feet 
high, found in the mountainous parts of Malabar. Three 
varieties of Malabar cardamoms are known in commerce: shorts, 
short-longs, and long-longs, all furnished by the same plant. 
They are ovate-oblong, from three to ten lines long, coriaceous, 
ribbed, and of a grayish or brownish-yellow colour ; and con- 
tain a number of blackish or reddish-brown seeds, which have 
a pleasant, aromatic odour, and a warm, aromatic, agreeable 
taste. They yield a colourless volatile oil, a fixed oil, starch, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — Cardamom is a very agreeable aromatic, 
devoid of acridity, and is much employed as a stomachic and 
carminative, and as an adjuvant and corrective of other medi- 
cines ; dose gr. v-x. The tincture (four troyounces to diluted 
alcohol Oij) is the preparation chiefly used; dose, f5j or f5ij. 
The compound tincture contains cardamom (360 grains), and 
also caraway (120 grains), cinnamon (300 grains), cochineal (60 
grains), percolated with diluted alcohol till two pints and six 
fluidounces of tincture are obtained, which is afterwards mixed 
with two troyounces of clarified honey. 



SWEET FLAG. 



199 



Pulvis Aromaticus {Aromatic Powder), consists of cinna- 
mon and ginger, each two parts, cardamom and nutmeg, each 
one part. Dose, gr. x to xxx. Confectio aromatica [aromatic 
confection), consists of aromatic powder rubbed up with an 
equal part of clarified honey ; it is a pleasant vehicle for other 
medicines. 



CALAMUS — SWEET FLAG. 
Fig. 18. 




The rhizome of Acorus Calamus {Nat. Oral. Orontiacese), an 
indigenous marshy plant, with long, sword-shaped, radical 



200 MATERIA MEDICA. 

leaves, is a valuable aromatic stimulant, with some tonic pro- 
perties. It is found in the shops in somewhat flattened pieces, 
deprived of their epidermis, wrinkled, and of a yellowish-colour, 
and has a strong, fragrant odour, and a warm, bitterish, aro- 
matic taste. It contains volatile oil, resin, extractive, &c. 
Dose, 3j to 5j, or it may be given in infusion (a troyounce to 
boiling water Oj) — not officinal. 

GAULTHERIA. 

Gaultheria procumbens, Partridge-berry, Deer-berry or Tea- 
berry {Nat. Ord. Ericaceae), is a small indigenous evergreen 
plant, with one, and sometimes two reddish stems, a few inches 
in height, bright-green, obovate, coriaceous, serrulated leaves, 

Fig. 19. 




±^r^^ 



and white, ovate, five-toothed flowers, followed by scarlet ber- 
ries. The leaves are the officinal portion, and contain a very 
stimulant volatile oil (oleum gaultheria>\ which, when first dis- 
tilled, is colourless, but gradually becomes reddish, and is dis- 
tinguished as being the heaviest of the volatile oils. An infu- 



PEPPERMINT. 201 

sion of the leaves, and an essence or alcoholic solution of the 
oil, are in very general popular use as carminatives and 
stomachics. 



AURANTII AMARI CORTEX — BITTER ORANGE PEEL. 
AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX — SWEET ORANGE PEEL. 

The rind of the fruit of Citrus vulgaris, or Bitter Orange, 
and Citrus aurantium, or Sweet Orange [Nat. Ord. Aurantiacese), 
is much employed as a flavouring addition to other medicines. 
The flowers (aurantii flores) yield the delightful volatile oil 
termed oil of neroli, and are used in the form of orange flower 
water (aqua aurantii florum), as an agreeable vehicle, possessing 
slight antispasmodic virtues; syrup of orange flowers is made 
by dissolving 36 troyounces of sugar in 20fluidouncesof orange 
flower water ; confection of orange peel (made by beating 12 
troyounces of the grated sweet orange peel with 36 troyounces 
of sugar), and syrup of orange peel, are used as excipients and 
vehicles for medicines of unpleasant flavor; tincture of (bitter) 
orange peel contains 4 troyounces in 2 pints of diluted alcohol — 
dose, f5i-ij- 

The following aromatics, of the natural order Lamiace^i, are 
pleasant carminatives and stomachics: 

Lavandula (Lavender). The flowers of Lavandula vera, 
a small European shrub, cultivated in our gardens, about two 
feet high, with linear or lanceolate leaves, and purplish-gray 
flowers, which are gathered in June, and dried in the shade. 
They have an agreeable, fragrant odour, and a pungent bitter 
taste. The oil, which is of a pale-yellow colour, may be used 
in the dose of from one to five drops. But the preferred pre- 
parations are the Spirit (Spiritus Lavandula?), made by dis- 
solving a fluidounce of the oil in 3 pints of stronger alcohol, 
and the Compound Spirit (Spiritus Lavandula? Compositus), 
which contains also oil of rosemary, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, 
and red saunders; dose, f5j- 

Mentha Piperita (Peppermint), and Mentha Viridis 



:eria medica. 



(Spearmint), are European plants, naturalized in the United 
States. The leaves and tops are employed; they have an 
aromatic odour, and a pungent, somewhat bitter taste, followed 
by a sensation of coolness. They contain volatile oils, with 
some bitter extractive, &c. One to five drops of the oils may 
be given; but they are usually administered in the form of 
spirit (made by dissolving a fluidounce of the oil in 15 fluid- 
ounces of stronger alcohol, and afterwards macerating 120 
grains of the mints in the solution), in the dose of ten to twenty 
or forty drops. A water is made by rubbing up either of the 
oils with carbonate of magnesium and water; the oil of pepper- 
mint is the stronger of the two. Troches of Peppermint are 
made by rubbing up a fluidrachm of oil of peppermint with 12 
troyounces of sugar, and with mucilage of tragacanth, forming 
a mass to be divided into 480 troches. 

Rosmarinus (Rosemary). Rosmarinus officinalis, or Rose- 
mary, a European evergreen shrub, cultivated in our gardens, 
contains a very stimulant volatile oil, which is chiefly used as 
an ingredient of rubefacient liniments. The leaves are used. 

Hedeoma (Pennyroyal). Hedeoma pulegioides, or Penny- 
royal, is an indigenous annual plant, about a foot high, with 
oblong-lanceolate, serrated leaves, and small, pale-blue flowers, 
arranged in axillary whorls. The leaves and tops are used, 
which contain a light-yellow essential oil, similar in properties 
to the mint oils, but somewhat more powerful. 

Monarda (Eorsemint). The leaves and tops of Monarda 
punctata, or horsemint, an indigenous plant. The essential oil 
is used chiefly as a rubefacient. 

Origanum. The herb of Origanum vulgare, or common 
Marjoram. The essential oil is an ingredient in stimulating 
liniments. 

Marrubium (Rorehound). Marrubium vulgare possesses 
combined stimulant, tonic, and expectorant properties, and, in 
large doses, proves laxative. It is chiefly used in cough syrups 
and candies. The leaves and tops are employed. 

Salvia (Sage). The leaves of Salvia officinalis, a European 
plant, cultivated in our gardens, are used as a condiment, and 



VANILLA. 203 

as a gargle in sore throat and relaxed uvula; they are slightly 
tonic and astringent, as well as aromatic. 

Thymus [Thyme). The herb of Thymus vulgaris yields an 
essential oil, oleum thymi, which is often substituted for oil of 
origanum, and is used as an external application. 

The following aromatic seeds are derived from plants of the 
natural order Apiace^e: 

Fcenicultjm {Fennel). The fruit of Fceniculum dulce, a 
European plant, cultivated in our gardens. It may be used in 
infusion ; the dose of the oil is 5 to 15 drops. Fennel water 
is officinal. 

Carum {Caraway). The fruit of Carum Carui, a European 
plant, cultivated in this country. Dose of the oil, 1 to 10 
drops. 

Anistjm {Anise). The fruit of Pimpinella Anisum, origi- 
nally a native of Egypt, but now cultivated throughout the 
south of Europe. Dose of the oil, 5 to 15 drops. Anise water 
is officinal. Spirit of Anise contains the oil, f5i, in stronger 
alcohol, f5xv. The oil of the fruit of Illicium anisatum, or 
Star Anise, an evergreen tree of Japan and China, possesses 
analogous properties to those of oil of anise, and is much used 
as a substitute for it. 

Coriandrum {Coriander), the fruit of Corianclrum sativum, 
an annual plant of the south of Europe. 

VANILLA. 

This is the prepared, unripe fruit of Vanilla aromatica 
(Nat. Ord. Orchidacese), a climbing plant of Cuba and Mexico. 
The pods, when gathered, are yellow, but, by exposure to the 
sun, they assume a dark copper colour. They are cylindrical, 
somewhat flattened, wrinkled, six or eight inches long, three 
or four lines thick, and contain a soft, black pulp, in which 
numerous small black seeds are embedded. Vanilla has a 
strong, characteristic, highly pleasant odour, and a warm, aro- 
matic, sweetish taste ; the interior pulpy portion is most aro- 
matic. The composition of vanilla is not determined, but its 



204 MATERIA MED1CA. 

aroma is probably due to a volatile oil, developed in the curing 
of the pod. 

It is a mild diffusible stimulant, chiefly used, however, as a 
perfume and flavouring ingredient. 

ORDER VII. — SEDATIVES. 

Sedatives are medicines which diminish the frequency of the 
action of the circulation. Their therapeutic influence is, 
probably, of a stimulant character ; while abating irritability 
and relieving irregularity of the action of the heart, their pri- 
mary effect is to restore its force and tone, when morbidly 
depressed. They are employed therapeutically to reduce ex- 
citement of the vascular system. 

With sedatives may be included also the medicinal agents 
termed refrigerants, comprising nearly all the neutral alkaline 
salts, as well as those in which the acid predominates, and the 
vegetable acids. These substances have little power of dimin- 
ishing the ordinary or healthy temperature ; but they lower 
febrile heat, allay thirst, restore the secretions, and in this 
way are very useful adjuvants in the treatment of febrile com- 
plaints. 

DIGITALIS. 

Digitalis purpurea, or Purple Foxglove (Nat. Ord. Scrophu- 
lariaceae), is a biennial European plant, cultivated in our gar- 
dens, with an erect stem three or four feet high, large ovate- 
lanceolate, crenate, downy, and veiny leaves, of a dull-green 
colour, and handsome bell-shaped crimson or purple flowers, 
arranged in a long terminal spike. The seeds and leaves are 
both active, but the latter only are employed, from plants of 
the second years growth ; and those from the European wild 
plants are preferred, as the cultivated variety is thought to be 
inferior in virtue. The petioles are removed, and the leaves are 
then dried in baskets, in a dark place, in a drying-stove. When 
dried, they have a dull-green colour, with a faint odour, and a 
bitter, nauseous taste, and afford a fine deep-green powder. 






DIGITALIS. 205 

Both leaves and powder should be preserved in well-stoppered 
bottles, covered externally with dark-coloured paper, and kept 
in a dark cupboard. And, as their medicinal activity is im- 
paired by keeping, they should be renewed annually. They 
contain a neutral principle termed digitalin, which possesses 
similar properties to those of the leaves. 

Digitalin (digitalinum) is officinal, and is obtained by first 
preparing a strong alcoholic solution, adding acetic acid and a 
little animal charcoal, and filtering ; to the liquor, filtered and 
partially neutralized by ammonia, a strong watery solution of 
tannic acid is added, so long as a precipitate is produced ; the 
washed filter (which is tannate of digitalin), is mixed with 
oxide of lead and dried ; it is then treated again with animal 
charcoal and digested at a gentle heat with stronger alcohol ; 
the alcoholic solution is evaporated to dryness, powdered, and 
washed with ether, which removes impurities and leaves the 
digitalin. It is a white, or yellowish-white powder, odourless, 
but of a very bitter taste ; readily soluble in alcohol, chloro- 
form, and acids, but nearly insoluble in water and ether ; dose 
from gL to 3^ of a grain. 

Physiological Effects. — The ordinary results of the adminis- 
tration of digitalis, in small and repeated doses, are an increase 
in the secretion of urine and a reduction of the frequency of the 
pulse, sometimes accompanied by nausea ; but these effects are 
not constant. The influence of digitalis over the pulse is more 
marked in weak and debilitated persons, than in those who are 
robust and plethoric. Its effects, too, in this particular, are 
more easily obtained in the recumbent than in the erect pos- 
ture, owing to the less force required in the former position, to 
carry on the circulation. In the repeated use of small doses 
of this medicine, a cumulative effect is sometimes observed : its 
powers are not manifested for a certain time, and effects are 
suddenly produced, which are attributable to the whole amount 
administered, giving rise to dangerous and even fatal syncope. 
In morbid conditions of the circulation, where it is irritable, 
abnormally quick, or irregular, digitalis^ is considered to exer- 
cise a primary medicinal effect, in steadying the pulse and re- 



206 MATERIA MEDICA. 

storing its force and regularity, while it diminishes morbid fre- 
quency. As regards its diuretic action, it is probably rather 
indirect than direct, and is most conspicuous where dropsical 
effusions are removed under its influence. It increases the 
amount of solids eliminated in the urine, except that of urea 
and uric acid, which are diminished under its use ; hence it is 
a good remedy in gout. When too long continued, or taken 
in excessive doses, digitalis acts as an acro-narcotic poison, pro- 
ducing effects similar to those of tobacco, lobelia, &c, as, vom- 
iting, purging, severe abdominal pains, vertigo, disordered 
vision, dilated pupils, syncope, and finally delirium and stupor, 
death being usually preceded by convulsions. In such cases, 
after evacuating the stomach, the diffusible stimuli, as brandy 
and carbonate of ammonium, should be administered. The 
quantity of .digitalis, however, that may be given, especially in 
disease, without destroying life, is considerable. Chemical 
analysis affords no certain tests of the presence of digitalis or 
its active principle, and, in cases of suspected poisoning, the 
physiological test is to be resorted to ; in the celebrated Pom- 
merais case, the criminal was condemned, from the evidence 
derived from the administration of an extract, obtained from 
the stomach and bowels of the deceased party, to small animals, 
in whom were produced vomiting and marked diminution of the 
number of heart-beats, with intermittent and irregular action. 
Medicinal Uses. — From its action on the circulation, digita- 
lis has been used in fevers, inflammations, and hemorrhages, 
w T here bloodletting is inadmissible, as in hectic fever, tubercular 
hemoptysis, &c. In the treatment of diseases of the heart and 
great vessels, it is a remedy of the greatest value, but is to be 
prescribed with discrimination. In dilatation of the heart, in 
fatty degeneration, and in failure or irritability of heart-action 
generally, digitalis, by increasing the force of the cardiac con- 
tractions and by abating irregular movement, is always useful; 
in uncomplicated hypertrophy, it is objectionable. In valvular, 
especially mitral disease, as well as aortic constriction, if the 
heart's action be feeble, it is indicated. It is greatly esteemed 
in the treatment of dropsy ; and in the varieties of this disor- 



AMERICAN HELLEBORE. 207 

der, resulting from heart-disease, it is more employed than any 
other remedy, from its combined cardiac and diuretic influence. 
In delirium tremens, digitalis has lately been given in large 
doses, with excellent effect. It is thought that a physiological 
antagonism exists between digitalin and the alkaloids aconitia 
and delphinia. 

Administration. — Digitalis is best given in poivder, of which 
the dose is gr. j, two or three times a day, to be gradually in- 
creased. An infusion is officinal (5j to boiling water Oss, with 
tincture of cinnamon f§j), dose, f5\j-iv ; but water is a bad 
solvent. The tincture (four troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij), 
is a better preparation — dose 10 to 50 drops, two or three times 
a day, to be gradually increased ; of the extract {alcoholic), the 
dose is one-fourth of a grain, to begin with; of the fluid extract, 
the dose is TTJ^ j. If digitalis produces wakefulness, a little 
opium should be combined with it. 

VERATRUM VIRIDE AMERICAN HELLEBORE. 

Yeratrum viride, known as Swamp Hellebore, Meadow Poke, 
Indian Poke, &c. (Nat. Ord. Melanthacese), is an indigenous 
swampy plant, growing to the height of from three to six feet, 
with greenish-yellow flowers. The rhizome is the officinal 
portion ; it is an inch or two in length, thick and fleshy, with 
numerous whitish radicles, and is usually found in the shops in 
small pieces or fragments, of a dingy white colour. It has a 
bitter, acrid taste, which leaves a permanent impression in the 
mouth and fauces. It yields its virtues to water and alcohol, 
and contains two alkaloids, one soluble in ether, the other in- 
soluble in that menstruum, neither of them being identical (as 
was at one time supposed) with veratria. For the former alka- 
loid, the name veratroidia has been proposed ; for the latter, viri- 
dia. Viridia has little or no local irritant action, produces 
neither vomiting nor purging, exerts no direct influence on the 
brain, but acts as a depressant of the spinal cord and of the v 
circulation. Veratroidia is a local irritant, emetic, and some- 
times a cathartic, and a depressant also of the circulation. 



208 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



Viridia has been employed to produce the sedative action of 
veratrum viride, having the advantage of being free from the 
nauseating and emetic influence which the plant itself often 
produces. Dose, gr. J every hour. 

Effects and Uses. — American hellebore is an active local 
irritant. Taken internally, it somewhat promotes the flow of 
urine, and in doses of about five grains proves emetic. In con- 
tinued doses it produces a marked sedative action on the circu- 
lation, irrespective of the nausea induced, which indeed may be 
prevented by careful administration. It has not generally 
proved laxative. No fatal effects are recorded from its use ; 
stimulants invariably counteracting any excessive sedation. 
Within a few years past, this medicine has been largely used in 
our Southern States in inflammatory and febrile affections, par- 
ticularly pneumonia and typhoid fever, with a view to its seda- 
tive action. It has been also used in cardiac affections, and in 
gout, rheumatism, and neuralgia. Dose, of the powder, gr. i-ij 
to begin with ; of the tincture (sixteen troyounces to alcohol 
Oij), 8 or 10 drops ; of the fluid extract, 4 or 5 drops. 

VERATRUM ALBUM — WRITE HELLEBORE. 

The rhizome of Veratrum Album {Nat. Ord. Melanthaceae), 
a mountainous European plant, is found in the shops in small, 
rough, wrinkled, conical, cylindrical pieces, blackish exter- 
nally, and whitish internally ; its odour, in the dried state, is 
feeble; its taste at first sweetish, afterwards bitterish, acrid, 
and burning. It contains veratria, and other principles. 

Effects and Uses. — White hellebore is a local irritant. In 
moderate doses, it stimulates the secretions, and depresses the 
pulse. In larger doses, it is a violent emetic and cathartic. It 
is an ancient remedy, now, however, from its severity of action, 
comparatively little used. Dose, gr. ij, to begin with. A wine 
is prescribed, and an ointment, in itch. As an errhine, it is 
sometimes mixed with five or six parts of powdered liquorice- 
root, or other inert powder. 

Veratria (C 32 H 52 N 2 8 ) is usually obtained from Cevadilla, 



YELLOW JASMINE. 209 

the seed of Veratrum Sabadilla (Nat. Ord. Melanthaceae), a 
plant of Mexico. It is made by evaporating a strong tincture 
of the seeds to the consistence of an extract, from which the 
alkaloid is dissolved by diluted sulphuric acid, and afterwards 
precipitated by magnesia. For purification it is dissolved in 
alcohol, from which it is evaporated, again converted into a 
sulphate, decolorized by animal charcoal, and finally precipi- 
tated by ammonia. When pure it is white, but it is usually a 
grayish or brownish-white powder, without odour, but very irri- 
tant to the nostrils, and of a bitter, acrid taste, producing a 
sense of tingling or numbness in the tongue ; scarcely soluble 
in cold water, but readily soluble in alcohol. It has an alka- 
line reaction, and strikes an intensely red colour with concen- 
trated sulphuric acid. The most delicate test for veratria is 
Trapp's — a permanent lilac-red colour, resembling a solution 
of permanganate of potassium, afforded by heating it in muri- 
atic acid. Its effects are locally those of an irritant, and, when 
rubbed on the skin, it causes a sensation of heat and tingling. 
Taken internally, in small doses, it stimulates the secretions 
and depresses the pulse, and in excessive doses, it is a violent 
poison, producing teianic symptoms : it is without narcotic 
action on the brain, producing death from paralysis of the spinal 
cord. Stimulants and ethereal inhalation would be the proper 
treatment in case of poisoning. Veratria has been used inter- 
nally, in nervous disorders, dropsies, gout, rheumatism, &c, 
in doses of gr. j\ 2 to ^ repeated ; but it is most used externally, 
in the form of ointment (gr. xx to lard a troy ounce), or dis- 
solved in alcohol, as an application to rheumatic, paralytic, or 
neuralgic parts. 



GELSEMIUM — YELLOW JASMINE. 

Gelsemium Sempervirens, Yellow or Carolina jasmine (Nat. 
Ord. Scrophulariacese), is a beautiful climbing plant of our 
Southern States, with a twining, smooth, and shining stem, 
perennial petiolate, lanceolate leaves, and beautiful, very fra- 
grant flowers, of a deep-yellow colour. The ROOT is used, and 

14 



210 MATERIA MEDICA, 






occurs in the form of light, cylindrical or split pieces, about an 
inch in length, of a dingy yellowish-white colour, with occa- 
sionally remains of the darker epidermis, a faintly narcotic 
odour, and a bitterish, not unpleasant taste. It has been found 
to contain, with other principles, a peculiar alkaloid, termed 
geheminia, which is the active principle and is a powerful 
poison, an amount of gelsemium estimated to contain one-sixth 
of a grain of gelsiminia having proved fatal to an adult woman. 
Effects and Uses. — Gelsemium has been found to possess 
valuable sedative properties, without nauseating or purgative 
effects. In overdoses, it has produced death. It has been 
used in fevers, inflammations, essential spasmodic affections, 
as tetanus, and as an hypnotic in delirium tremens and other 
forms of morbid wakefulness. The tincture of gelsemium (four 
troyounces of the root to diluted alcohol Oj), is the form which 
has been heretofore employed, in the dose of 20 to 50 drops ; 
but the fluid extract is now officinal, and should be preferred ; 
dose 5 to 10 drops. 

ANTIMONII PKilPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 
ANTIMONY. 

Antimonii Oxidum (Oxide of Antimony) (Sb 2 O s ) is prepared 
from the sulphide by digesting first with muriatic acid, then 
adding a little nitric acid ; next precipitating the terchloride 
formed with a large amount of water ; afterwards decomposing 
the oxychloride thus obtained, by ammonia, by which the ter- 
chloride of the oxychloride is converted into teroxide. This 
is a heavy, grayish-white, insoluble powder. It has the general 
therapeutic properties of the antimonials, and, though not quite 
certain in its effects, as its solubility depends on the amount 
of hydrochloric acid, which may exist in the stomach, it is 
believed to produce the sedative operation of tartar emetic, with 
less nausea and derangement of the stomach. Dose, 2 or 3 
grains repeated. 

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras (Tartrate of Antimony 
and Potassium). This valuable salt, familiarly known as tartar 






PREPARATIONS OP ANTIMONY. 211 

emetic and tartarized antimony, is prepared by boiling water 
and cream of tartar with oxide of antimony. It occurs in 
colourless, . transparent, rhombic, octohedron crystals, which 
become white and opaque from efflorescence on exposure to the 
air. When pure, its powder is perfectly white ; but it is to be 
preferred in the crystalline state, as in this form it is less liable 
to adulteration. When dropped into a solution of sulphuretted 
hydrogen or sulphide of ammonium, the crystals should have 
an orange-coloured deposit formed on them, which is the ter- 
sulphide, and is distinguished from tersulphide of arsenic and 
all other precipitates, by forming with hot concentrated muri- 
atic acid a solution, from which, when added to water, a white 
curdy precipitate of oxychloride of antimony is thrown down. 
The metal itself should, however, always be reduced, as by 
Marsh's test (see Arsenious Acid); antimoniuretted hydrogen 
is obtained, which burns with a bluish flame, and, if a piece of 
cold white porcelain be held low down in the flame, the metal 
is deposited in the form of a dull, black spot (surrounded by a 
grayish ring), soluble in sulphide of ammonium, which does not 
dissolve arsenic, and insoluble in a solution of hypochlorite 
of sodium or calcium, which readily dissolves arsenical spots. 
The powder of tartar emetic is sometimes adulterated with 
cream of tartar, which may be detected by adding a few drops 
of a solution of carbonate of sodium to a boiling solution of the 
antimonial salt, and, if the precipitate formed be not redissolved, 
no bitartrate of potassium is present. 

Tartar emetic (KSbC 4 H 4 7 ,H 2 0) is inodorous; has a nause- 
ous, metallic taste ; is soluble in 15 parts of cold and 3 parts 
of boiling water ; insoluble in pure alcohol ; and is decomposed 
by the pure alkalies, alkaline carbonates, and the vegetable 
astringents. 

Physiological Effects. — Tartar emetic is a powerful local 
irritant. Applied to the skin, it occasions an eruption of pus- 
tules, resembling those of variola or ecthyma. When taken 
into the stomach, in full doses, it causes vomiting, purging, 
griping pains, &c. ; and, in excessive quantity, it acts as an 
irritant poison, and has produced death, with great prostration, 



212 MATERIA MEDICA. 

syncope, and even convulsions and delirium : very large doses 
have, however, been given medicinally with entire safety. The 
proper antidote is tannic acid ; and opium, stimulants, and 
demulcents should be also administered. The constitutional 
effects of tartar emetic, when taken internally, in small doses, 
are an increase in the secretions and exhalations generally, 
especially from the skin ; in somewhat larger doses, these 
effects are accompanied with nausea and vomiting, relaxation 
of the tissues (particularly the muscular fibres), a feeling of 
great feebleness and exhaustion, and a powerful sedative action 
on the circulation and respiration. 

Medicinal Uses. — Tartar emetic is employed therapeutically 
as an emetic, nauseant, sedative, sudorific, and expectorant, 
and locally as a counter-irritant. As an emetic, it creates 
more nausea and depression than any other substance ; and 
hence, while other emetics are to be preferred to it, when our 
object is merely to evacuate the contents of the stomach, with 
as little constitutional disturbance as possible, it is of the 
greatest value, when vomiting is resorted to as a means of 
making an impression on the system, and thereby checking 
the progress of disease. As a nauseant, tartar emetie is em- 
ployed to relax the muscular system, in the reduction of dislo- 
cations, strangulated hernia, rigidity of the os uteri in labour, 
&c. As a sedative antiphlogistic, in large doses, it is a most 
powerful and valuable remedy in the treatment of acute in- 
flammation, with fever, from its combined action in reducing the 
frequency of the circulation, moderating the heat of the skin, and 
promoting diaphoresis. When given in this way, at intervals, 
tartar emetic ceases to produce emesis, owing to tolerance of 
the medicine, especially in pneumonia, in which disease it has 
long been extensively resorted to ; in the early stages of acute 
laryngitis and bronchitis, it is a remedy of great value. From 
gr. \ to gr. J may be given every two hours, in gradually in- 
creasing doses, until some amelioration of the symptoms takes 
place, when the doses are to be again decreased. As a diapho- 
retic, it is very useful, in small doses (as from gr. J g to gr. J, 
repeated), in continued fevers, inflammation from wounds, inju- 



PREPARATIONS OF ANTIMONY. 213 

ries, &c. ; and as an expectorant, in the same doses, it is em- 
ployed in various pulmonary affections with advantage. As a 
local irritant, it is applied to the skin in the form of aqueous 
solution, ointment, or plaster, in chronic diseases of the chest, 
affections of joints, &c. 

Administration. — The dose of tartar emetic, as an emetic, is 
gr. j or ij, and it is frequently combined with ipecacuanha. 
As a sedative antiphlogistic, gr. \ or J, to gr. j or ij ; as a 
nauseant, gr. \ to J, and as a diaphoretic and expectorant, gr. 
Jg to \, may be given in solution, and in each case repeated 
every two or three hours. For external use, the ointment (un- 
guentum antimonii, 1 part to lard 4 parts) may be employed ; 
or the plaster, made by mixing one part of tartar emetic with 
four parts of Burgundy pitch. 

Vinum Antimonii (Antimonial Wine), is a solution of tartar 
emetic (gr. xxxij), in boiling distilled water (f§j), and sherry 
wine (f§xv). It is employed as an expectorant and sudorific, 
in the dose of from 10 to 30 drops, frequently repeated ; and 
as an emetic for children, in the dose of 30 drops to f5j, 
repeated every quarter of an hour. 

Antimonium Sulphuratum (Sulphurated Antimony), is 
prepared by boiling the native sulphide of antimony, previously 
purified by fusion, with a solution of potassa, and adding 
diluted sulphuric acid to the strained solution ; the sulphate 
of potassium, which is formed, being afterwards washed away 
with hot water. It is a reddish-brown, odourless, almost 
tasteless, insoluble powder, and is chemically a mixture of 
teroxide (Sb 2 3 ) and tersulphide (Sb 2 S 3 ) of antimony. Its 
effects are analogous to those of tartar emetic ; but it is chiefly 
employed as an alterative in cutaneous affections, secondary 
syphilis, &c, usually in conjunction with mercurials. Dose, 
as an alterative, gr. j to iij; as an emetic, gr. v to xx. 

Antimonii Oxysitlphuretum (Oxy sulphur et of Antimony, 
or Kermes Mineral), is another mixture of tersulphide and 
teroxide of antimony, prepared by boiling tersulphide with an 
alkaline carbonate or caustic solution. It is an odourless, 
tasteless, purplish-brown, insoluble powder, sometimes employed 



214 MATERIA MEDICA. 

as an antiphlogistic in pneumonia ; but it is uncertain in its 
operation, and probably possesses no advantage over tartar 
emetic. Dose, gr. \ to gr. ij, or iij. 

By the addition of an acid to the liquor which remains after 
the precipitation of kermes, an orange-red, odourless, tasteless 
powder called golden sulphur of antimony, is obtained. It is 
a mixture of tersulphide and teroxide with some free sulphur, 
and acts like kermes, but is weaker. Dose, gr. j to gr. ij or iij. 

Pilulce Antimonii Compositor (Compound Pills of Antimony), 
sometimes called Plummets pills, contain equal parts of sul- 
pliurated antimony and of calomel, mixed with twice the amount 
of guaiac and molasses each. They are used as an alterative 
in syphilitic, rheumatic, and cutaneous affections. Six grains 
of the mass contain a grain of calomel and antimony each. 

Pubis Antimonialis. — An antimonial powder is prepared in 
imitation of the celebrated James's poivder, by burning sulphide 
of antimony with hartshorn shavings or bone shavings. It is 
a white, gritty, tasteless, odourless powder, consisting of a 
mixture of antimonious acid and phosphate of calcium, with some 
teroxide of antimony and a little antimonite of calcium. It was 
formerly much employed in fevers ; but it is unequal in its 
operation, owing its activity to the teroxide of antimony pres- 
ent. Hence, it has been dismissed from the U. S. Pharma- 
copoeia. In the British Pharmacopoeia, it is now directed to 
be made by mixing one part of oxide of antimony and two 
parts of precipitated phosphate of calcium. Dose, gr. iij to 
viij. 

Antimoxiated Hydeogen is a gaseous substance, which has 
lately been employed, with much success, by inhalation, in 
acute bronchitis and pneumonia. It is prepared by forming 
an alloy of a drachm of pure antimony and twice the quantity 
of pure zinc, which is to be mixed with a drachm of tartar 
emetic or chloride of antimony, and introduced into a bottle 
with a large tubulure ; and from time to time, as the gas is 
wanted, from half a drachm to a drachm of muriatic acid is 
added. Muriatic acid gas is evolved at the same time, but this 
is prevented from reaching the respiratory orifices, by closing 



NITRATE OF POTASSIUM. 215 

them with a sponge wet with an alkaline solution, which per- 
mits the antimoniated hydrogen to pass. The gas may be 
breathed for five minutes everv hour. 



POTASSII NITRAS — NITRATE OF POTASSIUM. 

This salt, commonly called nitre and saltpetre (KN0 3 ), 
occurs in both the inorganized and organized kingdoms of 
nature. It is obtained, for medicinal use, principally by the 
purification of the native nitre of India ; and it is also found in 
saltpetre-caves in various parts of the United States, associated 
with nitrate of calcium, from which it is separated by lixivation. 
It is artificially produced in several parts of Europe, in nitre- 
beds or saltpetre-plantations, by bringing together decayed 
organic animal and vegetable matters. And it is manufactured 
sometimes by the double decomposition of nitrate of sodium and 
chloride of potassium. Nitre is refined by re-solution and 
crystallization of the crude nitre. As purified for medicinal 
use, it is found in the shops in large transparent, colourless 
crystals, of the form of six-sided, striated prisms, with dihedral 
summits, which are unalterable in the air. They have no 
odour, a sharp, cooling taste, are wholly soluble in water, and 
insoluble in pure alcohol. They have no water of crystallization, 
but frequently have a portion of the mother liquid mechani- 
cally lodged in the spaces of the crystals, which may be driven 
off by heat, and the salt fused and cast into moulds, when it is 
termed sal prunelle. 

Physiological Effects. — In excessive doses, nitre may act as 
a fatal poison, producing irritation of the alimentary canal and 
derangement of the nervous system ; the symptoms are burning 
pain in the throat and stomach, bloody stools, a tendency to 
syncope, collapse, and death, sometimes preceded by dilated 
pupils, insensibility, and convulsions. There is no antidote for 
it, and cases of poisoning are to be treated by demulcents, 
opiates, stimulants, &c, after evacuation of the contents of the 
stomach. In moderate doses, it is a refrigerant, sedative, diu- 
retic, and diaphoretic, and, in large or continued doses, laxa- 



216 MATERIA MEDICA. 

tive. Its refrigerant properties are best seen when the body 
is morbidly hot, as in fevers. When mixed with the blood, 
after absorption, it produces several chemical changes, the 
most important of which is an antiplastic effect, by impeding 
coagulation. 

Medicinal Uses. — Nitre is a very valuable refrigerant and 
sedative remedy in fevers, inflammations, hemorrhages, &c. 
In fevers it is often prescribed with calomel and tartar emetic, 
under the name of nitrous powders (nitre gr. x, tartar emetic, 
gr. J, calomel gr. J to J). In large doses, it was given for- 
merly in acute rheumatism, and this practice has been lately 
revived with success in France. Dose, gr. x to 5ss. From 
5iv to 5vj, are given in 24 hours, in acute rheumatism, and the 
quantity is increased to 5viij, x, or xij. The fumes of paper, 
impregnated with nitre, are used with advantage in spasmodic 
asthma. 

Sodii Nitras — Nitrate of Sodium. This salt, commonly 
called cubic nitre, is found in large deposits in South America, 
chiefly in Peru, but also in Brazil. The crude salt occurs in 
rather soft and pliable lumps, of white, yellow, or gray colour; 
it is often purified in Peru by solution, crystallization, and de- 
siccation, but it is usually refined after importation. It occurs 
in colourless, rhombohedral crystals, slightly deliquescent, and 
wholly soluble in water (NaN0 3 ), without odour, and of a 
sharp, cooling, and bitter taste. 

Effects and Uses. — Sodium nitre has been little used in med- 
icine, its employment having been chiefly limited to dysentery, 
in which it is highly praised by German physicians, in amounts 
of from half a troyounce to a troyounce, in mucilaginous solu- 
tion, during the day. Its effects are probably analogous to 
those of potassium nitre, though it no doubt requires larger 
doses. 

REFRIGERANTS. 
SODII BORAS BORATE OF SODIUM. 

Borax occurs as a native product in several localities, the 
most important of which for a long time was Thibet, in Asia ; 



CITRATE OF POTASSIUM. 217 

it is also made artificially by the direct combination of native 
boracic acid (obtained from the lagoons of Tuscany), with soda. 
The supply of the United States is now, however, exclusively 
derived from Borax Lake, in California, about one hundred 
miles north of San Francisco. Borax (2NaB0 2 ,2HB0 2 ,9H 2 0), 
occurs in the form of hexahedral prismatic crystals, terminated 
by triangular pyramids, of a sweetish alkaline taste, and an 
alkaline reaction. It is wholly soluble in water, and slowly 
effloresces, and has the property of rendering cream of tartar 
very soluble in water. 

Effects and Uses. — Borax is a mild refrigerant and diuretic, 
and has had emmena'gogue virtues attributed to it. Dose, gr. 
xxx. It has been given in infantile diarrhoea as an enema, 
and is used externally in cutaneous affections, especially as a 
detergent in aphthous affections of the mouth in children, 
mixed with equal parts of sugar. Grlycerite of borate of 
sodium (glyceritum sodii boraiis), is made by rubbing up two 
troyounces of borate of sodium in half a pint of glycerin; 
honey of borate of sodium (mel sodii boratis), is made by mixing 
sixty grains of borate with a troy ounce of clarified honey — 
both these preparations are used chiefly as applications to the 
mouth and throat. 



POTASSII CITRAS CITRATE OF POTASSIUM. 

This salt (formerly known as salt of Riverius), is made by 
saturating a solution of citric acid with bicarbonate of potas- 
sium, and evaporating to dryness. It is white, granular, 
inodorous, of a saline, slightly bitterish, but not unpleasant 
taste, deliquescent, and wholly soluble in water, (K 3 C 6 H 5 7 ). 
It is an excellent refrigerant diaphoretic, much employed in 
febrile affections. Dose, gr. xx-xxv ; 5vj are usually dissolved 
in water Oss, and fgss of the solution is administered every 
hour or two. The salts of the alkalies with vegetable acids, as 
citrates, tartrates, and acetates, during their passage through 
the body, are converted into carbonates. 

Liquor Potassii Citratis {Solution of Citrate of Potassium) 



218 MATERIA MEDICA. 

is made by dissolving half a troyounce of citric acid and 
330 grains of bicarbonate of potassium in half a pint of water — 
dose, fgss. 

Mistura Potassii Citratis (Mixture of Citrate of Potassium, or 
Neutral Mixture), is made by saturating fresh lemon-juice with 
bicarbonate of potassium : or, when the lemon-juice cannot be 
had, a solution of citric acid, flavoured with oil of lemon, may 
be used as a substitute. This preparation contains some free 
carbonic acid, which renders it more grateful to an irritable 
stomach than the ordinary solution of the citrate. Under the 
name of effervescing draught, the citrate o; potassium is often 
prepared extemporaneously (half a fluidounce of fresh lemon 
juice with an equal measure of water, added to a solution of 
120 grains of carbonate of potassium in 4 fluidounces of water), 
and is given in the state of effervescence ; it is an excellent 
remedy for irritable stomach with fever. 

LIQUOR A M M N 1 1 ACETATI S — S OLUTION OF ACE- 
TATE OF AMMONIUM. 

This solution, termed also Spiritus Mindereri, or Spirit of 
Mindererus, is made by saturating diluted acetic acid with 
carbonate of ammonium, and is a solution of the acetate of 
ammonium (NH 4 C 2 H 3 2 ). When pure, it is a colourless liquid, 
with a saline taste; it should be always freshly made when 
dispensed. In small doses, it is refrigerant; in larger doses, 
diaphoretic, diuretic, and perhaps resolvent. It is employed 
in febrile and inflammatory affections, sometimes in conjunction 
with nitre or tartar emetic, sometimes with camphor and opium. 
Dose, fSss to f§j, every two, three, or four hours, in sweetened 
water. 

SPIRITUS ^THERIS N ITRO S I— S P IRIT OF NITROUS 

ETHER. 

This preparation, commonly known as Sweet Spirit of Nitre, 
is a solution of nitrous ether in alcohol. It is now made by 
adding to stronger alcohol about a tenth of its bulk of sul- 



VEGETABLE ACIDS. 219 

phuric acid, rather more of nitric acid, with some copper-wire 
or turnings, and distilling at 180° F. ; the distillate is mixed 
with alcohol, and the mixture is to be transferred to well stopped 
bottles and protected from the light. In this reaction nitric acid 
is reduced to nitric peroxide by the indirect agency of the 
copper: thus, C 2 H 5 HO+HN0 3 +H 2 S0 4 +Cu = C 2 H 5 N0 2 (ni- 
trous ether)+2H 2 + CuS0 4 . It is a volatile, inflammable liquid, 
of a pale-yellow colour inclining slightly to green, having a fra- 
grant, ethereal odour, free from pungency, and a sharp, burning 
taste. It mixes with water and alcohol in all proportions ; sp. gr. 
0.837, and it contains five per cent, of nitrous ether. It 
should not be long kept, as it becomes strongly acid by age. 

Effects and Uses. — Sweet Spirit of Nitre is antispasmodic, 
refrigerant, diaphoretic, and diuretic. It is much used in 
febrile affections, and, from its diuretic properties, is often 
combined with other diuretics in the treatment of dropsies. 
From its pleasant taste and smell, it is very acceptable to chil- 
dren. Dose f3ss to f3j, frequently repeated. The inhalation 
of sweet spirit of nitre has produced dangerous and even fatal 
effects; pallor of the face, livid discoloration of the lips and 
fingers, weakness of the pulse, muscular prostration, prsecar- 
dial oppression and headache, are the symptoms described; a 
case is recorded in which death was attributed to the inhalation 
of the ether from a broken bottle in a sleeping apartment. 



A CI DA VEGETABILIA — VEGETABLE ACIDS. 

The vegetable acids are refrigerant, and, when properly 
diluted, form useful drinks in fevers, &c. Those chiefly em- 
ployed are aeidum aceticum (acetic acid), aeidum citricum 
{citric acid), and aeidum tartaricum (tartaric acid). Acetic 
Acid (HC 2 H 3 2 ) is employed internally only in the form of di- 
luted acetic acid (one part of strong acid to seven parts of dis- 
tilled water), or vinegar (acetum). Acetum destillatum (distilled 
vinegar) may be substituted for diluted acetic acid. Externally, 
strong acetic acid (sp. gr. 1.047, and containing 36 per cent. 
of monohydrated acid) is employed as an escharotic to remove 



220 MATERIA MEDIOA. 

warts, in the cure of lupus, &c. Acetic acid is less used inter- 
nally as a refrigerant than citric acid, from its liability to 
produce colic and diarrhoea, except in typhus, scarlet, and other 
malignant fevers, owing to its supposed possession of antiseptic 
virtues. Spongings with vinegar and water are useful to 
relieve the heat of skin in fevers, and the vapour is grateful 
to the sick. The dose of vinegar is f5j-iv. Concentrated 
acetic acid is a corrosive poison, for which the alkalies and 
their carbonates, soap, &c, are the antidotes. Citric Acid 
may be agreeably administered in the juice of lemons, limes, 
sour oranges, and tamarinds. When these cannot be obtained, 
a solution of citric acid (3j to water Oj) may be substituted. 
Citric acid is manufactured from lemon or lime juice, by satu- 
rating it with carbonate of calcium, and afterwards decomposing 
the citrate of calcium, which is formed, by the addition of sulphu- 
ric acid. It occurs in colourless crystals (H 3 C 6 H 3 7 ,H 2 0), having 
the form of rhomboidal prisms with dihedral summits, freely 
soluble in water, and soluble in alcohol ; 5ixss, added to dist lied 
water Oj, form a solution of the average strength of lemon- 
juice. In the dose of foj every hour or two, lemon-juice, 
limonis succus (the juice of the fruit of Citrus Limonum), has 
been employed with success in acute rheumatism and gout, 
and, though an uncertain remedy, is occasionally of undoubted 
efficacy. Properly diluted and mixed with sugar, it forms 
the delightful refrigerant known as lemonade. Lemon-juice 
is the best known remedy for scurvy. It has also proved 
of advantage in jaundice and torpor of the liver. Syrup of 
citric acid consists of 120 grains of powdered citric acid and 
four minims of oil of lemon rubbed up with a fluidounce of 
syrup, and afterwards dissolved in a pint and fifteen fluidounces 
more of syrup, at a gentle heat. Lemon syrup, which is 
pleasanter, is made by dissolving 48 troy ounces of sugar in a 
pint of strained lemon-juice mixed with a pint of water, at a 
gentle heat. Tartaric Acid is the acid of grapes, and is ex- 
tracted from tartar, or crude cream of tartar. It is a white 
crystallized solid, in the form of irregular six-sided prisms 
(H 2 C 4 H 4 6 ), and is found in the shops as a fine white powder. 



NUX VOMICA. 221 

It is soluble in water and alcohol, Being cheaper than citric 
acid, it may be used as a substitute for that acid. It is employed 
in making soda and Seidlitz powders. Tartaric acid yields a 
precipitate (cream of tartar) with a solution of carbonate or 
other neutral salt of potassium, while citric acid yields none. 



ORDER VIII. SPINANTS. 

Under the term Spinants or Spastics, are comprised medi- 
cines which are employed to excite muscular contraction. Of 
this class, the most important articles are vegetable substances 
containing the alkaloids strychnia and brucia, which are em- 
ployed therapeutically in torpid or paralytic conditions of the 
muscular system — and ergot, which is used to excite muscular 
contractions of the uterus. 



NUX VOMICA. 

Strychnos Nux vomica, or Poison-Nut (Nat. Ord. Apocy- 
nacese), is a middling-sized tree of the coast of Coromandel and 
other parts of India, which bears a round, smooth berry, the 
size of a pretty large apple, of a rich orange colour, and con- 
taining numerous seeds embedded in a juicy pulp. The seeds 
are the officinal portion ; but the bark also is poisonous, and is 
known as false angustura bark, from its having been confounded 
with angustura bark. The seeds are round, peltate, less than 
an inch in diameter, nearly flat, or convex on one side and con- 
cave on the other, and surrounded by a narrow annular stria. 
They have two coats : a simple, fibrous, outer coat, covered with 
short, silky hairs, of a gray or yellowish colour, and a very thin 
inner coat, which envelopes the nucleus or kernel. This is 
hard, horny, of a whitish or yellowish colour, and of very dif- 
ficult pulverization. The seeds have no odour, but an intensely 
bitter taste, which is stronger in the kernel than in the invest- 
ing membrane. They impart their virtues to water, but more 
readily to diluted alcohol, and contain two active alkaloid prin- 



222 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ciples, strychnia (which is officinal), and brucia, both of which 
exist in combination with an acid called strychnic, or igasuric ; 
another alkaloid, termed igasuria, much more soluble in water 
than the two first named, has been lately extracted from nux 
vomica. 

Strychnia (C 21 H 22 N 2 2 ) is obtained by the following pro- 
cess : Nux vomica is digested and boiled in water acidulated 
with muriatic acid, and the resulting muriate of strychnia and 
brucia is decomposed by milk of lime. The strychnia is sepa- 
rated from brucia and impurities by boiling alcohol, from 
which it is deposited when cool, the brucia being left in solu- 
tion. It is then converted into a sulphate by the addition of 
diluted sulphuric acid, next decolorized by purified animal 
charcoal, and again precipitated by solution of ammonia. 
Thus obtained, it occurs as a white or grayish-white powder 
(but may be made to crystallize in the form of white, brilliant, 
rhombic prisms), of an intensely bitter taste, almost insoluble 
in water, slightly soluble in cold alcohol, but readily soluble in 
boiling alcohol. The usual test for strychnia is the bichromate 
of potassium, which, added to a solution of strychnia in concen- 
trated sulphuric acid, produces a violet colour, which after a 
time changes to wine-red, and then to reddish-yellow. A still 
more delicate test is a solution of permanganate of potassium 
(gr. 1) in sulphuric acid (grs. 2000). In both these tests, the 
reagent is nascent oxygen. The presence of morphia in excess 
may disguise the colour test ; here chloroform should be used 
to separate the strychnia from morphia. The physiological 
test should always be resorted to : if a small frog be placed in 
an ounce of water, containing t ±q of a grain of strychnia salt, 
in two or three hours it will undergo tetanic spasms, and soon 
die. The effects of strychnia are similar to those of nux vomica, 
but more violent ; its local action is that of an irritant. It is 
employed for the same purposes as nux vomica, and should be 
given in very minute doses, as gr. ^ to T * g to begin with, to be 
gradually increased and repeated. The salts of strychnia may 
be also employed in the same doses, but they are more soluble, 
and therefore more active. For endermic use, gr. ^ of strych- 



NUX VOMICA. 223 

ma may be used ; it is best used in amaurosis hypodermically, 
^o °f a g ra i n to begin with. 

Strychnia Sulphas (Sulphate of Strychnia), is made by 
dissolving a mixture of strychnia in distilled water, with diluted 
sulphuric acid, and evaporating. It occurs as a white salt, in 
colourless, prismatic crystals, efflorescent, odourless, very bitter, 
readily soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, and 
insoluble in ether. It responds to the tests for strychnia, and 
may be used for the same purposes, and in the same doses. 

Physiological Effects. — In very small and repeated doses, 
nux vomica has a tonic and diuretic effect, and sometimes ope- 
rates slightly on the bowels and skin. In somewhat larger 
doses, the stomach is often disturbed ; and in still larger doses, 
the muscular system becomes disordered. A sense of weight 
and weakness in the limbs, and increased sensibility to external 
impressions of all kinds, manifest themselves, with depression 
of spirits and anxiety ; the limbs tremble, and slight convulsive 
movements of the muscles appear. If the medicine be con- 
tinued, convulsive paroxysms of the whole muscular system 
ensue, with erotic desires, painful sensations in the skin, and 
occasionally eruptions : the pulse is not much affected. In 
paralytic patients, the effects of the medicine are principally 
observed in the paralyzed parts. When taken in excessive 
doses, it produces tetanus, asphyxia, and death, the intellect 
being usually unaffected, up to the fatal termination. There 
is no chemical antidote, unless, perhaps, tannic acid, and the 
ioduretted iodide of potassium; after evacuating the stomach, 
opium, conium, ether, chloroform, extract of Indian hemp, 
camphor, chloral, calabar bean, bromide of potassium, or atro- 
pia, may be exhibited, as physiological antidotes. 

Medicinal Uses. — This medicine is our chief resource in 
torpid or paralytic conditions of the motor or sensitive nerves, 
or of the muscular fibre. When, however, paralysis is the 
result of inflammation of the nervous centres, it is injurious, 
and accelerates organic changes. It is most beneficial in those 
forms of paralysis which are independent of structural lesion, 
as lead palsy or paralysis from drunkenness. In paralysis, 



224 MATERIA MEDICA. 

arising from cerebral hemorrhage, — after the absorption of the 
effused blood, and the paralysis remains, as it were from habit, — 
the cautious employment of nux vomica is often attended with 
advantage. In amaurosis, free from cerebral complication, it 
is very useful ; and it is occasionally serviceable in other ner- 
vous affections. It has also been found beneficial in chorea, 
constipation, dysentery, cholera, diarrhoea, impotence, inconti- 
nence of urine, and spermatorrhoea ; and in small doses it has 
been used with excellent effect as a general tonic, where there 
is loss of nerve-power, and as a stomachic in dyspepsia. 

Administration. — Dose of the powder, gr. ij or iij, in pills, 
several times a day, and increased till an effect is produced ; 
of the extract (alcoholic), gr. J to gr. j, to be repeated and 
increased ; of the tincture (eight troyounces to alcohol Oij), 
gtt. v to xx, and this is sometimes used as an embrocation to 
paralyzed parts. A tolerance of nux vomica and strychnia is 
rapidly established in the system. 

IGNATIA. 

The seed of Strychnos Ignatia, or St. Ignatius' Bean, a tree 
of the Philippine Islands, contains a large proportion of strych- 
nia, and possesses medicinal properties analogous to those of 
nux vomica. It is used in this country in the form of extract 
(alcoholic), which may be given to fulfil the same remedial 
indications as extract of nux vomica, in the dose of half a 
grain to a grain, three times a day. 

Toxicodendron {Poison-Oak). The leaves of Rhus Toxi- 
codendron, or Poison-Oak (Nat. Ord. Anacardiacese), an indi- 
genous shrub from one to three feet high, and other species of 
Rhus, possess properties somewhat analogous to those of nux 
vomica, and have been employed with success in paralysis. 
They contain a peculiar acid principle (toxic odendric acid), to 
which their poisonous and medicinal activity is due. Dose, 
gr. j to gr. iij, or more, to be repeated and increased. In 
cases of poisoning, the irritation of the skin is relieved by 
glycerite of carbolic acid, or alkaline solutions. 



; 



ERGOT. 225 



ERGOTA — ERGOT. 



Ergot is now known to be a fungus growing from the diseased 
ovary of Secale cereale, or Rye, (Nat. Orel. Graminaceie). 
The U. S. Pharmacopoeia styles it the Scleroticum of Clavi- 
ceps purpurea, replacing the grain of secale cereale. Its 
predisposing cause is unknown, and it is not peculiar to rye, 
many other grasses being subject to it, as abortion in grazing 
animals has been frequently produced by their eating grasses 
aifected with ergot. The ergot usually projects out of the 
glum or husk of the plant, beyond the ordinary outline of the 
spike or ear. It should not be collected until some days after 
it has begun to form, as it is thought not to possess full activity 
until about the sixth day of its formation. As found in the 
shops, it consists of cylindrical or somewhat prismatical taper- 
ing grains, curved like the spur of a cock, of a purplish colour 
externally, and of a yellowish or grayish-white colour within. 
Its smell is peculiar and nauseous ; its taste is at first faint, 
but becomes bitterish, acrid, and disagreeable. It yields its 
virtues to water and alcohol, and does not keep well, being 
liable to the attacks of a minute worm. 

Numerous analyses have been made of ergot, but there is still 
uncertainty as regards its active principles. The oil of ergot 
is not now believed to be, when pure, the medicinal constituent. 
A volatile alkaloid, termed secalia (identical with prophylamia,* 
the odorous principle of pickled herring), exists in ergot ; and, 
lately, two fixed alkaloids (ergotina and ecbolina), have been 
discovered, in combination with an acid termed ergotic. Ecbo- 
lina is believed to be the principle which causes uterine con- 
traction, half a grain of it having been found to produce the 
effect of 30 grains of ergot. 

Physiological Effects. — The effects of ergot, in medicinal 
doses, are most conspicuous on the female system, in which it 
excites powerful contractions of the uterus. After labour has 

* Prophylamia (C 3 H 7 HHN) has been used in rheumatism and neuralgia, 
in doses of two drops in some aromatic water, every two hours. 

15 



226 MATERIA MEDICA. 

commenced, in ten or twenty minutes from its administration, 
it increases the violence, frequency, and continuance of labour 
pains, which usually never cease until the child is born. Ad- 
ministered before labour, it frequently originates the process, 
though its effects in this respect are less constant. And even 
on the unimpregnated uterus, it produces painful contractions, 
and evinces an influence over morbid conditions of the organ, 
by checking uterine hemorrhage, and expelling polypi. It is 
believed to cause contraction of the bloodvessels generally, and 
especially of the spinal cord. In large doses, it produces 
vomiting, purging, and a marked sedative effect on the circula- 
tion, and in excessive quantity it acts as an acro-narcotic 
poison on both sexes. When it is used for a length of time 
as an article of food, it produces a peculiar morbid condition, 
termed ergotism, which assumes two forms, one attended with 
convulsions, the other with dry gangrene of the limbs. 

Medicinal Uses. — The chief employment of ergot is to pro- 
mote the action of the uterus in parturition, when its expulsa- 
tory efforts are feeble and inefficient. It is, however, admissi- 
ble, only when there is a proper conformation of the pelvis and 
soft parts, when the os uteri, vagina, and os externum are 
dilated or readily dilatable, and when the presentation of the 
child is such as to offer no great mechanical impediment to 
delivery. It is also useful — when from any cause it is impor- 
tant to accelerate delivery; in women subject to flooding, given 
just before delivery; to promote the expulsion of the placenta, 
when it is retained from a want of contraction of the uterus ; 
to expel clots, hydatids, polypi, &c. ; to restrain uterine hemor- 
rhage, whether puerperal or non-puerperal; to excite and 
promote abortion, &c. ; and locally as a styptic. It has been 
employed, too, in hemorrhages generally, in gonorrhoea, dys- 
menorrhea, paralysis of the bladder, purpura, and several 
other diseases; lately, with marked success, by hypodermic 
injection, in the cure of aneurism and varix, and of fibroid 
tumours of the uterus ; and also in paralysis dependent upon 
congestion of the spinal cord. By many, ergot is believed to 
exercise a dangerous sedative influence on the child during 



I 



BARK OF COTTON ROOT. 227 

labour (owing to the interference of the passage of blood from 
the placenta, during violent uterine contraction), and its use 
may occasionally produce foetal death, which timely resort to 
the forceps would have prevented. 

Administration. — Ergot may be given in labour, in the dose 
of 3i, in powder, every twenty minutes, till its effects are pro- 
duced, or three doses are taken ; in other diseases, the dose is 
from three to five grains. The fluid extract (made with diluted 
alcohol, acetic acid, and glycerin), is the best preparation (a 
fluidounce representing a troyounce of ergot), — dose, 20 to 30 
drops. The wine (vinum ergotse), contains 4 fluidounces of 
fluid extract, in 28 fluidounces of sherry wine. Dose f5j to 
f5ij. For hypodermic use, a non-officinal preparation, termed 
ergotin, is used, which is made by exhausting ergot with water, 
evaporating to a syrupy consistence, precipitating the gummy 
principles with alcohol, filtering, and evaporating to the con- 
sistence of a soft extract. Dose, internally, 2 or 3 grains ; 
hypodermically, a solution of 45 grains in glycerin and dis- 
tilled water, each 105 minims, may be used, 20 or 30 drops at 
once. 



GOSSYPII RADICIS CORTEX — BARK OF COTTON ROOT. 

Gossypium herbaceum (Nat. Ord. Malvaceae), is a native of 
Asia, extensively cultivated in tropical and semi-tropical coun- 
tries, and with great success in the South Atlantic and Gulf 
districts of the United States. By cultivation, different varie- 
ties of this plant have been produced. The ROOT has long been 
recognized by Southern physicians as possessing decided influ- 
ence in exciting uterine contractions. A decoction (made by 
boiling four troyounces of the inner bark of the root in a quart 
of water to a pint), has been used in doses of a wineglassful 
repeated. The only officinal preparation is the fluid extract, 
dose, f5-ij. Cotton, the well-known filamentous substance 
separated from the seed of the varieties of gossypium, is a use- 
ful application to burns, and parts affected with erysipelas and 
rheumatism. 



228 MATERIA MEDICA. 

CLASS II. — ECCRITICS. 

ORDER I. — EMETICS. 

Emetics (from euea, I vomit), are medicines which are em- 
ployed to promote vomiting ; when they are used merely to 
excite nausea, they are termed nauseants. When an emetic is 
administered, usually within fifteen or twenty minutes after- 
wards, a feeling of distress, relaxation, and faintness is experi- 
enced, with coolness and moisture of the skin, and a small, 
feeble, irregular pulse. These symptoms increase, till the con- 
tents of the stomach are ejected. During the act of vomiting, 
the face becomes flushed, the pulse is full and frequent, and 
the temperature of the body is increased. After vomiting is 
over, the skin is moist, the pulse soft and feeble, the patient 
becomes languid and drowsy, and, under peculiar circum- 
stances, alarming and even fatal syncope has been induced. 
Vomiting is a reflex spinal act. Dr. Marshall Hall gives the 
following summary of its mechanism : " During the act of 
vomiting, 1, the larynx is closed ; 2, the cardia is opened ; and 
3, all the muscles of expiration are called into action ; but, 4, 
actual expiration being prevented by the closure of the larynx, 
the force of the effort is expended upon the stomach, the cardia 
being open, and vomiting is effected." 

Susceptibility to the action of emetics differs in different in- 
dividuals and in different diseases. In fevers, and where gastric 
irritation is present, their influence is increased ; and, on the other 
hand, when the brain is oppressed by disease or by narcotic 
medicines, the stomach is exceedingly insensible to their action. 

Emetics are employed therapeutically : 1, to evacuate the 
stomach, for the purpose of removing poisons, undigested food, 
&c. ; and with this view, the emetics should be selected which 
occasion least nausea and distress ; 2, to expel foreign bodies 
lodged in the throat or oesophagus ; 3, to excite nausea and 
thereby depress the vascular and muscular systems ; 4, to re- 
lieve spasm, as in spasmodic croup ; 5, to promote secretion 
and excretion, &c. ; and 6, sometimes, to break up a train of 
morbid association, by giving a shock to the system, as in the 
forming stage of certain fevers, as typhus and scarlatina, and 



IPECACUANHA. 229 

of delirium tremens. They are improper in congestion of the 
brain, pregnancy, hernia, &c. The act of emesis is promoted 
by the free use of tepid drinks ; excessive vomiting may 
be checked by demulcents, opiates, counter-irritation to the 
stomach, &c. 

VEGETABLE EMETICS. 
IPECACUANHA. 

Ipecacuanha is the root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (Nat 
Ord. Cinchonaceae), a small shrubby perennial plant of Brazil, 
where it grows to the height of about five or six inches. The 
roots, as met with in the shops, are in pieces about the size of 
a quill, several inches long, of an irregular, twisted, contorted 
shape, with numerous circular rings or rugae, from which they 
have been termed annulated. When broken, they are seen to 
consist of two distinct parts — a thin ligneous axis or centre, 
which is nearly inert, and a thick cortical layer, which has an 
herbaceous, acrid, rather bitter taste, and a slightly nauseous 
odour. A distinction is made of broivn, red, and gray ipecacu- 
anha, from differences in the colour of the epidermis, but they 
are all derived from the same plant, and are the same in pro- 
perties and composition ; the brown is the most common variety 
in our market. The powder is of a light grayish-fawn colour, 
and has a peculiar nauseous odour, which in some persons ex- 
cites violent sneezing, in others dyspnoea. Ipecacuanha im- 
parts its virtues to both water and alcohol, but they are injured 
by decoction. Its emetic property depends on the presence of 
a peculiar alkaline principle, termed emetia (C 30 H 44 N 2 O 8 ), a 
whitish, inodorous, slightly bitter substance, sparingly soluble 
in water and ether, and very soluble in concentrated alcohol 
and chloroform. It produces vomiting in the dose of gr. J, 
and in overdoses may occasion dangerous and even fatal symp- 
toms. Occasionally, a sophisticated root, that of Psychotria 
emetica, derived from New Granada, is found in the markets ; 
this is not annulated, but longitudinally striated, and contains 
less than half the quantity of emetia, found in the genuine 
root (10 J per cent.). 



230 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Effects and Uses. — In full doses, ipecacuanha is a mild and 
certain emetic, well adapted to the treatment of spasmodic 
croup and acute bronchitis in children, and to all cases where a 
simple evacuation of the stomach is desired. In smaller doses, 
it produces nausea, depression of the pulse, expectoration, and 
diaphoresis, and with these views it is employed in the treat- 
ment of pulmonary affections, dysentery, and inflammatory dis- 
orders generally. In still smaller doses, it is useful as a tonic 
and stomachic. Ipecacuanha was first introduced as a remedy 
in dysentery, and, after being for a time laid aside, has been 
again recently used with marked success. 

Administration. — Dose, as an emetic, gr. xv to gr. xx, often 
combined with a grain of tartar emetic ; as a nauseant, gr. ss 
to gr. ij, three or four times a day ; as an expectorant or dia- 
phoretic, gr. J to gr. J, repeated ; as a tonic, gr. y 1 ^, repeated. 
The fluid extract is used as an addendum to expectorant and 
diaphoretic mixtures, a fluidounce representing an ounce of the 
root ; as an emetic, dose f 5ss-i ; the wine (vinum ipecacuanha?), 
contains two fluidounces of fluid extract in 30 fluidounces of 
sherry wine ; dose, as an emetic, f 5ss-i ; one part of fluid ex- 
tract, mixed with fifteen parts of simple syrup, makes Syrupus 
Ipecacuanha*, an excellent preparation for children — f^j, con- 
taining gr. xxx of ipecacuanha ; for a child a year or two old, 
f5ss-j, may be given as an emetic, and v-xx drops, as an ex- 
pectorant. Pulvis Ipecacuanha? Compositus, Compound Pow- 
der of Ipecacuanha, or Dover's Powder (see Opium, p. 58). 
Troches of Ipecacuanha contain also arrow-root,' sugar, and 
tragacanth (ipecacuanha and tragacanth each two drachms, 
arrow-root two troyounces, sugar eight troyounces, made into 
a mass with syrup of orange peel, which is to be divided into 
480 troches, each containing one-third of a grain of ipecacu- 
anha). 

SAKGUINARIA — BLOODROOT. 

The rhizome of Sanguinaria Canadensis, or Bloodroot {Nat. 
Ord. Papaveracese), a small, indigenous plant, with radical, 
cordate, lobate leaves, and a handsome, white, eight-petalled 
flower, which appears in early spring — is usually classed with 






BL00D1100T. 



231 



emetics. When dried, it is in flattened pieces, much wrinkled 
and contorted, of a reddish-brown colour, with a faint narcotic 
odour, and a bitterish, very acrid taste. It yields its virtues 
to water and alcohol, and loses them rapidly by keeping. An 
active alkaline principle, sanguinarina (C 3r H 64 N 4 8 ), has been 



Fig. 20. 



/A 




obtained from it, which possesses the properties of the root, and 
two other alkaloids have been discovered in it. 

Effects and Uses. — Bloodroot is an acrid emetic, and, in ; 
large doses, an acro-narcotic poison. Locally, it acts as an 



232 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



irritant, and upon fungous surfaces as an escharotic. It is not 
much used as an emetic ; but is occasionally employed with 
this view, in croup and diphtheria, or as a nauseant in pulmo- 
nary affections. Dose, as an emetic, gr. x to xx, in pill ; or in 
infusion (half a troyounce to boiling water Oj — not officinal), 
of which fgss is the dose. Tincture (four troyounces to diluted 
alcohol Oij) — dose, as an emetic, f5iij or iv ; as an expectorant, 
30 to 60 drops. The Vinegar (Acetum) is of the same strength 
as the tincture. 



EUPHORBIA COROLLATA — LARGE FLOWERING SPURGE. 

Fig. 21. 




Euphorbia Ipecacuanha (Ipecacuanha Spurge). The roots 
of these indigenous plants (Nat. Ord. Euphorbiacese), possess 
emetic properties; but they are apt to operate on the bowels, 
a: d, in overdoses, prove extremely violent. Dose, gr. x to xv. 



MINERAL EMETICS. 233 

GILLENIA. 

Gillenia trifoliata, Indian Physic, or American Ipecacuanha 
(Nat. Ord. Rosacese), is an indigenous herbaceous plant, with 
a perennial root, consisting of a number of fibres, arising from 
a tuber ; one or more stems, two or three feet high, of a red- 
dish-brown colour ; trifoliate leaves ; and white flowers, with a 
tinge of red. West of the Allegheny Mountains, another 
species, G. stipulacea, is found, which is identical with the tri- 
foliata in its properties, and is distinguished from it by having 
its lower leaves pinnatifid. The officinal portion of both is the 
root. As found in the shops, it consists of pieces not thicker 
than a quill, wrinkled, of a reddish-brown colour, and composed 
of an easily separable and pulverizable cortical portion, and a 
comparatively inert internal ligneous cord, which should be 
rejected. The bark has a feeble odour, and a nauseous, bitter 
taste, and makes a light brownish powder. 

Effects and Uses. — Gillenia is a safe and efficacious emetic, 
resembling ipecacuanha in its action, and, like it, in small 
doses proves a useful diaphoretic, expectorant, tonic, &c. 
Dose, as an emetic, gr. xxx ; as an expectorant or diaphoretic, 
gr. ij to iv ; and as a tonic, gr. J. 

Sinapis (Mustard). The powdered seeds of Sinapis nigra 
and Sinapis alba (Nat. Ord. Brassicacese), in doses of from a 
teaspoonful to a tablespoonful, are very useful emetics, par- 
ticularly in atonic conditions of the stomach. 

Tobacco and Lobelia act as emetics in large doses, but 
their employment is attended with danger, owing to the great 
prostration which they produce (see pp. 71, 73). Squill also 
possesses emetic powers, but it is too irritating for use in this 
respect. 

MINERAL EMETICS. 

Tartar Emetic. Dose, gr. j to gr. ij (see p. 210). 
Sulphate of Zinc. Dose, gr. x to gr. xx (see p. 150). 
Sulphate of Copper. Dose, gr. iij to gr. v (see p. 149). 
Alum. Dose, a teaspoonful (see p. 183). 



234 



MATE! 



ORDER II. — CATHARTICS. 



Cathartics (from K a6aipu, I purge), termed also purgatives, are 
medicines which produce evacuations from the bowels. Some 
operate by increasing the peristaltic motion of the intestines ; 
others stimulate the mucous follicles and exhalants, and occa- 
sion watery evacuations, whence they are termed hydragogues. 
The more violent of the hydragogues, if given in overdoses, 
produce inflammation of the alimentary canal, characterized by 
violent vomiting and purging, abdominal pain and tenderness, 
cold extremities, and sinking pulse. From their activity, they 
are denominated drastics. Different cathartics affect different 
parts of the alimentary canal unequally, some acting more par- 
ticularly on the upper portion, some on the lower, and others 
affecting all parts equally. Mercurial preparations purge 
chiefly by inducing a flow of bile from the liver. 

Cathartics may be arranged into five groups : 1. Laxatives, 
which gently evacuate the contents of the bowels, without 
causing any obvious irritation, or affecting the general system. 

2. Saline cathartics, which increase both the peristaltic action 
of the bowels and the effusion of fluids from the mucous surface, 
but are devoid of any excitant action on the general system, 
and are therefore adapted to the treatment of febrile and in- 
flammatory cases. 3. Mild acrid cathartics, which are acrid, 
but not sufficiently violent in their local action to cause inflam- 
mation. 4. Drastics, comprising the more powerful and irri- 
tating cathartics, which, in large doses, act as acrid poisons. 
5. Mercurial cathartics. 

Cathartics are employed therapeutically, — 1. To evacuate 
the bowels in constipation, and remove noxious matters, as re- 
tained feces, undigested food, morbid secretions, worms, poisons, 
&c. 2. To depurate the blood, as in typhus fever, uraemia, &c. 

3. To relieve inflammation, congestion, and plethora, by the 
depletion of the bloodvessels, which results from increased se- 
cretion and exhalation from the gastro-intestinal canal. 4. To 
promote absorption. 5. To affect remote organs, particularly 



LAXATIVES. 235 

the brain, through the agency of revulsion and counter-irrita- 
tion. 6. To stimulate the secretion of the liver and pancreas, 
by irritating the orifice of the ductus communis choledochus. 
7. In the treatment of diarrhoea. 8. To relieve spasm of the 
bowels. 9. To restore the catamenia, by the irritating influ- 
ence which they exert on the pelvic vessels. The more active 
cathartics are contraindicated in cases of inflammation or 
ulceration of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, peritoni- 
tis, the advanced stages of typhoid fever, pregnancy, &c. 

The operation of cathartics is promoted by the addition of 
small doses of emetics and of the bitters. By combining those 
which act upon different portions of the alimentary canal, their 
operation is rendered less irritant, without any diminution of 
purgative efficiency. The griping and nauseating tendency of 
the drastic cathartics may be corrected by the addition of aro- 
matics ; carbonic acid water is a grateful vehicle for adminis- 
tering the saline preparations. Cathartics operate most speedily 
and favourably when given on an empty stomach, and suscepti- 
bility to their action is diminished during sleep, and increased 
by exercise. Mild diluent beverages promote their operation. 
In the event of hypercatharsis, opium should be administered 
by the mouth or rectum. 

LAXATIVES. 

Several articles of diet have a laxative operation on the 
bowels, and are useful in cases of habitual costiveness, as most 
of the ripe and dried fruits, — particularly tamarinds, peaches, 
apples, raisins, figs, and prunes, — West India molasses, honey, 
bran, cracked wheat, Indian and oatmeal, &c. 

The following medicinal substances are usually arranged 
under the head of laxatives, and are employed in cases where 
we wish to open the bowels with the least possible irritation, — 
as in children and pregnant women, in inflammations or surgi- 
cal operations about the abdomen and pelvis, in typhoid fever, 
hernia, piles, affections of the rectum or womb, &c. 



236 MATERIA MEDICA. 



TAMARINDUS — TAMARIND. 

This is the preserved fruit of Tamarindus Indica {Nat. 
Ord. Fabaceae), a large tree of the East Indies, extensively cul- 
tivated also in the tropical portions of America. It comes to 
the United States chiefly from the West Indies. The preserved 
pods, as found in the shops, consist of a dark-coloured adhesive 
mass, formed of pulp, fragments of the pods, seeds, and syrup, 
of a sweetish acidulous taste. They contain a good deal of 
citric acid, with some tartaric and a little malic acid. An 
infusion of the pulp (half an ounce to a pint of boiling water), 
sweetened, makes a pleasant refrigerant and laxative drink ; 
half an ounce to an ounce of the pulp is a good laxative. It 
enters into the confection of senna. 



MANNA. 

Manna is the concrete, saccharine exudation, m flakes, of 
Fraxinus ornus, and of Fraxinus rotundifolia [Nat. Ord. Olea- 
ceae), small trees of Sicily and southern Italy. It is obtained 
from incisions into the stems of the trees. The best kind is 
produced during the height of the season, when the juice flows 
vigorously, and from the upper stems, where it is less fatty. It 
is called flake manna or manna cannulata, and consists of 
pieces from one to six inches long, one to two inches wide, and 
from half an inch to an inch thick, of irregular form, but more 
or less stalactitic, hollowed out on one side (from the shape of 
the tree or substance on which they are concreted), of a white 
or yellowish-white colour, an odour like that of honey, and a 
sweet, afterwards rather acrid taste. A commoner manna, 
called common manna, or manna in sorts, is obtained from in- 
cisions later in the season, and from the lower stems. It 
occurs in small pieces, which seldom exceed an inch in length, 
and are softer, more viscid, and darker than the flake manna. 
A still inferior variety is termed fat manna, and consists of 
small, soft, viscid fragments, of a dirty, yellowish brown 



EXPRESSED OIL OF ALMOND. 237 

colour, mixed with a few pieces of the flake manna. Manna is 
soluble in both water and alcohol, and contains a white, crys- 
talline, saccharine principle, termed mannite (C 6 H 14 6 ), not 
susceptible of alcoholic fermentation (found also in mushrooms, 
the olive tree, and other plants), some sugar, and a resin, to 
which it probably owes most of its purgative effect. 

Effects and Uses. — In moderate doses, manna is nutritive ; 
in larger, mildly laxative. It is principally given to children, 
to whom its sweet taste renders it acceptable ; and it is some- 
times combined with the more active cathartics. It may be 
taken in substance, or dissolved in warm milk or water. Dose 
for an adult, gj to gij ; for children, 5j to §iij. 



CASSIA FISTULA — PURGING CASSIA. 

This is the fruit of Cassia Fistula (Nat. Ord. Fabacese), a 
large tree of Egypt and the East Indies, now naturalized in 
the West Indies and South America. It consists of long, 
woody, dark-brown pods, about an inch in diameter, and nearly 
two feet in length, which contain numerous seeds imbedded in, 
a soft black pulp. The pulp is the part used, and has a faint, 
nauseous odour, and a sweet, rather pleasant, mucilaginous 
taste. It is, in small doses, a mild, agreeable laxative, but its 
chief use is as an ingredient in the Confection of Senna. Dose, 
5j to gj. 

Oleum Oliv^e (Olive Oil). The well known fixed oil ob- 
tained from the fruit of Olea Europsea, or Olive Tree (Nat 
Ord. Oleaceae), is nutritive, demulcent, emollient, and laxa- 
tive. It is frequently prescribed as a constituent of laxative 
enemata. 

Oleum Amygdalae Expressum (Expressed Oil of Almond), 
is used for the same purposes as olive oil. 



238 MATERIA MEDICA. 



OLEUM RICINI — CASTOR OIL. 

Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained from the seed of 
Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi (Nat. Ord. Euphorbiaceae), 
a small perennial tree of India, now naturalized in many warm 
climates, and cultivated extensively in the United States. In 
this country, it is an annual plant, about five or six feet in 
height, with round, thick-jointed, furrowed stems, of a purplish 
colour above ; large peltato-palmate leaves, divided into seven 
or nine segments, on long round footstalks ; and prickly, three- 
celled capsules, with a seed in each cell. The seeds are ovate, 
about the size of a small bean, and of a gray colour, marbled 
with reddish-brown spots and stripes. They possess considerable 
acridity, and, in large quantities, have produced death. They 
consist of a thin outer pellicle, an inner, hard, blackish shell — 
both of which are inert — and a white oleaginous kernel, which 
contains the acrid principle. 

Castor oil is obtained by expression, by decoction, and by 
the agency of alcohol. The first method is the best, and is 
that which is pursued in this country, where large quantities 
are made both for home consumption and exportation; heat 
should not be employed in preparing it, as it renders it 
rancid. Thus procured, it is nearly colourless, or of a pale- 
yellow colour, of a thick viscid consistence, a faint, unpleasant 
odour, and a mild, nauseous taste, and becomes rancid and 
thick by exposure to the air. It is not soluble in water, but 
is extremely soluble in alcohol, readily so in ether, and forms 
soaps with alkalies. Its composition is not well understood; 
its constituents would seem to be mainly ricinolein (a saponifi- 
able oil resembling olein), and a little stearin and palmitin. 

Effects and Uses. — Castor oil is a mild and tolerably certain 
laxative, operating, when pure, without uneasiness in the 
bowels. It is admirably adapted to all cases where a free 
evacuation of the bowels is desired, without abdominal irrita- 
tion, as in dysentery, pregnancy, typhoid fever, &c, and is an 
excellent purgative for children. The leaves are said to possess 



SULPHUR. 239 

galactagogue properties, and are applied to the breasts, in the 
form of decoction, to induce the secretion of milk. 

Admi?iistration. — For adults the dose is f Sss to f Sj ; for 
children f§j to f§ss. To cover its unpleasant flavour, it is 
sometimes taken floating on spirit, coffee, mint-water, com- 
pound spirit of ether, &c, or made into an emulsion, or 
mixed with the froth of porter or a little oil of bitter almonds. 

Flaxseed Oil and Melted Butter are laxative in the 
same doses as castor oil. 

SULPHUR. 

Sulphur exists in both kingdoms of nature. It is procured 
by the purification of native sulphur, and by the decomposition 
of the native sulphurets. The sulphur of commerce is gene- 
rally obtained in the former way, chiefly from Sicily, and is 
termed crude sulphur; it comes also from Romagna in Italy, 
and from California, and very recently, considerable deposits 
of sulphur have been found in the island of Saba, one of the 
Dutch West Indies. After importation, it is purified by subli- 
mation, and is known as sublimed sulphur — sulphur subli- 
matum. It is sometimes sublimed in the form of an impalpable 
powder, when it is called the flowers of sulphur. Sometimes it 
is cast in wooden moulds and forms the roll sulphur or brim- 
stone of commerce. Sublimed sulphur contains more or less 
sulphuric acid, and for medicinal use, it is further purified by 
washing, when it constitutes the Sulphur Lotum or Washed 
Sulphur of the Pharmacopoeia. As met with in the shops, it 
is a fine bright-yellow powder, with a feeble odour and taste, 
insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, 
alkaline solutions, and the oils: and, when perfectly pure, it is 
wholly volatilized by heat, and ought not to change the colour 
of litmus paper. 

Effects and Uses. — In small and repeated doses, sulphur is 
a gentle stimulant to the skin and mucous membranes ; and in 
larger doses, it acts as a mild purgative, without exciting the 
pulse or occasioning griping. It is probably absorbed by being 



240 MATERIA MEDICA. 






converted in the small intestine, by the alkali of the bile, into a 
sulphide; after its continued use. the intestinal gases give off 
sulphuretted hydrogen. It is employed in the cases to which 
laxatives are applicable, and also as an alterative diaphoretic 
in chronic cutaneous diseases, rheumatism, and gout, and as an 
expectorant in pulmonary affections. It is considered a spe- 
cially useful laxative in hemorrhoids. To increase its cathartic 
effect, it is often combined with cream of tartar or magnesia. 
Externally, it is a valuable remedy in various skin diseases, 
particularly scabies. 

Administration. — Dose, 5j to Siij or 5iv, in syrup, treacle, 
or milk. Externally, it is applied in the form of vapour-bath 
or ointment. Unguentum Sulphuris consists of one part of 
sulphur and two parts of lard, rubbed together until thoroughly 
mixed. 

Sulphur Pr^ecipitatum [Precipitated Sulphur, or Lac Sul- 
phuris), is prepared by boiling together sulphur, slaked lime, 
and water, and afterwards precipitating the sulphur by muriatic 
acid. It is a finer and softer powder than sublimed sulphur, is 
of a paler yellow colour, with a grayish tint, and is not gritty 
between the teeth. When exposed to the air, however, it is 
liable to become contaminated with sulphuric acid, and, as 
found in commerce, it is often adulterated with sulphate of 
calcium. Its effects, uses, and doses, are the same as those of 
sublimed sulphur. 

Potassii Sulphuretum (Sulphuret of Potassium), or Liver 
of sulphur is prepared by rubbing together one part of dried 
sulphur with two parts of carbonate of potassium, afterwards 
melting the mixture, and pouring it when cold into a bottle. 
Its composition is variable and uncertain. When freshly and 
carefully prepared, it is of a liver colour, has an acrid, alkaline, 
disagreeable taste, and forms an orange-yellow solution with 
water. This salt and the other sulphides probably act like 
sulphur; they are perhaps in part decomposed by the acids of 
the stomach, but any liberated sulphur must be again combined 
with the alkali of the bile. Taken in large quantities, the 
potassium sulphuret is considered to be a corrosive poison, 



MAGNESIA. 241 

capable of producing fatal gastro-enteric inflammation. The 
sulphides are considered to be expectorant, diaphoretic, and 
alterative. They have been especially recommended in the 
scrofulous abscesses of children — the sulphide of calcium being 
preferred; dose, for an adult, 2 to 10 grains, several times a 
day. They are used externally in scaly skin diseases, in the 
form o^ointment (5ss to 5i of lard), and of baths. 

SALINE CATHARTICS. 
MAGNESIA. 

Magnesia, sometimes called calcined magnesia, from the 
mode in which it is prepared, is procured by exposing the car- 
bonate of magnesium to a red heat, till the carbonic acid is 
wholly expelled. It is a light, fine, white, colourless, odour- 
less powder (MgO), of a feeble earthy taste, very slightly solu- 
ble in water, and more soluble in cold than in hot water. 
Henry's Magnesia, a patent English medicine, has the advan- 
tage over the ordinary magnesia, of greater density and soft- 
ness, and more ready miscibility with water. Magnesia, pre- 
pared by Husband, and Ellis, of Philadelphia, is very similar 
in properties to Henry's. 

Effects and Uses. — Magnesia is antacid and laxative. A 
good deal of its cathartic effect is the result of its combination 
with the free acids of the stomach and intestines, in which 
soluble magnesian salts are formed. When taken in large quan- 
tities, and for too long a period, it sometimes accumulates in 
the bowels; and hence it is best to increase its solubility by 
giving it with lemonade. It is an excellent laxative where 
much acidity exists in the stomach ; and is particularly useful 
in infantile cases. As an antacid, it is employed in heartburn, 
sick headache, and nephritic complaints. Dose, as a laxative, 
5j ; as an antacid, 3j, in water or milk. Of Henry's, half the 
quantity. 

10 



242 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



MAGNESII CARBOXAS — CARBONATE OF MAGNESIUM. 

Carbonate of magnesium, sometimes called magnesia alba, is 
prepared by decomposing sulphate of magnesium with an alka- 
line carbonate. As found in the shops, it is a combination of 
carbonate of magnesium and hydrate of magnesium, (3MgC0 3 , 
Mg2HO,4H 2 0). It occurs in the form of light, white, cubical 
cakes or powder ; is inodorous, almost insipid, and nearly in- 
soluble in water, but soluble in carbonic acid water. 

Its effects and uses are nearly the same as those of calcined 
magnesia; but, from its effervescence with the acids of the 
stomach, it is apt to create flatulence, though sometimes, on 
this account, more acceptable to delicate stomachs. Dose, as 
a laxative, 5j to 5ij ; as an antacid, gr. x. 



MAGNESII SULPHAS — SULPHATE OF MAGNESIUM. 

This salt, commonly called Epsom Salt, from its having 
been first procured from the Epsom mineral water in England, 
occurs in native crystals, and is a constituent of sea-water and 
many saline springs. It is obtained in England from dolomite, 
or magnesian limestone ; and also from bittern, or the residual 
liquor of sea-water, from which common salt has been sepa- 
rated. In this country, it is extensively manufactured at Balti- 
more and Philadelphia, by the action of sulphuric acid on mag- 
nesite, the silicious hydrate of magnesium. It is usually met 
with in small acicular crystals, which are colourless, transpa- 
rent, and odourless, but have an extremely bitter taste. They 
effloresce on exposure to the air, are very soluble in water and 
insoluble in alcohol. The chemical composition of the salt is 
one equivalent of acid, one of magnesia, and seven of water of 
crystallization (MgS0 4 ,7H 2 0). 

Effects and Uses. — Epsom Salt is a mild, safe refrigerant 
purgative, which, from its cheapness, is by far the most com- 
monly employed of all cathartics. It is sometimes combined 
with senna, sometimes with the bitter infusions, and is most 
agreeably administered in solution in carbonic acid water. 
Dose, Sj. 



SULPHATE OF SODIUM. 243 



LIQUOR MAGNESII CITRATIS — SOLUTION OF 
CITRATE OF MAGNESIUM. 

The citrate of magnesium is employed medicinally, only in 
solution, with a slight excess of acid, and in the effervescing 
state. It is prepared according to the following formula : 400 
grains of citric acid are dissolved in 4 fluidounces of water, and 
in this solution 200 grains of carbonate of magnesium are 
stirred until dissolved ; this solution is filtered into a strong 
twelve-ounce bottle, containing 2 fluidounces of syrup of citric 
acid ; to this are added 40 grains of bicarbonate of potassium, 
and water enough nearly to fill the bottle, which must be closed 
with a cork, secured with twine ; the mixture must be occa- 
sionally shaken, to insure the solution of the bicarbonate. The 
effervescing solution has a pleasant acid taste, without any- 
thing disagreeable. It is a very grateful cathartic, and is much 
employed as a substitute for Epsom salt. Dose from a half to 
a whole bottle. 



SODII SULPHAS — SULPHATE OF SODIUM. 

Sulphate of sodium, commonly called Glauber's Salt, is a con- 
stituent of many mineral springs, and is prepared in various 
chemical processes. It occurs as a residuum in the manufac- 
ture of muriatic acid, made by adding sulphuric acid to chloride 
of sodium ; and it is obtained from sea-water in the winter 
season. It is found in colourless, six-sided, very efflorescent 
crystals, which are inodorous, but have a cooling, saline, very 
bitter taste. It is soluble in water, more readily in hot than 
in cold water, and is insoluble in alcohol. Its chemical compo- 
sition is one equivalent of soda, one of acid, and ten of water 
(Na 2 SO 4 ,10H 2 O). 

Its effects and uses are very similar to those of Epsom salt, 
but it is more bitter and nauseous, and is now little used. It 
has an anaplastic action on the blood. Dose, Sj ; in an efflo- 
resced state, Sss. 



244 MATERIA MEDICA. 



MANGANESII SULPHAS — SULPHATE OF MANGANESE. 

This salt is made by heating the native black oxide with 
concentrated sulphuric acid, and consists of one equivalent of 
sulphuric acid and one of protoxide of manganese (MnS0 4 ,5H 2 0). 
It occurs in rhombic, prismatic crystals, of a pale-rose or pink 
colour, transparent, and of an astringent, bitterish taste. It is 
very soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol. 

In its effects it is said to resemble Glauber s Salt, acting also 
as a cholagogue. Dose, as a purgative, 5i-ij- As a tonic, it 
has been given in doses of gr. v-xx. 



SODII PHOSPHAS — PHOSPHATE OF SODIUM. 

This salt is prepared by digesting powdered burnt bone with 
diluted sulphuric acid, and decomposing the resulting super- 
phosphate of calcium with carbonate of sodium. It occurs in 
large, rhombic, colourless, transparent, very efflorescent crystals 
(Na 2 HP0 4 ,12H 2 0), which are wholly soluble in water, and 
insoluble in alcohol, and have a pleasant saline- taste, resem- 
bling that of common salt. 

Effects and Uses. — Phosphate of sodium is a mild saline 
cathartic, well adapted, from its agreeable taste, to the cases 
of children and delicate persons, but too expensive for general 
use. It is a constituent of the blood in health, and has been 
recommended in cholera as a restorative of deficient saline 
matters, and also in diseases where there is a deficiency of 
phosphatic matter in the bones. Dose, as a cathartic, 5vj to 
5xij, in broth or soup ; as an alterative, 3j or 3ij, three or 
four times a day. 

POTASSII SULPHAS — SULPHATE OF POTASSIUM. 

This salt exists in both kingdoms of nature, and is obtained 
artificially from the residuum of the distillation of nitric acid 
from nitrate of potassium and sulphuric acid. It occurs in 



BITARTRATE OF POTASSIUM. 245 

small, hard, colourless, inodorous crystals (K 2 S0 4 ), of a saline, 
bitter taste, which have no water of crystallization, and are 
unalterable in the air. They are moderately soluble in water, 
and are insoluble in alcohol. 

Effects and Uses. — In small doses, it is considered a mild 
and safe cathartic ; but, in large doses, it has proved a violent 
and even fatal poison, producing symptoms of cholera. It is 
thought to act as a lactifuge, or represser of milk, and is 
administered with this view in France. Dose, as a cathartic, 
gr. xv to 5j, or ojj 5 but it is little employed in this country. 
From its hardness and dryness, it is useful to promote the 
trituration and division of powders, and for this purpose is 
employed in making Dover's powder. 



POTASSII BITARTRAS — BITARTRATE OF POTASSIUM. 

This salt, well known as Cream of Tartar, and termed also 
the acid tartrate of potassium, exists in many vegetable juices, 
particularly the juice of grapes, from which it is obtained. It 
is deposited in an impure form, during fermentation,, on the 
sides of wine-casks, and in this state occurs in crystalline 
cakes, of a reddish colour, known as argol or crude tartar. 
This is purified by solution and crystallization, and forms a 
white crystalline mass or powder, termed cream of tartar 
(KHC 4 H 4 6 ). It is without smell, has an acidulous and gritty 
taste, is very slightly soluble in water, and insoluble in alcohol ; 
when heated in a close vessel, it is converted into black flux, a 
compound of charcoal and carbonate of potassium. 

Effects and Uses. — In small doses, it is diuretic and refrige- 
rant ; in larger doses, cathartic ; and in excessive doses, it will 
produce gastro-intestinal inflammation. It is employed to form 
a refrigerant drink, and as a gentle aperient, in fevers ; and 
as a diuretic and hydragogue cathartic in dropsies. Dose, as 
an aperient, 5j or 5ij ; as a cathartic, 5ss to oj ; as a diuretic, 
3j to 5j, m repeated doses. It enters into the compound 
powder of jalap. 



246 MATERIA MEDICA. 

POTASSII TARTRAS — TARTRATE OF POTASSIUM. 

This salt, formerly called Soluble Tartar, is obtained by 
saturating the excess of acid in cream of tartar with carbonate 
of potassium. It occurs in white deliquescent crystals or grains, 
(K 2 C 4 H 4 6 ), of a saline, somewhat bitter taste, and is very 
soluble in water. It consists of two equivalents of potassa and 
one of acid. . It is a gentle cathartic and diuretic, at present 
not much used. Dose, §ss to §j. 



POTASSII ET SODII TARTRAS — TARTRATE OF POTAS- 
SIUM AND SODIUM. 

This salt, commonly called Rochelle Salt, is made by satu- 
rating the excess of acid in cream of tartar with carbonate of 
sodium. It occurs in large, transparent, colourless, prismatic, 
slightly efflorescent crystals, of a mildly saline and bitter taste, 
readily soluble in cold water, and still more so in hot water 
(KNaC 4 H 4 6 ,4H 2 0). It is a mild and pleasant aperient, well 
adapted to gouty cases, and cases of uric acid lithiasis, but it 
renders the urine alkaline, and should not therefore be given 
to persons suffering with phosphatic deposits in the urine. 
Dose, §ss to Sj. It is usually exhibited in the form of Pulve- 
res JEffervescentes Aperientes {Aperient Effervescing Powders), 
or Seidlitz Powders, which consist of Rochelle salt (5ij) and 
bicarbonate of sodium (3ij), in a blue paper, and tartaric acid 
(gr. xxxv), in a white paper. They are taken, dissolved in 
half a pint of water, while the liquid is in a state of efferves- 
cence, and form a very agreeable, mild aperient. They should 
not be kept in a damp place. 



MILD ACRID CATHARTICS. 
RHEUM — RHUBARB. 



Rhubarb is the root of Rheum palmatum, and of other 
species of Rheum (Nat. Ord. Polygonacese). It is not known 



RHUBARB. 247 

with certainty what species yields the officinal rhubarb, but it 
is attributed by most writers to R. palmatum, a perennial plant, 
with large, roundish, cordate, half-palmate leaves, growing spon- 
taneously in Chinese Tartary and Mongolia, and cultivated in 
Europe and this country, together with several other varieties, 
for the leaf-stalks, which make excellent tarts. Rhubarb roots 
are prepared for the market by being cleansed, deprived of their 
cortical portion, cut into pieces, pierced through their centre, 
strung upon a cord, and dried in the sun. Three principal 
sorts were long known : Chinese, Russian or Turkey, and 
European. The first two were obtained, by different routes, 
from Central Asia. 1. Chinese rhubarb is the common variety, 
and is imported principally from Canton ; it is said to be de- 
rived from Rh. officinale, It occurs in roundish pieces, some- 
times flattened, of a dirty brownish-yellow colour externally 
(the cortical portion apparently scraped off), having a ragged 
fracture (which presents red, yellowish and white veins), and 
it is often perforated with holes, with portions of the cord on 
which it was dried occasionally remaining. It has a peculiar 
odour, an astringent, somewhat bitter taste, is gritty when 
chewed, and tinges the saliva of a yellow colour ; its powder is 
yellowish, with a reddish-brown tinge. 2. Russian rhubarb had 
probably the same source as the Chinese, but it was selected 
with greater care, and was rigorously inspected by the Russian 
government. It was carried in caravans through Russia to St. 
Petersburg, whence it was exported. The pieces are irregular 
in shape, and are often angular, from the cortical portion having 
been cut off and not scraped. They are less heavy and com- 
pact than the Chinese, of a livelier colour both externally and 
internally, and are perforated with larger holes, which have 
been made for the purpose of inspection. The taste and smell 
are very like those of the Chinese, but are more aromatic ; the 
powder is bright yellow. Russian rhubarb has, however, within 
a few years past disappeared as an article of commerce, the 
Russian government having abandoned the inspection long 
practised on the frontiers of Bucharia, whence the supply was 
derived. 3. European rhubarb is of uncertain quality, and is 



248 MATERIA MEDICA. 

seldom found in the shops. The kind most frequently met 
with is English rhubarb, which is thought to be derived from 
Rh. Rhaponticum, and generally comes in pieces five or six 
inches long, and about an inch thick, and is called stick rhu- 
barb. It is lighter, more spongy, and redder than the Asiatic 
varieties, with a feebler odour and less bitter taste, and when 
broken exhibits a more compact and regular marbling ; lately, 
the production of English rhubarb has much increased, and its 
quality has improved. 

Rhubarb imparts its virtues to both water and alcohol, but 
they are impaired by long boiling. Its most important chemi- 
cal constituents are — ehrysophanic acid, a yellow, odourless, 
tasteless, granular substance ; two, or perhaps three resins, 
soluble in alcohol, and insoluble in water ; and bitter extractive. 
It is supposed that the therapeutical properties of the drug 
depend chiefly on the conjoint operation of these principles. 
It contains also tannic and gallic acids, sugar, pectin, oxalate 
of calcium, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — In small doses, rhubarb is an astringent 
tonic. In larger doses, it is a slow and mild cathartic, occa- 
sionally causing griping and accelerating the pulse, but never 
inflaming the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal like 
the drastics ; it tinges the milk and urine yellow. It is much 
employed as a purgative in diarrhoea, in which it is particularly 
useful from its secondary astringent effect, and in dyspepsia, 
attended with costiveness, where it acts both as a stomachic 
and laxative. It is not adapted to febrile or inflammatory 
cases. In the bowel complaints of children, rhubarb deservedly 
en j°y s S reat popularity, and it is also highly esteemed in infan- 
tile scrofula. Made into a cataplasm, and applied to the ab- 
domen, it acts as a purgative on children. 

Administration. — Dose, as a stomachic laxative, gr. v to gr. 
x ; as a purgative, 3j to 5j- The following are the officinal 
preparations : Infusion (5jj to boiling water Oss), dose, fSj to 
fSij, repeated ; Extract (alcoholic), dose, gr. x to gr. xxx ; 
Fluid Extract, dose, fSss, containing half a drachm of the root ; 
Tincture (giij to diluted alcohol Oij, with cardamom §ss) ; Tine- 



ALOES. 249 

hire of Rhubarb and Senna (containing rhubarb a troyounce, 
senna 120 grains, coriander and fennel each 60 grains, liquo- 
rice 30 grains, raisins 6 troyounces, to diluted alcohol Oiij, and 
popularly known as Warners Grout Cordial); Tincture of 
Rhubarb and Aloes and Tincture of Rhubarb and G-entian are 
no longer officinal ; the dose of all the tinctures is fSss to fgj, 
and they are chiefly adapted to low forms of disease and per- 
sons accustomed to the use of stimulants ; Pills of Rhubarb 
(rhubarb 72 grains, beaten with water into a pilular mass with 
soap 24 grains, and divided into 24 pills) ; Compound Pills 
of Rhubarb (rhubarb 48 grains, aloes 36 grains, myrrh 24 
grains, oil of peppermint 3 minims, beaten with water into a 
pilular mass, and divided into 24 pills) ; Compound Powder of 
Rhubarb (containing 2 parts of rhubarb, 6 parts of magnesia, 
and 1 part of ginger) ; Syrup (fluid extract 3 fluidounces mixed 
with syrup 29 fluidounces) ; Aromatic Syrup (rhubarb two troy- 
ounces and a half, cloves and cinnamon each half a troyounce, 
nutmeg 120 grains, percolated with diluted alcohol till a pint 
of tincture is obtained, and this mixed with six pints of syrup — 
much used in infantile cases under the name of Spiced Syrup 
of Rhubarb), dose for an infant f5i ; and wine (rhubarb two 
troyounces, canella 60 grains, Sherry wine 14 fluidounces, and 
diluted alcohol enough to make a pint — dose f5i— f§ss). Roast- 
ing impairs the cathartic power of rhubarb, and is said to in- 
crease its astringency. 

Juglans {Butternut). The inner bark of the root of 
Juglans cinerea, or Butternut (Nat. Ord. Juglandacese), an 
indigenous forest tree, possesses cathartic properties, resembling 
those of rhubarb. It is of a fibrous texture, a white colour, 
gradually changing to dark brown, a feeble odour, but a 
bitter, somewhat acrid taste. Dose of the bark, or of the 
extract, which is preferred, gr. x to gr. xxx. 

ALOE — ALOES. 

Aloes is the inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe 
spicata, Aloe Socotrina, Aloe vulgaris, and other species of 
Aloe {Nat. Ord. Liliacese), succulent, herbaceous plants, grow- 



250 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ing in warm countries. The finest kinds are obtained by 
exudation : those prepared by expression and by boiling are 
inferior. Three principal varieties are known in commerce : 
Cape, Socotrine, and Barbadoes aloes, the first two of which 
are the most used in the United States. 1. Cape aloes {aloe 
Capensis), which is much the most common, is obtained from 
the Cape of Good Hope, where it is collected indiscriminately 
from A. spicata and other species. It has a shining, resinous 
appearance, is of a deep-brown colour, with a greenish tint, 
translucent at its edges, and has a glossy or resinous fracture. 
Its powder is greenish-yellow ; its odour is strong and disa- 
greeable, but not nauseous. 2. Socotrine aloes (aloe Socotrina), 
when genuine, is the choicest variety. It is produced in the 
island of Socotra, and on the eastern coast of Africa, from A. 
Socotrina, and occurs in pieces of a yellowish or reddish-brown 
colour, becoming darker on exposure to the air, with a smooth 
and conchoidal fracture, the interior being lighter-coloured than 
the exterior. Its powder is golden-yellow ; its odour peculiar, 
but not unpleasant, and its taste bitter and disagreeable, but 
aromatic. Socotrine aloes should always be preferred, and is 
the variety directed by the Pharmacopoeia in all preparations 
into which aloes enters. Hepatic aloes is probably an inferior 
variety of Socotrine, and is seldom met with in our shops. It 
is of a reddish-brown colour, but darker and less glossy than 
the Socotrine. 3. Barbadoes aloes {aloe Barbadensis), comes 
from the West Indies, the product chiefly of A. vulgaris ; it is 
imported in gourds. Its colour is not uniform, varying from 
a dark-brown or black to a liver colour. It has a dull frac- 
ture ; makes an olive-yellow powder ; and is distinguishable by 
its particularly disagreeable, nauseous odour. The taste of all 
the varieties of aloes is intensely bitter, and very tenacious. 

Aloes yields its virtues to water and alcohol. A proximate 
neutral, crystalline principle, termed aloin, has been extracted 
from it, which was at one time supposed to be the cathartic 
principle ; but it is now believed that this is a soluble, brown, 
uncrystallizable substance which is found largely in aloes. 

Effects and Uses. — Aloes, in small doses, is tonic, and, in 
large doses, purgative. As a cathartic, it is remarkable for the 



ALOES. 251 

slowness of its operation, and its special action on the large intes- 
tine and the pelvic viscera generally. Hence, it is objectionable 
in cases of disease of the genito-urinary apparatus, pregnancy, 
&c. ; and, on the other hand, is useful in amenorrhcea. It 
stimulates the hepatic secretion also. It is principally em- 
ployed in cases of dyspepsia, accompanied by costiveness, 
dependent on a torpid condition of the large intestine or liver. 
It is also useful as a revulsive in cerebral affections, and has 
proved efficacious as an anthelmintic. It was once thought 
that it was objectionable in hemorrhoids, but, this affection 
being now considered to depend upon relaxation of the veins 
of the rectum, aloes has been administered in it, upon theo- 
retical views, and with very good results. As a purgative, it 
holds an intermediate rank between rhubarb and senna. 

Administration. — Dose, gr. v to gr. x-xx, in pill ; it is usu- 
ally given in combination with other cathartics. Aloes is so 
often mixed with impurities, that, for medicinal use, it is best 
employed under the form of aloe purifieata (purified aloes), 
which is prepared by straining and evaporating an alcoholic 
solution of Socotrine aloes. The officinal preparations are: 
Pills of Aloes, consisting of equal parts of aloes and soap, one 
pill containing two grains of aloes ; Pills of Aloes and Mastic, 
four parts of aloes to one part of mastic and red rose, each, (the 
Lady Webster pill, each containing two grains of aloes) ; Pills 
of Aloes and Assafetida, consisting of 32 grains each of aloes, 
assafetida, and soap, divided into 24 pills, useful in flatulent 
constipation ; Pills of Aloes and Myrrh, or Rufuss Pills, 
aloes four parts, myrrh two parts, and aromatic powder one 
part, made into pills with syrup, employed in amenorrhea, each 
pill containing 2 grains of aloes ; Powder of Aloes and Qanella, 
known as hiera picra, four parts of aloes to one of canella ; 
Tincture (a troyounce to alcohol Oss, distilled water Ojss, with 
liquorice three troyounces), dose, fgss to fgjss ; Tincture of 
Aloes and Myrrh (aloes and myrrh each three troyounces to 
two pints of alcohol) ; Wine of Aloes (aloes a troyounce, carda- 
mom and ginger each 60 grains, to a pint of Sherry wine) ; 
Suppositories of Aloes contain each two grains of aloes — they 
may be used with a view to the removal of ascarides. 



252 MATERIA MEDICA. 

LEPTANDRA. 

The root of Leptandra Virginica, Culver's Root, or Culver's 
Physic {Nat Ord. Scrophulariaceae), an herbaceous, perennial 
plant, three or four feet high, with leaves in whorls, and a long 
spike of white flowers, is now ranked as a valuable cholagogue 
cathartic. It consists of a dark-brown rhizome, from two to 
four lines in thickness, several inches in length, with numerous 
long slender radicals. The odour is feeble and disagreeable, 
the taste bitterish, and somewhat nauseous and acrid. Water 
and alcohol extract its virtues, which depend on a peculiar prin- 
ciple termed leptandrin. Dose of the powdered root, gr. xx 
to 5j ; of an impure resin (made by precipitating a tincture of 
the root), gr. ij-iv; a fluid extract also has been used. 

SENNA. 

Senna consists of the leaflets of several species of Cassia 
(Nat. Ord. Fabaceae), small shrubs, which grow in the tropical 
regions of Asia and Africa. The species recognized as offici- 
nal are C. acutifolia, C. obovata, and C. elongata ; and besides 
these, C. lanceolata, and C. iEthiopica, are also generally 
received as sources of the drug. The commercial varieties of 
senna, which are found in the United States, are the Alexan- 
dria, the Tripoli, the India, and the Mecca senna. 1. Alexandria 
senna, which comes from the port of this name in Egypt, is 
made up chiefly of the leaflets of C. acutifolia (which are yel- 
lowish-green, acute in shape, and less than an inch in length), 
intermingled with the pods, leafstalks, flowers, &c, of this 
plant. It contains also leaflets of C. obovata, known by their 
rounded, obtuse summits ; and is, moreover, occasionally adul- 
terated with the leaves of Cynanchum oleaefolium, distinguish- 
able, by their greater length, thickness, and firmness, from the 
genuine leaves. 2. Tripoli senna, brought from Tripoli, con- 
sists of the leaflets of C. iEthiopica, which are shorter, less 
acute, thinner, and more fragile than those of C. acutifolia, 
and are generally much broken up. 3. India senna is pro- 
duced in Arabia, but comes into commerce through the ports of 



SENNA. 253 

Hindostan. It consists of the leaflets, intermixed with the 
leafstalks and pods, of C. elongata, and is readily recognized 
by the long, narrow, pike-like shape, and dark hue of the leaf- 
lets. A finer variety of India senna, cultivated at Tinnevelly, 
in Hindostan, has been known for some years past, which is 
distinguishable from the common sort of India senna, by the 
bright-green colour of the leaflets. 4. Mecca senna is a variety 
lately introduced, and consists of leaflets, intermediate in length 
between those of C. acutifolia and C. elongata, and has in mass 
a yellowish, tawny hue. Its source is not known with certainty, 
but it is probably the product of C. lanceolata. Cassia obovata 
has been lately found growing wild in abundance in Jamaica. 

Commercial senna is prepared for use by separating the leaf- 
lets from the stalks, adulterations, &c. ; the pods possess 
cathartic properties, but are less active than the leaves. The 
odour of senna is faint and sickly; its taste, bitter, sweetish, 
and nauseous. It imparts its virtues to water and alcohol, its 
infusion being of a reddish-brown colour. The chemical com- 
position of senna has long been an unsettled point. By the 
latest analysis, it has been found to contain a glucoside, cathar- 
tic acid (C 180 H 192 N 4 SO 82 ), which is insoluble in water, stronger 
alcohol, and ether, but which enters readily into watery solution 
with alkaline and earthy bases, in which state it exists in 
senna ; this is actively cathartic. Catharto-mannite, sennepi- 
crin, and a reddish-brown compound, soluble in ether, re- 
sembling chrysophanic acid, have been also obtained ; and there 
is probably another purgative principle, which has not been 
isolated. 

Effects and Uses. — Senna is a prompt, efficient, and safe 
cathartic, well adapted to febrile and inflammatory cases ; it 
operates on the entire track of the intestinal canal, and pro- 
duces watery, fecuknt discharges. Its tendency to gripe may 
in a great measure be counteracted by combining aromatics or 
neutral salts with it; the addition of bitters promotes its 
cathartic activity. 

Administration. — The dose in powder is 5ss to 5ij ; hut it is 
usually given in infusion (a troyounce to boiling water Oj with 



254 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



coriander, 5j)> one-third for a dose, repeated. Oonfectio sennce 
(made with senna, coriander, sugar, figs, and pulps of prunes, 
tamarinds, and purging cassia), is an excellent mild cathartic, 
much used for pregnant women ; dose, 5ij- Of the fluid extract 
the dose is f5i to foss ; a fluid extract of spigelia and senna is 
used as an anthelmintic. 



CASSIA MARILANDICA — AMERICAN SENNA 
Fig. 22. 




Cassia Marilandica, American Senna, or Wild Senna (Nat. 
Ord. Fabacese), possesses cathartic properties similar to those 



JALAP. 255 

of imported senna, but is less active. It is an indigenous plant, 
common in the Southern and Western States, growing to the 
height of three or four feet, with alternate leaves, composed of 
from eight to ten pairs of oblong, lanceolate, pale-green leaf- 
lets, and bearing handsome golden-yellow flowers and a pendu- 
lous fruit two to four inches long. An infusion of the leaf- 
lets is given in doses one third larger than those of senna. 

SAMBUCUS — ELDER. 

Several portions of Sambucus Canadensis, our indigenous 
common elder (Wat. Orel. Caprifoliacese), a well-known shrub, 
from six to ten feet high, found in all the Atlantic States, pos- 
sess medicinal properties. The flowers, which are officinal, are 
employed internally as a diaphoretic ; externally as a discu- 
tient. The inner bark, which is without smell, and has a 
taste at first sweetish, afterwards slightly bitter, acrid, and 
nauseous, and contains a resin, with valerianic acid, and other 
principles, is a hydragogue cathartic, and in large doses emetic. 
It is deemed a valuable remedy in dropsy, particularly in 
dropsy dependent on albuminuria, in which affection specific 
alterative virtues are attributed to it. It is given in decoction 
(an ounce boiled with two pints of water to a pint) ; dose, fgiv. 
An infusion in cider is popularly employed. 



DRASTIC CATHARTICS. 
J AL APA — JALAP. 

Jalap is the tuber of Ipomsea Jalapa or Exogonium purga, 
(Wat. Ord. Convolvulacese), a climbing plant of Mexico, which 
derives its name from the city of Jalapa, near Vera Cruz. 
The tubers are imported usually entire, but sometimes in slices. 
When entire, they vary in size and shape from a walnut to a 
large pear, are hard and heavy — externally, brown and wrinkled, 
and internally, grayish, with brown, concentric rings ; they are 
often furrowed with vertical incisions, made to promote drying. 



256 MATERIA MEDICA. 

They have a heavy, rather nauseous smell, and a sweetish, sub- 
acrid, disagreeable taste. They yield their virtues partly to 
water, partly to alcohol, and completely to diluted alcohol. In 
the shops, jalap is kept in the state of powder, which is of a 
yellowish-gray colour. Its active principle is a peculiar resin, 
which consists of two portions, both of which are cathartic, one 
soft and soluble in ether, the other, which has been termed 
rJiodeoretin, insoluble in ether ; it contains also gum and starch, 
which is apt to be attacked by worms, the worm-eaten pieces 
becoming thus the most active. 

Effects and Uses. — Jalap is a powerful hydragogue cathar- 
tic, operating with great promptness, and often causing much 
pain. In overdoses, it may produce dangerous hypercatharsis. 
It is employed as a hydragogue in dropsy, when it is often com- 
bined with cream of tartar; as a revulsive in cerebral and other 
aifections, and to increase the activity of calomel in bilious 
fever. Dose, gr. xv to xxx; in combination, gr. x. Of the 
extract, which is made with alcohol and water, and contains 
the resin and gum, the dose is one-half that of jalap. Thecom- 
pound powder of jalap (pulvis jalapce compositus), contains one 
part of jalap and two parts of cream of tartar. The resin is 
extracted by solution in alcohol, and afterwards precipitated 
from the tincture by water (16 troyounces of jalap percolated with 
alcohol to a pint and a half, then reduced to six fluidounces 
by distillation, and precipitated with seven pints of water); 
dose, from four to eight grains. The tincture (six troyounces 
to alcohol, diluted with one-half a measure of water, Oij), is 
added to cathartic mixtures. Dose, foi-foss. 



PODOPHYLLUM — MAY-APPLE. 

Podophyllum peltatum, May-apple or Mandrake {Nat. Ord. 
Eanunculacese), is a very common indigenous, herbaceous plant, 
with a long creeping, perennial root, and an upright stem about 
a foot high, separating at the top into two petioles, each sup- 
porting a large peltate leaf, divided into five or six lobes. At 
the fork of the petioles, it bears a single flower, which appears 



MAY-APPLE. 



257 



in May, the fruit ripening in September. The rhizome, which is 
the part used, is found in the shops in wrinkled, jointed, cylindri- 
cal pieces, about two lines in diameter, of a brown colour exter- 
nally, and yellowish within. The powder is yellowish-gray, and 
has a sweetish smell; its taste is at first sweetish, afterwards 

Fig. 23. 




bitter, acrid, and nauseous. Diluted alcohol is the best solvent 
of podophyllum, which has been found to contain, with the 
alkaloid berberina, two resinous cathartic principles, both solu- 
ble in alcohol, but one only soluble in ether. 

Effects and Uses. — This is an active hydragogue cathartic, 
with an especial determination to the upper portion of the 
alimentary canal,, and a pretty decided cholagogue action, which 
is, however, probably produced by duodenal irritation. It 
is an ingredient in several cathartic nostrums. Dose, m powder 

17 



258 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



3j ; of the extract (prepared with alcohol and diluted alcohol), 
gr. v to gr. xv ; of the resin (made in the same way as the 
resin of jalap, except that the water, used to precipitate the 
resin from its alcoholic solution, is previously mixed with two 
fluidrachms of muriatic acid), gr. \ to gr. j. 



SCAMMONIUM — SCAMMONY. 

Scammony is a resinous exudation from the root of Con- 
volvulus Scammonia (Nat. Ord. Convolvulacege), a twining 
plant of Syria. The finest kind is the product of exudation 
from the sliced root ; but most of the drug which reaches us is 
probably obtained by expression. It comes from the Levant. 
Genuine scammony, termed Virgin Scammony, occurs in light, 
irregular, friable pieces, of various shades of colour from dark- 
ash to dark-olive, covered with a whitish-gray powder, and 
breaking with a bright-greenish fracture ; they should not effer- 
vesce with an acid. The scammony of the shops, which is 
always more or less adulterated, is in hard, heavy, saucer- 
shaped cakes, from four to six inches in diameter (sometimes 
broken into pieces), of a dark ash or slate colour. The powder 
is light-gray; the smell disagreeable, like that of old cheese, 
the taste at first feeble, afterwards bitterish and acrid. Scam- 
mony is a gum-resin, its active ingredient being resin, which 
constitutes from 80 to 90 per cent, of the weight of good scam- 
mony. Its proper solvents are alcohol and ether. 

A factitious scammony, made in France, and known as 
Montpelier Scammony, is occasionally imported into the United 
States. It is blacker than the genuine article, has a feeble, 
balsamic odour, and a very bitter, nauseous taste. 

^Effects and Uses. — Scammony is an energetic hydragogue 
cathartic, operating sometimes with great violence, and seldom 
given, except in combination with other cathartics. Dose, gr. 
v to gr. xv of the pure drug, gr. x to gr. xxx of the drug of 
the shops ; of the resin (made by digesting six troyounces of 
scammony with successive portions of boiling alcohol until ex- 
hausted, mixing the tinctures, afterwards reducing the mixture 






COLOCYNTH. 259 

to a syrupy consistence by distilling off the alcohol, and then 
precipitating with a pint of water), gr. iv to gr. viij. This is 
much used in the form of compound extract of colocynth. 

Helleborus {Black Hellebore). The root of Helleborus 
Niger, Black Hellebore, or Christmas Rose {Nat. Ord. Ranun- 
culacese), a mountainous European plant, at one time enjoyed 
much reputation as a hydragogue cathartic and emmenagogue; 
the small fibres, or roots, are about as thick as straw, and have 
a somewhat nauseous odour, and a bitter, unpleasant acrid taste; 
they contain two active principles, helleborin and helleborein 
/glucosides). Black hellebore is now little used, and only as 
an emmenagogue. Dose of the powdered root, gr. x to gr. xx ; 
of the extract {alcoholic), gr. v to gr. x ; of the tincture (four 
troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij) f5ss to f5j. 

COLOCYNTHIS — COLOCYNTH. 

Colocynth is the fruit (deprived of its rind) of Citrullus 
Colocynthis or bitter cucumber {Nat. Ord. Cucurbitaceae), an 
annual plant of the south of Europe and parts of Asia and 
Africa, resembling the common watermelon. The fruit has a 
thin, but hard rind, but is peeled and dried for exportation, 
and comes to us from the Levant. It consists of light, whitish, 
spongy balls, about the size of a small orange, filled with 
numerous seeds. For medicinal use, the pulp only is employed, 
and the seeds, which are inactive, are rejected. The pulp has 
a feeble odour, and a nauseous, intensely bitter taste. It yields 
its virtues to both water and alcohol, and contains a peculiar 
glucoside principle termed colocynthin, resin, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — Colocynth is a violent hydragogue 
cathartic, acting sometimes very harshly even in small doses, 
and in overdoses producing dangerous, and occasionally fatal 
enteric inflammation. Its chief use is to unload the bowels in 
obstinate constipation. The dose is gr. v to gr. x. It is sel- 
dom, however, administered alone. The extract {alcoholic), is 
made by depriving 48 troyounces of colocynth of seeds, grind- 



260 MATERIA MEDICA. 

insr, macerating in 8 pints of diluted alcohol for four days, 
expressing, percolating the residue with diluted alcohol till the 
tincture and expressed liquid measure 16 pints ; the alcohol 
is then recovered, and the residue evaporated to dryness and 
powdered. This is used chiefly in the preparation of the corn- 
pound extract, which is made by mixing three troyounces and 
a half of alcoholic extract, twelve troyounce's of purified aloes, 
three troyounces of resin of scammony, a troyounce and a 
half of cardamom, and three troyounces of soap ; this is a 
favourite prescription, but it is apt to gripe, and it is well to 
combine some aromatic with it, as a little oil of cloves or cap- 
sicum — dose, gr. v-x. 

GAMBOGIA — GAMBOGE. 

Gamboge is a gum-resin, procured from Garcinia morella, 
var. pedicellata (Nat. Ord. Guttiferse), a tree of Siam and 
Cochin-China. The juice is said to be collected, as it exudes 
from the wounded bark of the tree, in cocoa-nut shells, and is 
afterwards rolled into cylinders, or transferred to earthen jars 
to dry ; it is sometimes also received into the hollow joints of 
the bamboo. It is imported from Canton and Calcutta, and 
occurs in cylindrical rolls from one to three inches in diameter, 
of an orange colour, known as pipe gamboge, or in irregular 
masses (which are less pure), weighing two to three pounds or 
more, called cake or lump gamboge. Good gamboge is opaque, 
brittle, inodorous, nearly insipid, and breaks with a vitreous 
fracture ; its powder is bright-yellow. It is a gum-resin, form- 
ing a yellow, opaque emulsion with water, and a golden-yellow 
solution with alcohol ; it contains from 20 to 25 per cent, of 
gum, and from 75 to 80 per cent, of a resin termed gambogic 
and (C 20 H 23 O 4 ). 

Effects and Uses. — Gamboge is a powerful hydragogue, and 
in overdoses has proved fatal. Sometimes it vomits, and, in 
large amounts, has produced death merely from depression. 
It is employed in obstinate constipation — in dropsies, combined 
with cream of tartar or jalap — and has been given to destroy 






ELATERIUM. 261 

taenia. Dose, gr. ij to gr. vj. It is usually prescribed with 
other and milder cathartics, to promote and accelerate their 
action. Compound cathartic pills (pilulae catharticae compositae), 
are made bj mixing 32 grains of compound extract of colo- 
cynth, 24 grains of extract of jalap and calomel each, and 6 
grains of gamboge, and with water forming a pilular mass to 
be divided into 24 pills. Three of the pills, containing lOj 
grains of the mass, represent 4 grains of compound extract of 
colocynth, 3 of extract of jalap and calomel each, and f grain 
of gamboge. 

ELATERIUM. 

Elaterium is a substance deposited by the juice of the fruit 
of MomordicaElaterium, Ecbalium agreste, or Squirting Cucum- 
ber {Nat. Ord. Cucurbitaceae), an annual vine of the south of 
Europe now cultivated in England. The fruit has the shape 
of a small oval cucumber, and, when fully ripe, separates from 
the peduncle, and throws out its juice and seeds with consider- 
able force, through an opening in the base. Pure elaterium 
is obtained by slicing the fruit, and allowing the juice to drain 
through a sieve. The juice deposits a sediment, which dries 
in very light, thin, nearly flat, pulverulent, greenish-gray 
cakes, and is the genuine elaterium. It is almost inodorous, 
and has a bitter, acrid taste. The commercial elaterium, which 
is obtained chiefly from England, is made by expression. The 
drug is to be considered inferior when it is dark-coloured, much 
curled, and hard. Elaterium yields its virtues to alcohol and 
not to water. Its active principle is called elaterin, which 
crystallizes in colourless, shining, rhombic, six-sided tables, 
without smell, but of a bitter, sharp taste, insoluble in water, 
but readily soluble in alcohol (C 20 H 28 O 5 ) ; it proves powerfully 
cathartic in doses of ^ to ■£% of a grain. 

Effects and Uses. — Elaterium is a hydragogue cathartic of 
great violence of operation, and in overdoses has frequently 
proved fatal. It has also a diuretic action. It is a very effi- 
cient remedy in the treatment of dropsies, and is also a useful 
revulsive in cerebral affections ; but, in administering it, con- 



262 MATERIA MEDICA. 

siderable caution is required. Dose of the pure drug (termed 
Clutterbuck's elaterium), gr. J ; of the drug of the shops, gr. j 
to gr. ij ; but it is most safely given in divided doses. 



OLEUM TIGLII — CROTON OIL. 

Croton oil is a fixed oil obtained from the seeds of Croton 
Tiglium (Nat. Ord. Euphorbiacese), a small tree of the East 
Indies. The Croton seeds resemble the Castor seeds in shape 
and size, and consist of a blackish shell, sometimes covered with 
a yellowish-brown epidermis, and enclosing a yellowish oily 
kernel. They are highly irritant and cathartic, but are not 
imported into this country. They contain a volatile oil, a 
fixed oil, resin, acetic, butyric, and valerianic acids, together 
with a peculiar acid termed tiglic (H 2 C 6 H 7 2 ). The croton 
oil of the shops is obtained by expression, and is a mixture of 
the fixed oil proper, the resin, and tiglic acid. A principle 
termed crotonol is said to produce the peculiar inflammation of 
the skin. The oil is made both in India and England, the Indian 
oil being of a pale straw-colour, and the English reddish-brown ; 
the latter is the variety now found in the shops. It has a 
viscid consistence, which is increased by age, a faint peculiar 
odour, and an extremely acrid, pungent taste ; it is soluble in 
ether and the volatile and fixed oils, and partially so in alcohol. 

Physiological Effects. — Croton oil, taken internally, is a 
powerful hydragogue purgative, occasionally increasing also 
the secretions from the kidneys. One or two drops are usually 
sufficient to produce active catharsis, but sometimes as much as 
eight or ten drops may be taken without affecting the bowels. 
It operates very speedily, often causing evacuations in half an 
hour, and is apt to produce considerable depression of the vas- 
cular system. In overdoses it has frequently proved fatal. 
Rubbed on the shin, croton oil causes rubefaction and a pus- 
tular or vesicular eruption ; and, rubbed over the abdomen, it 
will sometimes purge. 

Medicinal Uses. — Croton oil, from the smallness of the dose 



MERCURIAL CATHARTICS. 263 

required, and the speediness of its action, is an extremely 
valuable purgative in obstinate constipation, and in cerebral dis- 
orders, particularly coma. As a counter-irritant, it is exten- 
sively employed in pulmonary and laryngeal affections, diseases 
of the joints, &c. Dose, one or two drops made into pill, with 
bread-crumb. For external use, it may be diluted with one or 
two parts of olive oil or oil of turpentine. 

MERCURIAL CATHARTICS. 

The preparations of mercury, employed as cathartics, are 
calomel, blue pill, and mercury with chalk. Their purgative 
effects depend partly on the increased flow of bile which they 
occasion, and partly on the stimulus which they give to secre- 
tion from the mucous follicles of the intestinal canal, and from 
the pancreas. They are rarely employed alone, owing to the 
slowness and uncertainty of their action ; but are usually com- 
bined with, or followed by other cathartics (as jalap, senna, 
rhubarb, compound extract of colocynth, or some of the saline 
preparations). The mercurial cathartics are usually adminis- 
tered with a view of combining a purgative action with an effect 
on the secretions, particularly that of the liver ; also, as an- 
thelmintics ; and as revulsives in cerebral and other affections. 
They are well adapted to infantile cases, from the facility of 
their administration, and are especially beneficial in the ephe- 
meral febrile attacks to which children are subject ; they, more- 
over, rarely produce salivation in children. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite (Mild Chloride of Mercury, 
or Calomel). (Noticed at length under the head of Alteratives.) 
Dose, as a cathartic, gr. vi to xij, in pill or in powder, with 
syrup or molasses ; to be followed, in from four to six hours, 
by some other cathartic. Sometimes, when it is exhibited with 
a view to a full action on the liver, gr. j or ij nfay be given 
every hour or two until the whole purgative- dose is taken : or, 
it may be administered at bedtime, with an aperient draught 
the next morning. For children, larger doses are required in 
proportion than for adults : gr. iij-vj may be given to a child 



964 MATERIA MEDICA. 

from three to six years old. Calomel occasionally causes grip- 
ing pain in the bowels, with bilious vomiting ; this is attribu- 
table, not to any irritable qualities in the medicine, but to the 
acrid character of the bile secreted. Calomel is an ingredient 
of the Compound Cathartic Pills. 

Pilulje Hydrargyri (Pills of Mercury) commonly called 
Blue Pills (see Alteratives), are analogous in their cathartic 
action to calomel, but milder. They are given in about the 
same doses, and in the same combinations, &c. 

Hydrargyrum cum Creta (Mercury with Chalk), (siee 
Alteratives), combines antacid with mercurial effects. It is a 
very mild preparation — weaker than even blue pill. It is used 
as a laxative, in bowel-complaints and other affections of chil- 
dren. Dose, gr. v-xx for adults ; for children, gr. ij or iij to 
viij or x, in powder, and not in pill. 

ENEMATA. 

In cases of irritability of the stomach — or with the view of 
hastening the action of cathartics taken by the mouth — or to 
remove feculent accumulations in the lower bowels — or to re- 
lieve tympanites — or for the purpose of revulsion, cathartic 
enemata are frequently administered. 

When it is desired simply to open the bowels mechanically, 
tepid water, flaxseed tea, or other demulcent infusion may be 
employed. The common laxative enema consists of a table- 
spoonful of common salt, molasses, and lard or olive oil, each 
in two-thirds of a pint of warni water ; castor oil, or Epsom 
salt may be added to increase the cathartic effect. Senna tea, 
or some other cathartic infusion is often employed. To relieve 
flatulency, oil of turpentine (fgss to fgj, in emulsion), or milk 
of assafetida (f§ij to foiv), may be given. The latter is an 
excellent preparation in infantile cases. 

ORDER III. — DIAPHORETICS. 

Diaphoretics (from dicupopea), I transpire), called also sudorifics, 
are medicines which promote transpiration from the skin. The 



DIAPHORETICS. 265 

action of the cutaneous exhalants may be increased bv various 
means. The mere introduction of a large quantity of fluid into 
the system will produce sweating, if the skin be kept warm. 
Exercise and a warm temperature, by determining a flow of 
blood to the cutaneous vessels, act in the same way. Nause- 
ants occasion diaphoresis, by relaxing the orifices of the cuta- 
neous vessels ; stimulants, by exciting them to increased secre- 
tion. Diaphoretics are employed therapeutically, for their 
evacuant, revulsive, and alterative effects, and to promote ab- 
sorption. Different classes of diaphoretics are required for 
different morbid conditions. 

1.. Nauseating Diaphoretics. — Most of the emetics, in nause- 
ating doses, produce a powerful relaxing diaphoretic action, 
and are much employed, with this view, in inflammatory cases, 
when not contraindicated by the presence of gastric irritability. 
The Preparations of Antimony (see p. 210), and Ipecacu- 
anha (see p. 229), are chiefly resorted to as nauseating diapho- 
retics. Ipecacuanha is often given as a diaphoretic, in combi- 
nation with opium, in the form of Dover s Poivder (see p 58). 

2. Refrigerant Diaphoretics. — The saline and ethereal pre- 
parations classed as refrigerants (see p. 216), produce a gentle 
relaxing diaphoretic action, unattended with nausea. They 
are used to allay febrile excitement, and reduce the tempera- 
ture of the body. 

3. Stimulating Diaphoretics. — This group includes the diffu- 
sible stimulants, aromatic substances generally, of every class, 
and many narcotics, particularly opium and camphor. They 
are contraindicated in high inflammation, but are very service- 
able in rheumatic and pulmonary affections, after vascular ex- 
citement has been reduced, and in all diseases where the sur- 
face of the body is cold. Opium, in the form of Dover's 
Poivder, may be employed in inflammatory cases, where other 
stimulating diaphoretics are inadmissible, and is given with 
advantage in an early stage of acute rheumatism, dysentery, 
and catarrh, unless the action of the pulse be very strong, 
when this should be previously moderated. The operation of 



266 MATERIA MEDICA. 

the diaphoretic stimulants is promoted by the free use of 
warm diluent drinks, and warm covering to the body. 

4. Alterative Diaphoretics. — Under this head are comprised 
a class of diaphoretic medicines, which produce a gradual and 
nearly insensible increase of the cutaneous secretion, and are 
supposed to promote the elimination of noxious matters from 
the blood, through the vessels of the skin. They are employed 
chiefly in chronic rheumatic and cutaneous affections, and in 
secondary syphilis. 



ALTERATIVE DIAPHORETICS. 
SARSAPARILLA. 

The name Sarsaparilla is applied to the ROOTS of Smilax 
officinalis and other species of Smilax {Nat. Ord. Smilaceae), 
twining, prickly shrubs of Mexico, Guatemala, and the warm 
countries of South America. The roots consist of numerous 
wrinkled, slender pieces, of the average thickness of a writing 
quill, several feet long, springing from a common head or 
rhizome, and are frequently found in, the shops with portions 
of the stems attached. Several varieties are known: 1. Hon- 
duras Sarsaparilla, the most common variety in the United 
States, comes in bundles two or three feet long, composed of 
several long, thin roots, folded lengthwise, of a dirty grayish 
or reddish-brown colour. 2. Jamaica Sarsaparilla, which is 
probably derived also from Central America, comes in shorter 
bundles, and is known by the red colour of the epidermis. 

3. Vera Cruz Sarsaparilla comes in large, loose bales, bound 
with cords or leather thongs, containing the roots folded on 
themselves, consisting of a head with numerous long radicals. 

4. Brazilian or Rio Negro Sarsaparilla comes in cylindrical 
bundles, each of which is closely wrapped by a flexible stem ? 
with fewer rootlets than the Honduras variety; it is distin- 
guished by the amylaceous character of its interior structure. 

5. Guatemala Sarsaparilla resembles the Brazilian. 
Sarsaparilla roots are several feet in length, about the 



SARSAPARILLA. 267 

thickness of a goose-quill, cylindrical, more or less wrinkled 
longitudinally, and consist of a whitish-brown or pink cortical 
portion, covered with a thin gray, brown, or red epidermis, and 
inclosing a layer of whitish ligneous fibre, and a central pith. 
The cortical portion is more active than the interior portions; 
the central medulla contains a good deal of starch. Sarsapa- 
rilla, in the dried state, is nearly inodorous, but its decoction 
has a strong smell. It has a mucilaginous, slightly bitter taste, 
and, when chewed for some time, produces a persistent acrid 
impression on the mouth ; this acridity of taste is the criterion 
of good sarsaparilla. Water and diluted alcohol extract its 
virtues, but they are impaired by long boiling. It contains an 
active principle, called similacin or sarsaparillin, starch, resin, 
extractive, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — The physiological effects of sarsaparilla, 
beyond a slight diaphoretic action, are not very obvious; in 
large doses, it occasionally produces nausea and vomiting. Its 
efficacy, however, in eradicating various morbid symptoms is 
well established, and its mode of action, though obscure, is 
generally attributed to a purifying influence on the blood, 
through the function of the skin. It is employed in secondary 
syphilis, particularly where the disease resists or is aggravated 
by the use of mercury ; also in chronic rheumatism, skin dis- 
eases, and cachectic conditions of the system generally. 

Administration. — Dose, of the powder, 5ss, three or four 
times a day— not much used, however, in this form. The 
compound decoction is made by boiling six troyounces of sar- 
saparilla, a troyounce of bark of sassafras root, guaiacum wood, 
and liquorice root, each, and 180 grains of mezereon, in 4 pints 
of water for 15 minutes, then digesting for 2 hours at 200°, 
and, after straining, adding water enough to make the de- 
coction measure 4 pints — dose, f§iv-vi, three times a day. 
The compound syrup (which contains also guaiacum wood, pale 
rose, senna, liquorice root, and the oils of sassasfras, anise, 
and gaultheria), is a favourite preparation: corrosive sublimate 
should not be given with it, as it is decomposed into calomel. 
Dose, fgss, three times a day. Of the fluid extract, the dose 



268 MATERIA* MEDICA. 

is foss. The compound fluid extract contains the ingredients 
of the compound decoction, except the guaiacum — dose, f5j, 
three or four times a day. 



A R A L I A X U D I C A U L I S — F ALSE SARSAPARILLA. 

The ROOT of Aralia Nudicaulis, False Sarsaparilla, or Small 
Spikenard [Nat. Ord. Araliaceae), a small, indigenous, peren- 
nial plant, possesses alterative diaphgretic properties similar to 
those of sarsaparilla, and is employed as a substitute for it, in 
the same manner and doses. 

The root of A. racemosa or American Spikenard, and the 
bark of A. sjrinosa, or Angelica-tree, are also employed as 
alterative diaphoretics. 



GUAIACI LIGNUM — GUAIACUM WOOD. 
GUAIACI RESIXA — GUAIAC. 

Guaiacum Wood, or Lignum Vita?, and Guaiac, are products 
of Guaiacum officinale [Nat. Ord. Zygophyllacese), a large 
evergreen tree of South America and the West Indies. The 
wood, which is remarkable for its hardness and density, is im- 
ported in logs or billets, covered with a thick gray bark ; the 
outer portion or sapwood is of a pale yellow colour, the inner, 
of an olive-brown. The lieart-wood is the officinal portion : it 
is usually kept in the shops in the state of shavings or raspings ; 
they are inodorous, unless heated, and, when chewed for some 
time, they have a bitterish, pungent taste. Guaiacum wood 
yields its virtues to alcohol, and partially to water ; they depend 
on the guaiac contained in the wood. 

Guaiac is a peculiar resin, obtained from Guaiacum officinale, 
by spontaneous exudation, by incision, by dry-heat, or by de- 
coction of the comminuted wood. It comes in large, irregular, 
semi-transparent, brittle pieces, of varying size — externally, 
of a deep green or olive colour, and internally, red. It has a 
slight, balsamic odour, which is rendered stronger by heat, and, 



MEZEREON. 269 

though at first nearly tasteless, leaves a hot, acrid sensation in 
the mouth and throat. Water dissolves it partially, alcohol 
completely. It is probably a mixture of several substances, 
among which are guiaretinic acid (C 20 H 26 O 4 ) and guiacin, a 
glucoside ; most oxidizing agents, as nitric and chromic acids, 
&c, produce a blue, then green, and finally a brown colour 
with tincture of guaiacum. 

Effects and Uses. — Guaiacum wood and guaiac are stimu- 
lant diaphoretics, and in large doses cathartic. They are 
principally used for their alterative virtues in chronic rheu- 
matism, secondary syphilis, and skin diseases ; guaiac has been 
used as a laxative. They are considered also to possess em- 
menagogue properties, and are employed in amenorrhcea and 
dysmenorrhea. 

Administration. — Guaiacum wood is used only as an ingre- 
dient in the compound decoction and syrup of sarsaparilla. 
Dose of guaiac, gr. x to gr. xxx, in pill or emulsion, some- 
times combined with alkalies. The tincture (six troyounces to 
alcohol Oij), and ammoniated tincture (six troyounces to ar. 
sp. of ammonia Ojj), are much used in chronic rheumatism ; the 
former is given also in amenorrhcea ; dose, f5j, three or four 
times a day. They are decomposed by water, and should be 
administered in mucilage, syrup, or milk. 

MEZEREUM — MEZEREON. 

Mezereon is the bark of Daphne Mezereum and Daphne 
Gnidium [Nat. Ord. Thymelacese), European shrubs, which 
grow to the height of four or five feet. The root-bark is the 
part employed in Great Britain, but the bark of our shops, 
which is brought from Germany, is the stem-bark. It comes 
in strips, from two to four feet long, and an inch or less in 
breadth, folded in bundles, or wrapped in the shape of balls. 
It has a thin, grayish, or reddish-brown, wrinkled epidermis, 
and a tough, pliable, whitish inner bark. When fresh, it has 
a faint nauseous smell, but, when dry, it is nearly inodorous. 
Its taste is at first sweetish, afterwards highly acrid. It yields 



270 MATERIA MEDICA. 

its virtues to water and alcohol, and contains a peculiar crys- 
talline principle called daphnin, and a resin, to which it owes 
Us acridity. 

Effects and Uses. — The topical action of mezereon is irritant 
and vesicant. When swallowed in large quantities, it is highly 
acrid ; in medicinal doses, it promotes the action of the secreting 
and exhaling organs, particularly the skin and kidneys. It is 
chiefly employed in conjunction with sarsaparilla (in the com- 
pound decoction, &c), as an alterative diaphoretic, in rheu- 
matic, syphilitic, and cutaneous affections. As a masticatory, 
it has been chewed for the relief of paralysis of the muscles of 
deglutition. The fluid extract is the only preparation for in- 
ternal administration ; dose, 10 minims ; the ointment (made 
by mixing 4 fluidounces of fluid extract with 14 troyounces 
of lard, and 2 troyounces of yellow wax, previously melted 
together), is used as a stimulating application to blistered sur- 
faces and indolent ulcers. 



SASSAFRAS. 

This is the bark of the ROOT of Sassafras officinale (Nat. 
Ord. Lauracese), an indigenous tree of middling size. The 
bark is found in the shops in small irregular pieces of a cinna- 
mon colour, sometimes invested with a brownish epidermis. It 
has a highly fragrant odour, and a sweetish aromatic taste. 
Its virtues are extracted by water and alcohol, and it contains 
a little tannic acid, and a volatile oil (oleum sassafras). The 
oil is said to act as a physiological antidote against tobacco. 

Effects and Uses. — Sassafras bark is a mild stimulant alter- 
ative diaphoretic, used chiefly in combination with sarsaparilla. 
Its principal virtues are probably aromatic. Dose of the oil, 
two to ten drops. (For Sassafras Pith, see Demulcents) 

STILLINGIA. 

The root of Stillingia sylvatica (Nat. Ord. Euphorbiaceae), 
commonly called Queen s Delight, a perennial plant, growing 



DIURETICS. 271 

to the height of two feet in our south Atlantic States, is 
highly esteemed by Southern physicians, as an alterative dia- 
phoretic in secondary syphilis, scrofula, cutaneous affections, 
and chronic rheumatism. Dose of the powder 15 to 30 
grains ; the fluid extract is officinal and may be given in the 
dose of f5ss ; a decoction and tincture are extemporaneously 
prepared. 

ORDER IV. — DIURETICS. 

Diuretics (from dm, thoroughly, and ovpeu, I make water), are 
medicines which excite the secretion of urine. The flow of 
urine may be promoted indirectly, by increasing the quantity 
of fluid taken into the stomach, or by the removal of causes 
which check its secretion, or by mental emotion, a cool tem- 
perature, &c It is promoted directly by the use of medicinal 
agents which specifically affect the kidneys ; they are termed 
diuretics. A large proportion of diuretic medicines are found 
among the agents which influence other secretions, particularly 
diaphoretics. The functions of transpiration and urination are 
to some extent vicarious, and the same articles will prove dia- 
phoretic or diuretic, as their action may be directed to the skin 
or kidneys. External warmth and warm drinks determine the 
action of such medicines to the skin ; and, on the other hand, 
if the skin be kept cool, and cool diluents freely administered, 
the secretion from the kidneys is promoted. 

Blenorrhetics, or medicines which have a special action on 
the mucous membranes, exert also a diuretic influence — pro- 
bably the result of the stimulating impression which they make 
on the mucous membrane of the urinary passages. When the 
action of the kidneys is obstructed by disease of the heart, 
sedatives prove diuretic, by their tranquillizing influence on the 
action of the heart. In cases of obstruction of the portal sys- 
tem, mercurials increase the efficacy of the diuretics proper ; 
and also cathartics, by stimulating the flow of bile and the pan- 
creatic juice. 

The principal therapeutic employment of diuretics is to pro- 



272 MATERIA MEDICA. 

mote the absorption of dropsical effusions. They are also use- 
ful in nephritic disorders attended with obstructed secretion ; 
to wash out calculi from the pelvis of the kidneys, ureters, and 
bladder; in gravel, with the view of rendering the urine more 
dilute ; and they may be resorted to as evacuants, to reduce 
inflammation. 

As diuretics act by becoming absorbed, they should be ad- 
ministered in a very diluted state to prevent a cathartic effect. 

The following groups of medicines, noticed under other 
heads, are employed also as diuretics : 

1. The Saline and Ethereal Refrigerants (see p. 216). 

2. The Alkaline Carbonates (see Antacids) ; and the Alka- 
line Salts, which contain a vegetable acid, as the acetates, 
citrates, and tartrates. The acid tartrate of potassium, or 
cream of tartar (see p. 245), is a very active diuretic. 

Potassii Acetas (Acetate of Potassium). This salt 
(KC 2 H 3 2 ), formerly termed sal diureticus, from its decided 
diuretic action, is made by saturating acetic acid with bicar- 
bonate of potassium. It occurs, when pure, as a white, folia- 
ceous, satiny mass, of a warm, pungent taste, very deliques- 
cent, and wholly soluble in water and alcohol. In small doses, 
it is diuretic ; and, in larger doses, gently cathartic. It is a 
good deal employed as a diuretic in dropsies, as an antacid in 
acute rheumatism, as a preventive of the formation of uric acid 
calculi, and it has also been found useful as an alterative in 
cutaneous affections. As is the case with all the alkaline salts 
containing vegetable acids, the acid of this salt is decomposed 
in the system into carbonic acid. Although increasing the flow 
of urine, the acetate of potassium diminishes the amount both 
of uric acid and of urea in the secretion. Hence it is valuable 
in gout, and, like colchicum, it may perhaps check the actual 
formation of uric acid in the system. Dose, 3j to 5j, three or 
four times a day. 

Sodii Acetas (Acetate of Sodium), is prepared from crude 
pyroligneous acid, which is saturated with cream of lime, and 
the solution of acetate of calcium thus formed is decomposed 
by sulphate of sodium ; repeated solution and recrystallization, 



SQUILL. 273 

with fusion, furnish a pure salt in the form of white or colourless 
striated prisms (NaC 2 H 3 2 ,3H 2 0), which effloresce in dry air, 
are wholly soluble in water, tolerably soluble in alcohol, and 
have a sharp, bitterish, not disagreeable taste. Its effects and 
uses are analogous to those of acetate of potassium, over which 
it has the advantage of not being deliquescent. Dose, 3i to 5i. 

3. Sedatives (see p. 204), particularly Digitalis (see p. 
204), which is very much employed in cardiac dropsies, in 
combination with squill. 

4. Blennorrhetics (see p. 283), particularly the oleoreslns. 

5. Most of the Stimulating Diaphoretics. 

6. Among Astringents, Uva ursi (p. 169), and Pipsissewa 
(p. 171). 

SPECIAL DIURETICS. 
SCILL A — S QUILL. 

Squill is the bulb of Scilla maritima {Nat. Orel. Liliaceae), a 
perennial plant, which grows on the shores of the Mediterra- 
nean. It has fibrous roots, attached to a roundish-ovate bulb, 
from which both the leaves and flower-stem spring directly, the 
latter appearing first ; the leaves are broad-lanceolate, and 
from twelve to eighteen inches long ; the stem is about two feet 
high, and bears pale, yellowish-green flowers. 

The fresh bulb is pyriform, of the size of the fist to that of a 
child's head, and consists of thick, fleshy, concentric scales, 
attenuated at their edges, and attached to a rudimentary stem ; 
the outer scales are very thin and papery. Two kinds of squill 
bulbs are met with, the white and the red, which differ only in 
the colour of their scales, and are identical in medicinal virtues. 
Both abound in a viscid, acrid juice, which is very much dimin- 
ished by drying, with little loss of medicinal power. For im- 
portation, squill is usually sliced and dried, and is found in the 
shops in white or yellowish-white pieces, which, when dry, are 
brittle, but, when moist, flexible. They absorb moisture readily, 
and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. They have a 
feeble odour, a bitter, nauseous, acrid taste, and yield their 

18 



274 MATERIA MEDICA. 

virtues to water, alcohol, and vinegar. Two active principles 
have been found in squill : one an acrid, poisonous, resinoid 
substance, soluble in alcohol and not in ether, the other a bitter 
yellow principle, soluble in water and alcohol ; the bitter prin- 
ciple is much the less powerful. 

Physiological Effects. — In small doses, squill promotes secre- 
tion from the mucous membranes and the kidneys — its diuretic 
effect being much the most marked and constant. In larger 
doses, it excites nausea, vomiting, and occasionally purging; 
and, in excessive doses, it acts as an acro-narcotic poison — gr. 
xxiv having proved fatal. The symptoms are violent vomiting 
and purging, abdominal pains, bloody or suppressed urine, 
reduction of the pulse, with collapse, or death may be preceded 
by convulsions ; after evacuation of the stomach, opiates and 
demulcents are to be administered, and, if syncope or collapse 
occur, alcoholic stimuli. 

Medicinal Uses. — Squill is employed principally in the 
treatment of dropsy ; it should not be used, however, in cases 
complicated with degeneration of the kidneys or inflammation 
of the bladder. Digitalis is much prescribed in combination 
with squill in the treatment of cardiac dropsies, and calomel is 
often added with a view to its action on the absorbents. As a 
blennorhetic expectorant, squill is an excellent remedy in 
chronic and subacute bronchial affections ; it is, however, 
improper in the early stages of inflammatory cases. As an 
emetic, squill is too dangerous for general use ; but it forms 
an ingredient in some emetic preparations administered in croup. 

Administration. — Dose, as a diuretic or expectorant, gr. j, 
repeated and gradually increased till nausea supervenes. Gr. 
vj to gr. xij will vomit. Of the vinegar (acetum scillce), (four 
troyounces to diluted acetic acid Oij), the dose is Tt|x^x to f5'j ; 
of the fluid extract, TT|J ; of the syrup, made by dissolving 24 
troyounces of sugar in a pint of vinegar of squill, at a gentle 
heat, f 3j ; of the compound syrup, known as hive syrup (which 
is prepared by percolation, by first making a solution of seneka 
and squill, in diluted alcohol and water, converting it into a 
syrup, and dissolving in it tartar emetic, one grain of which is 
contained in every ounce of the syrup), 10 drops to f 5j, accord- 



COLCHICUM. 275 

ing to the age ; of the tincture (four troyounces to diluted 
alcohol Oij), 20 to 40 drops. The compound pills of squill con- 
tain also ginger, ammoniac, and soap, and are used as a stimulant 
expectorant ; dose, one pill, three or four times a day, each 
pill containing half a grain of squill and one grain of ammoniac. 

COLCHICUM. 
Colchici Radix, Colchicum Root; Colchici Semen, Colchicum Seed. 

Colchicum autumnale, or Meadow-Saffron (Nat. Ord. Melan- 
thaceae), is a small, biennial, bulbous plant, which grows wild, 
in moist meadows, in England and other temperate parts of 
Europe. The bulb, or corm, as it is botanically termed, appears 
in midsummer as the lateral offset from the corm of the pre- 
ceding year, and sends up the flower-stem in the autumn — the 
leaves and fruit following in the succeeding spring. The leaves 
are broadly lanceolate, about five inches long ; the flowers of a 
lilac or light-purple colour ; and the fruit oblong, elliptical, and 
three-celled. 

The corms and seeds are the portions used medicinally. 
The corms are gathered in July, just before the sprouting of 
the flower from the young corm. They are somewhat like 
tulip-bulbs in appearance, but solid and not composed of 
scales. They are covered by an external brown membrane, 
and an inner reddish-yellow one, and are an inch and a half to 
two and a half inches in length, with a longitudinal groove. 
Internally, they are white, fleshy, and solid, and contain an 
acrid, bitter, milky juice. As found in the shops, they are in 
the dried state, sometimes whole, but usually cut into transverse 
slices, about an eighth of an inch thick, with a notch on one side, 
and deprived of the outer brown membrane. They have a hir- 
cine odour, and a bitter, hot, and acrid taste. The seeds are 
brown, about the size of black mustard-seeds, inodorous, and 
have a bitter, acrid taste ; they are less apt to be injured by 
drying than the corms. 

Colchicum corms and seeds yield their virtues to vinegar and 
alcohol ; they both contain a peculiar non-crystallizable, alka- 
loid active principle ; soluble in water, readily so in alcohol, 



276 MATERIA MEDICA. 

but insoluble in ether, termed colchicia, (C 34 H 19 NO 10 ), which is 
a powerful poison ; colchicia, in the saline form, is converted 
into another isomeric principle, termed colchiceine, and resin, 
but not probably with loss of medicinal effect. Colchicia makes 
with concentrated nitric acid a violet solution, becoming yellow, 
by dilution with water ; with concentrated sulphuric acid, it 
produces an intensely yellow colour. 

Physiological Effects. — Colchicum is a local irritant. Taken 
internally, in small doses, it stimulates the secretions generally ; 
in larger doses, it produces nausea, vomiting, and purging, and 
commonly a reduction of the frequency of the pulse ; in exces- 
sive doses, it is an acro-narcotic poison, producing death by a 
sedative action on the heart, the cerebral functions being 
usually unaffected. Tannic acid is a partial antidote; opiates, , 
demulcents, and stimulants are to be given. Although placed 
among the diuretics, colchicum does not evince a more decided 
action on the kidneys than on other secretions, as those of the 
skin, liver, and mucous membranes. 

Medicinal Uses. — Colchicum has long enjoyed a high repu- 
tation in the treatment of gout ; and, although its modus me- 
dendi is rather obscure, it is universally admitted to possess a 
more decided control over the disease than any other remedy. 
Its efficacy has been attributed to a combined sedative, ano- 
dyne, and eccritic action ; but, as it has a marked effect in 
diminishing the amount of uric acid, excreted in the urine, it 
probably arrests the formation of this acid in the blood, and in 
this way produces its anti-arthritic influence. It is usually ad- 
ministered in repeated doses, till an effect is produced on the 
bowels, though purging does not promote its curative effect. 
Epsom salt and magnesia are often combined with it as in 
the celebrated Scudamore s draught {magnesia, gr. xv to xx; 
sulphate of magnesium, 5j to 5ij ; wine of colchicum seed, 
f5j to f5ij, in any pleasant vehicle). An excellent combina- 
tion in the treatment of gout, is colchicum (wine of the seed, 
foi), with iodide of potassium (5ij), dissolved in cinnamon 
water (fsviij), — dose, fgss, three times a day, until purgation is 
produced. Quinine and digitalis are also often given advanta- 






ERIGERON. 277 

geously, with colchicum, in gout.* When it is desired to act on 
the kidneys and skin rather than the bowels, opiates are some- 
times added. In rheumatism, it is also employed, but it has 
little control over this disease. It has been occasionally re- 
sorted to as a diuretic in dropsy, as a sedative in febrile and 
inflammatory diseases, as an anthelmintic, as an expectorant, 
and in some nervous affections. 

Administration, — Dose of the corm or seeds, in powder, gr. 
ij to gr. viij ; the seeds are to be preferred. The liquid prepa- 
rations, which are more generally used than the powder, are : 
The wine of the root (vinum colchici r adieu), (twelve troyounces 
to Sherry wine Oij), dose, 1T|x to f5ss ; wine of the seed (vinum 
colchici seminis), (four troyounces to wine Oij), dose, f5ss-j ; 
tincture (four troyounces of the seed to diluted alcohol Oij), 
dose, f5ss to f5i. An acetic extract of the root is also em- 
ployed — dose, gr. i-ij ; and a fluid extract of the seed, and also 
of the root — doses, 4 to 12 drops. 

ERIGERON. 

Three varieties of Erigeron are officinal : E. Canadense, or 
Canada Fleabane, E. heterophyllum, or Various-leaved Flea- 
bane, and E. Philadelphicum, or Philadelphia Fleabane (Nat. 
Ord. Asteracese). They are herbaceous indigenous plants, two 
or three feet high, with ovate or lanceolate toothed leaves, and 
white, blue, or purple flowers. The leaves and tops are 
officinal. Canada JErigeron, which is found in the Northern 
and Middle States, has an agreeable odour, and a bitter, acrid, 
somewhat astringent taste. It contains bitter extractive, tan- 
nic and gallic acids, and volatile oil ; and is diuretic, tonic, and 
astringent. The oil of Canada Erigeron possesses haemostatic 
properties, and has been used in hemorrhagic dysentery and 
uterine hemorrhage — dose, 5 to 10 drops ; a fluid extract of 
Canada Erigeron may be given in the dose of f5i-iv. Various- 
leaved and Philadelphia Fleabane, popularly known as scabious, 

* Lartigue's celebrated gout-pills are, acetic extract of colchicura root, 2 
grains, extract of digitalis, 1 grain, compound extract of colocynth. 20 
grains, to be mixed and divided into 5 pills — one to be taken at night. 



278 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



common plants all over the United States, have an aromatic 
odour, and a slightly bitterish taste. Their most striking 
medicinal action is diuretic, and they have long been favourite 
remedies in dropsical and nephritic affections. An infusion or 
decoction to the amount of a pint (containing a troyounce of 
the herb), may be taken daily. 



APOCYNUM CANNABINUM — INDIAN HEMP. 

This is an indigenous herbaceous plant {Nat. Ord. Apocyna- 
cese), growing to the height of two or three feet, with oblong- 
Fig. 24 




ovate leaves, and small, greenish, campanulate flowers. The 
root is the officinal portion ; it is of a yellowish-brown colour 



DANDELION. 279 

when young, and of a dark- chestnut when old, has a strong 
odour, and a nauseous, acrid, bitter taste. The fresh root, 
when wounded, pours out a milky juice; it yields its virtues to 
water and alcohol, and contains tannic and gallic acids, gum, 
resin, a bitter principle, &c, and a peculiar active principle 
termed apocynin. A. androsnemifolium, or Dogsbane, is 
possessed of much the same properties. 

Effects and Uses. — Indian Hemp (which is not to be con- 
founded with Cannabis Indica, p. 79), is an emeto-cathartic, 
diuretic, diaphoretic, and sedative. It is chiefly employed in 
the treatment of dropsy in the form of decoction (half a troy- 
ounce to water Ojss, boiled to Oj), of which f§i- ij may be 
taken two or three times a day. 

TARAXACU M — D ANDELION. 

Taraxacum Dens-leonis, or Dandelion (Nat. Ord. Cichoracese), 
is a small herbaceous, perennial plant, common to most parts 

Fig. 25. 




of the world, and found abundantly throughout the United 
States. It has a fusiform root, which sends up numerous long, 
sinuated, bright-green leaves, and flower-stems, about six inches 
high, bearing golden-yellow flowers. The ROOT is the officinal 
portion, and should be gathered in the autumn. In the fresh 
state, it is several inches long, branched, fleshy, of a light- 
brown colour externally, whitish within, and abounds in a milky 



280 MATERIA MEDICA. 

juice; the fresh root is preferable for use. When dried, it is 
shrunken, wrinkled, and brittle. It is without smell, but has a 
bitter taste. Boiling water extracts its virtues, which depend 
on a peculiar bitter crystallizable principle termed taraxacin, 
soluble in boiling water, alcohol, and ether. 

Effects and Uses. — Taraxacum is diuretic and slightly ape- 
rient, with some tonic action, and a special determination to 
the liver. It is a valuable remedy in hepatic dropsies, and is 
also employed in dyspepsia, accompanied by derangement of the 
liver. It is given in the form of infusion (two troyounces to 
boiling water Oj), — dose fgij, three times a day; extract (an 
inspissated juice, which should not be kept above a year), — 
dose 3j to 5j three times a day ; and fluid extract, — dose, f5i — 
ij, three times a day. 

JUNIPER US — JUNIPER. 

The fruit, or berries, of Juniperus communis, [Nat. Ord. 
Pinacese), an evergreen European shrub, naturalized in the 
United States, are used as adjuvants to the more active diuret- 
ics. When dried, they are about the size of a pea, of a blackish- 
purple colour, and a sweetish, terebinthinate aromatic taste; 
they are given in infusion (a troyounce to boiling water Oj). 
Their virtues depend on a volatile oil (Oleum Juniperi) (C 10 
H 16 ), the dose of which is from five to fifteen drops, two or three 
times a day. The compound spirit (a fluidrachm and a half of 
the oil, with 10 minims each of the oils of caraway and fennel, 
dissolved in 5 pints of alcohol and 3 pints of water), is a 
pleasant addition to stimulating diuretic and blennorrhetic 
combinations, and a good stomachic and carminative, — dose, 
f5i-ij. The spirit is made by dissolving a fluidounce of the oil 
in 3 pints of stronger alcohol, — dose, f5i-ij- 

C A R T A — C ARROT SEED. 

Daucus Carota, or Wild Carrot (Nat. Ord. Apiaceae), is a 
very common indigenous plant, which is found also wild in 
Europe. It has a biennial spindle-shaped root, an erect branch- 



BROOM. 281 

ing stem two or three feet high, tripinnate leaves with narrow, 
pointed leaflets, and small white flowers, arranged in umbels. 
The fruit or seeds, which are the officinal portion, are light, 
of a brownish colour, an oval shape, convex and bristly on 
one side, and flat on the other. They have an aromatic odour, 
a warm, pungent, bitterish taste, and contain a volatile oil, on 
which their virtues depend. 

Effects and Uses. — Carrot-seeds are aromatic and diuretic, 
and are a good deal employed in dropsical and nephritic affec- 
tions, agreeing well with the stomach, from their aromatic oil. 
The infusion is a popular remedy for the relief of strangury 
from blisters. Dose, 5ss to 5j, or an infusion (half a troyounce 
to water Oj), ad libitum. 

The root of this plant possesses the same properties as the 
seeds. The root of the cultivated plant, the well-known garden 
carrot, is employed as an application to sloughing ulcers. 



SCOPARIUS — BROOM. 

Sarothamnus Scoparius, or Broom {Nat. Ord. Fabacese), is a 
common European shrub, cultivated in the United States, from 
three to five feet, high, with numerous bright-yellow flowers. 
The tops of the branches are the officinal portion, but the seeds 
are also used. The twigs are pentangular (with small, oblong, 
downy leaves), of a bright-green colour, a strong, peculiar 
odour, when bruised, and a bitter, nauseous taste. Two prip- 
ciples are fo...nd in broom-tops, scojjarin, a neutral, crystalliza- 
ble body, supposed to be the diuretic constituent, and a volatile 
alkaloid, sparteia (C 15 H. ?6 N), said to be narcotic. 

Effects and Uses. — Broom is an efficient diuretic, in large 
doses producing free purging. It is a valuable and reliable 
remedy in dropsy, best given in decoction, half an ounce to a 
pint of water, boiled down to half a pint, of which an ounce 
may be given every hour or two, till the bowels are disturbed. 
A fluid extract (not officinal) is used in doses of foss-i. 



282 MATERIA MEDICA. 



CANTHARIS — CANTHARIDES. 

The properties, &c, of cantharides will be noted fully under 
the head of Irritants (subdivision Ejnspastics). Taken inter- 
nally, they sometimes prove diuretic, and generally excite irri- 
tation of the genito-urina*y passages, as strangury, priapism, 
&c. ; and, in overdoses, act as an acro-narcotic poison. They 
are employed in atonic dropsies, incontinence of urine, 
amenorrhoea, seminal weakness, impotence, &c. Dose, gr. i- 
ij, twice a day, in pill. They are most commonly administered 
in tincture (a troyounce to diluted alcohol Oij), — dose, gtt. x, 
or more, three or four times a day, till strangury supervenes. 

The following medicines, though less frequently resorted to 
than the foregoing, possess very decided diuretic properties, 
and may be employed with advantage in the treatment of drop- 
sical and nephritic aifections : 

The root of Hydrastis Canadensis, or Yellow Root 
(Nat. Ord. Ranunculacese), a small indigenous plant, with yel- 
low, fugacious flowers, and a red fruit resembling raspberries, 
contains the alkaloid, berberina (previously noticed), and an- 
other alkaloid, Jiydrastia. It is contorted, rugose, of a bright- 
yellow colour, and has a strong, somewhat narcotic odour, and 
a bitter taste. It is tonic as well as diuretic, and is a very effi- 
cacious diuretic in promoting the discharge of calculi from the 
kidneys; the fluid extract may be given in doses of foij— iv. 

The seed of Delphinium Consolida, or Larkspur (Nat. 
Ord. Ranunculacese), a European plant, cultivated in our gar- 
dens, and to some extent naturalized. It contains an alkaloid, 
delphinia, and is a good diuretic, though in large (loses pro- 
ducing vomiting and purging. The tincture (an ounce to a 
pint of diluted alcohol) is given in doses of from 10 to 20 drops, 
three times a day. 

The root of Petroselinum Sativum, or Parsley (Nat. 
Ord. Apiacese), a European plant, cultivated in our vegetable 
gardens for its leaves. Parsley contains a peculiar principle 



BLENNORRHETICS. 283 

termed apiol, a yellowish oily liquid, which has been used in 
amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea, in the dose of four grains, 
morning and evening. 

The root of Cochleaeia Armoracia, or Horse-radish 
{Nat. Ord. Brassicaceae), a European plant, cultivated here for 
its root, which is used as a condiment.* 



ORDER V. — BLENNORRHETICS. 

Blennorrhetics (from ptewa, mucus, and pen, I flow), are 
medicines whjch promote the secretion of the mucous mem- 
branes. They are employed therapeutically in morbid condi- 
tions of these membranes, with a view to the restoration of 
healthy action, in cases of deficient, abnormal, or excessive 
secretion. 

When administered with the object of stimulating the secre- 
tion of mucus from the bronchial or laryngeal membrane, this 
class of agents is termed expectorants. They are prescribed in 
the subacute and chronic forms of bronchitis and laryngitis, 
and in the declining stages of the acute forms of these affec- 
tions and pneumonia. In the early or inflammatory stages of 
acute bronchitis and laryngitis, the stimulating expectorants 
are inadmissible, until expectoration has been established. 

The blennorrhetics are less employed in gastro-enteric affec- 
tions than in those of other mucous membranes, owing to their 
tendency to produce catharsis. Several of the oleoresins are, 
however, used with advantage in certain forms of chronic diar- 
rhoea, and the oil of turpentine is highly esteemed in the treat- 
ment of the diarrhoea of typhoid fever. 

The oleoresinous articles of this group are extensively em- 
ployed in diseases of the urino-genital mucous membranes, — 

* Under the name of cider mixture, a compound infusion is used in dropsy, 
of which the following is the formula: Juniper berries, mustard seed, and 
ginger, each half an ounce, horse-radish, parsley-root, each an ounce, 
cider, two pints — dose, a wineglassful, two or three times a day. 



284 



MATERIA MEDICA, 



gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhcea, incontinence of urine, cysti- 
tis, &c. 

The following are the articles chiefly resorted to for their 
influence on the mucous membranes : 



SENEGA — SENEKA 



Polygala Senega, or Seneka Snakeroot (Nat, Ord. Polyga- 
lacese), is a small indigenous plant, found in all parts of the 
United States, but most abundantly in the South and West. 

Fig. 26. 




It has a perennial, branching root, several erect annual stems, 
about a foot in height, alternate lanceolate leaves, and small, 
whitish flowers, arranged in a terminal spike. The root is the 
officinal portion. It occurs in the shops in twisted pieces, vary- 
ing in thickness from the size of a quill to that of the little 
finger, attached to a knotty head, and marked with a ridge 
along their whole length and numerous annular protuberances. 
The cortical portion is hard, resinous, of a yellowish-brown 






SENEKA. 285 

colour, and contains the active qualities of the root. The cen- 
tral ligneous portion is white and inert. The odour of seneka 
is peculiar and disagreeable, but faint in the dried root; the 
taste is at first mucilaginous and sweetish, but afterwards be- 
comes acrid and very irritating. 

The virtues of seneka are extracted by cold and hot water 
and alcohol. It contains a peculiar acrid acid principle called 
polygalic acid, on which its activity chiefly depends ; this is 
thought to be a glucoside derivative of saponin, a glucoside 
found in Soapwort and other plants. 

Effects and Uses. — Seneka, in small doses, is an active ex- 
citant of the mucous membranes and secretions generally, and 
in large doses proves emetic and cathartic. It is chiefly pre- 
scribed as a stimulating expectorant in chronic and subacute 
bronchial affections, and in the latter stages of acute bronchitis, 
pneumonia, &c, As an ingredient in the compound syrup of 
squill, it is much employed in the treatment of croup, but, 
except in some such combination with tartar emetic or other 
emetic nauseant, it is scarcely admissible in the early stages of 
this disease. Seneka is also thought to possess emmenagogue 
properties, and is highly extolled by many practitioners in the 
treatment of amenorrhoea. It has been occasionally used as a 
diuretic in dropsies, and, in emeto-cathartic doses, has been 
found useful in rheumatism. 

Administration. — Dose, in powder, gr. x to 3j ; but it is 
chiefly given in decoction (a troyounce boiled for fifteen minutes 
in water enough to make the decoction measure Oj), dose, f5ij, 
three or four times a day. An extract {alcoholic), is given in 
the dose of from one to three grains; a fluid extract, in the dose 
of TT|x-xx ; and a -syrup is also used, in the dose of f5i-ij, 
(made by percolating four troyounces of seneka with two pints 
of diluted alcohol, evaporating to half a pint, and dissolving 
in this tincture fifteen troyounces of sugar by a gentle heat). 



286 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



CIMICIFUGA. 



Ciraicifuga racemosa, Black Snakeroot, or Cohosh {Nat. Ord. 
Ranunculacese), is a very common indigenous perennial plant, 



Fig. 27. 




growing to the height of from four to eight feet, with ternate 
leaves, oblong-ovate, incised, and toothed leaflets, and small, 
white flowers, disposed in a long raceme. The root is the part 
employed. It consists of a rugged, blackish-brown caudex, 
from a third of an inch to an inch in thickness, often several 
inches in length, furnished with numerous slender radicles. 



GARLIC. 287 

[nternally, its colour is whitish ; it has a peculiar, faint, disa- 
jreeable odour, and a bitter, somewhat astringent taste. It 
imparts its virtues to boiling water, and contains gum, starch, 

r o resins, tannic and gallic acids, salts, and a volatile oil, 
rhich is probably an active constituent, as the root deteriorates 
)y keeping. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of cimicifuga are not very 
iccurately known, but it is undoubtedly an active stimulant of 
the secretions, particularly those of the mucous membrances, 
skin, and kidneys, with, probably, in large doses, a sedative 
md antispasmodic action. It is believed, also, to act on the 
items like ergot. It has been employed with great advantage 
is an expectorant in chronic bronchial affections, and even 
phthisis pulmonalis, and has been also used as a diaphoretic 
in rheumatism, and as a diuretic in dropsies. As an antispas- 
modic in chorea, it enjoys a high reputation, and it is also 
recommended in the spasmodic forms of hysteria, particularly 
when connected with amenorrhcea. It is employed too, occasion- 
ally, to promote the expulsion of the placenta after delivery, 
in the relief of after-pains, and in menorrhagia. A saturated 
alcoholic solution has been used, with good effect, as an appli- 
cation to the eyelids in ophthalmia. 

Administration. — Dose, in poivder, 3j to 5j ; a decoction (not 
officinal) is employed. Of the fluid extract, the dose is f5ss-j. 

ALLIUM — GARLIC. 

Allium sativum (Nat. Ord. Liliacese), is a small, perennial, 
bulbous plant, which grows wild in the south of Europe, and 
is~cultivated in all parts of the world. The bulb is the portion 
used. As found in the shops, it is somewhat spherical in form, 
about an inch in diameter, with a portion of the stem attached, 
covered with a white, membranous envelope, and consists of five 
or six smaller bulbs, of a curved, oblong shape, called cloves 
of garlic. They have a strong, irritating, characteristic odour, 
and a bitter, acrid taste. Water, alcohol, and vinegar extract 
their virtues, which depend on an essential oil, which is of a 



288 MATERIA MEDICA. 

yellow colour, very volatile and irritating; it is a sulphide of 
a peculiar radical, termed allyl, (C 3 H 5 ) 2 S. 

Effects and Uses. — Garlic is a local irritant and rubefacient, 
and, taken internally, quickens the circulation and stimulates 
the secretions generally. It is a good deal employed as an ex- 
pectorant in chronic and subacute catarrhal affections, particu- 
larly in infantile cases, and, occasionally, as a stomachic in 
flatulence, and as a diuretic in atonic dropsies. Externally, it 
is used as a revulsive rubefacient to the feet, as a resolvent of 
indolent tumours, and as a liniment in infantile convulsions. 

Administration. — A clove may be swallowed entire, or cut 
into small pieces. Dose of the fresh bulbs] 5i-ij, in pill; of 
the juice, f5ss, mixed with sugar; of the syrup (made by mace- 
rating 6 troyounces of garlic in 10 fluidounces of diluted acetic 
acid, expressing, mixing the residue with 6 fluidounces more of 
diluted acetic acid, expressing, and dissolving in the expressed 
liquid 24 troyounces of sugar), f5j, for children. 



S C I L L A — S QUILL. 

Squill, already noticed among diuretics, is one of the most 
powerful and valuable stimulating expectorants in the Materia 
Medica. (For properties, doses, preparations, &c, see p. 273). 

TEREBINTHINA — TURPENTINE. 

The term turpentine is applied to liquid or concrete vegetable 
juices, consisting of resin combined with a peculiar essential 
oil, called oil of turpentine. Two kinds of turpentine are recog- 
nized by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia: 1. The common American 
white turpentine, which is procured chiefly from Pinus palus- 
tris [Nat. Ord. Pinaceae), a large indigenous evergreen tree of 
our Southern States, where it is called Long-leaved Pine, 
Yellow Pine, and Pitch Pine, and in part also from Pinus 
Tseda, found in Virginia, and other species of Pinus. 2. Can- 
ada turpentine [Terebinthina Canadensis), kept in the shops 
under the name of Canada balsam or balsam of fir, the product 



TURPENTINE. 289 

of Abies balsainea, the American Silver Fir, or Balm of Gilcad 
Tree (Nat. Ord. Pinaceae), a handsome tree about 40 feet in 
height, inhabiting the northern portions of North America. 
Many other varieties of turpentine are known in commerce, as 
Bordeaux turpentine, Venice turpentine, Chian turpentine, &c. 

Wliite turpentine comes from North Carolina and other 
Southern States, and is collected from excavations made in the 
trunks of the trees, into which the turpentine runs in the mild 
weather. It is yellowish-white, and somewhat translucent, 
semi-fluid in summer, firm and hard in winter, but becoming 
permanently hard by exposure to the air, and has a peculiar 
aromatic odour, and a warm, pungent, bitterish taste. Canada 
turpentine comes from Canada and Maine. It is procured by 
breaking the vesicles, which are found between the bark and 
wood of the trees, and collecting the liquid contents in a bottle. 
"When fresh, it has the consistence of honey, but gradually 
solidifies by age. It is yellow, transparent, tenacious, of a 
peculiar, pleasant terebinthinate odour, and a slightly bitter, 
acrid taste. 

Chemical Constituents. — The turpentines yield, by distilla- 
tion, a volatile oil, known as oil of turpentine, and leave a 
residue consisting exclusively of resin. Both the oil and resin 
are officinal. The turpentines are inflammable, nearly insolu- 
ble in watery but almost wholly soluble in alcohol and ether. 

Physiological Effects. — The local operation of the terebin- 
thinates is irritant. When applied to the skin, they produce a 
rubefacient effect, and, when swallowed, in large doses, promote 
the peristaltic motion of the intestines. Taken internally, in 
small doses, they are absorbed, and prove excitant to the vas- 
cular system and the secretions generally, especially the 
mucous membranes; they communicate a violet odour to the 
urine. The activity of the terebinthinates depends on their 
volatile oil. 

Medicinal Uses. — Turpentine is employed chiefly in diseases 
of the various mucous membranes, as gonorrhoea, gleet, leu- 
corrhoea, cystorrhoea, chronic bronchitis, and chronic mucous 
diarrhoea. It is also used in rheumatic complaints; and 

19 



290 



MATERIA MEDIC A. 



in cathartic doses, in cases of ascarides, constipation, and 
colic. 

Administration. — Dose, as a blennorrhetic, 3j to 5j, in pill, 
emulsion, or electuary ; as an anthelmintic or cathartic, half a 
troyounce to an ounce, in emulsion. The white turpentine is 
generally used in this country. 

Oleum Terebixthlxje {Oil of Turpentine) (C 10 H 16 ), com- 
monly called Spirit of Turpentine, is the active principle of 
turpentine, obtained by distillation. It is a limpid, colourless, 
volatile, and inflammable liquid, of a strong, penetrating, 
peculiar odour, and a hot, pungent, bitterish taste ; very 
slightly soluble in water, less soluble in alcohol than the 
volatile oils generally, and wholly soluble in ether; exposed to 
the air, it absorbs oxygen, with the formation of resin. This 
oil has been already noticed under the head of aromatic stimu- 
lants (p. 196). Its effects and medicinal uses are the same as 
those of turpentine, for which it is usually substituted in prac- 
tice. Locally, it acts as a rubefacient. When swallowed in 
large doses, as f5i-ij, it commonly passes off by the bowels ; and, 
taken in small doses, it is absorbed, and stimulates the circula- 
tion and the secretions of the mucous membranes, kidneys, and 
skin. It often produces strangury and considerable irritation 
of the urinary-genital passages. Poisonous effects from the 
oil of turpentine are rare, as it generally passes off by the 
bowels ; it may, however, produce severe vomiting and purging, 
bloody or suppressed urine, intense irritation of the urino-genital 
organs, unconsciousness with dilated pupils, and even death. 
In large doses, it is employed as an anthelmintic and cathartic, 
and is much used as a clyster for the relief of tympanites. In 
small doses, it is greatly prescribed in chronic discharges and 
hemorrhages from the various mucous membranes ; in the latter 
stages of typhoid fever as a combined stimulant and blenor- 
rhetic ; as a diaphoretic in rheumatism and neuralgia; in infantile 
diabetes, nephritic disorders, dropsy, &c. As a rubefacient, it 
is a valuable counter-irritant in numerous diseases ; turpentine 
stupes are highly efficacious in catarrhal affections. 






TAR. 291 

Dose, gtt. v-xxx, repeated, as a blennorrhetic stimulant ; fgss- 
fSj, as a cathartic enema, or anthelmintic, in emulsion. Lini- 
mentum terebinthinos (oil of turpentine Oss, melted with resin 
cerate twelve troyounces), is used as an application to burns 
and scalds. 

Pix Liquid a (Tar) is an impure turpentine, procured by 
burning, from the wood of Pinus palustris, and other species 
of Pinus. It is a brownish-black, viscid, semi-liquid substance, 
of a peculiar empyreumatic odour, and a bitterish, resinous, 
somewhat acid taste — soluble in alcohol, ether, and the volatile 
and fixed oils. It consists of resin, united with acetic acid, 
oil of turpentine, and various volatile, empyreumatic products. 
By distillation, it yields pyroligneous acid and oil of tar — the 
residuum being pitch. 

The oil of tar contains, besides oil of turpentine, creasote (see 
p. 174), and other principles. 

Effects and Uses. — Tar resembles the turpentines in its 
effects, and is employed in chronic catarrhal affections and 
other diseases of the mucous membranes. Its vapour has been 
employed in bronchitis ; and, externally, it is an excellent 
application in tinea capitis, psoriasis, and other cutaneous affec- 
tions. Dose, 5ss to 5j\ several times a day, in pill or electu- 
ary ; or the infusion (infusum picis liquidse), (made by digest- 
ing tar Oj with water Oiv), may be taken in the quantity of 
Oi-ij, daily. Glycerite of tar (glyceritum picis liquidai), is 
made by rubbing a troyounce of tar first with two troyounces 
of carbonate of magnesium, and then with six fluidounces of a 
mixture of four fluidounces of glycerin, two of alcohol, and 
ten of water ; the residue is to be rubbed with half of the re- 
maining liquid, and the process again repeated with the remain- 
ing liquid ; the residue is to be percolated with the expressed 
liquids previously mixed, and afterwards water enough is added 
to make the whole measure a pint ; a nuidounce contains 30 
grains of tar. The syrup (though not officinal) is a good 
preparation, and may be made by dissolving 40 parts of sugar 
in 21 parts of the infusion. The ointment (unguentum picis 
liquidce), is made by mixing equal parts of tar and melted suet. 



292 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Resina (Resin), commonly called rosin, is the residue after 
the distillation of the oil from turpentine. It is a yellowish- 
brown, semi-transparent, solid, brittle substance, with a slight 
terebinthinate odour and taste — insoluble in water, soluble in 
ether, alcohol, and the essential oils, readily uniting by fusion 
with wax and the fixed oils, and forming soluble soaps with 
alkalies. When agitated with water, in a state of fusion, it 
becomes opaque and white. It is not used internally, but is 
extensively employed in the formation of plasters and oint- 
ments, to which it communicates great adhesiveness and slightly 
stimulant properties. 

Ceratum Resina? (Resin Cerate), commonly called basilicon 
ointment, is made by melting resin (5 parts), lard (8 parts), 
and yellow wax (2 parts), together : it is an excellent mild 
stimulant application to burns, blistered surfaces, &c. Com- 
pound Resin Cerate^ made by melting 12 troyounces of resin, 
suet, and yellow wax. each, with 6 troyounces of turpentine, 
and 7 troyounces of flaxseed oil, is a good stimulant cerate, 
very popular under the name of Deshlers Salve. Emplastrum 
Resince. (Resin Plaster), made by melting one part of resin 
with six parts of lead plaster, is the well-known adhesive 
plaster, used to retain the edges of wounds in contact, to 
produce extension in the treatment of fractures, to protect 
excoriated surfaces, to promote absorption, &c. 

COPAIBA. 

Copaiba is an oleo-resin obtained from several species of 
Copaifera (Nat. Ord. Amyridacese), large trees peculiar to 
South America. C. multijuga, a native of Brazil, is now 
recognized as the principal source of copaiba, and most of the 
copaiba of commerce is probably derived from the province of 
Para, in Brazil; Central America also yields copaiba. The 
juice is obtained from incisions in the stems of the trees ; as it 
at first exudes, it is clear, colourless, and very thin, but it soon 
acquires a thicker consistence and a yellowish hue. As found 
in the shops, it is a clear, transparent liquid, of the consistence 






COPAIBA. 293 

of olive oil, of a pale-yellow colour, a peculiar agreeable smell, 
and a pungent, nauseous, acrid taste. By exposure to the air, 
it acquires a deeper colour and denser consistence. 

Copaiba is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, 
and the volatile and fixed oils ; with alkalies and alkaline 
earths, it forms a soap. It is chemically, an oleo-resin, with a 
minute portion of acetic acid ; the volatile oil is officinal ; 
the resin possesses acid properties, and is called copaivic acid. 
By exposure to the air, copaiba gradually becomes darker and 
thicker, and finally hard and brittle, owing to the volatilization 
and oxidation of its oil. Copaiba was formerly called a haham, 
but this title is incorrect, as it contains no benzoic or cinnamic 
acid. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of copaiba are very analogous 
to those of the terebinthinates. In large doses, it proves 
cathartic, and occasionally emetic, and, in small doses, it is 
absorbed, communicating its peculiar odour to the secretions 
and exhalations, and stimulating the secretions from the mucous 
membranes and kidneys ; it is also a gentle excitant to the cir- 
culatory system. The urine of persons, who have taken copaiba 
for some time, yields a precipitate with nitric acid, like albumi- 
nous urine, by the action of the acid on the resin. Copaiba is 
employed in diseases of the mucous membranes, particularly 
those of a chronic character, as chronic bronchitis, chronic 
diarrhoea, leucorrhcea, gonorrhoea, gleet, catarrh, and irritation 
of the bladder, &c. As a remedy in gonorrhoea, it has long 
enjoyed great popularity, and is given with advantage even in 
the earliest stages of the disorder. 

Administration. — Dose, gtt. xx to f5j, three times a day in 
emulsion, with some aromatic water,* or in pills (pills of copaiba), 
made by mixing 2 troyounces of copaiba with 60 grains of 
magnesia, and dividing the mass after it concretes into 200 
pills, or inclosed in capsules of gelatin ; the pills are absorbed 

* Chapman's Copaiba Mixture is, Copaiba and Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 
each half a fiuidounce, powdered Gum Arabic and Sugar, each a drachm, 
Cd. Spirit of Lavender, 2 fiuidrachms, Tincture of Opium, a fiuidrachm, 
distilled water, 4 fluidounces— dose, a tablespoonful 3 times a day. 



294 MATERIA MEDICA. 

with difficulty. It is also administered as a clyster, in emulsion. 
Cubeb is frequently prescribed with copaiba, in the treatment 
of gonorrhoea. 

Oleum Copaiba (Oil of Copaiba), (C 15 H 24 ), obtained by dis- 
tillation from copaiba, is usually colourless, with the odour and 
taste of copaiba, and produces the same effects on the system. 
Dose, gtt. x-xv, in emulsion, or dropped on sugar. 

CUBEBA — CUBEB. 

Cubeb is the unripe fruit of Piper Cubeba, or Cubeba Of- 
ficinalis (Nat. Orel. Piperacese), a climbing, perennial plant of 
Java and other parts of the East Indies. The berries are gath- 
ered for use when unripe, and are dried. They are about the 
size of a small pea, of a blackish or grayish-brown colour, a 
reticulated surface, and furnished with a stalk two or three 
lines long. The shell is hard, and contains a blackish seed, 
which is white and oily within. The odour of cubeb is aro- 
matic ; the taste warm, acrid, and camphoraceous. The berries 
deteriorate by age, most rapidly in powder, owing to the escape 
of their volatile oil. Their most interesting constituents are a 
volatile oil (which is officinal), (C 15 H 24 ), a principle called 
cubebin, and resinous matter ; the resinous matter consists of 
both a hard and soft resin, the former insoluble in ether, the 
latter soluble in ether, of acid reaction, and termed cubebic 
acid. The oil is carminative and stimulant, and the blenor- 
rhetic and diuretic properties of cubeb reside chiefly in the 
resin ; cubebin is inert. 

Effects and Uses. — In large doses, cubeb, like the other 
oleo-resins, produces more or less gastro-enteric disturbance. 
In small doses, it produces a stomachic effect like that of black 
pepper ; after its absorption, it acts as a gentle excitant to the 
vascular system, with a very decided stimulant action on the 
mucous surfaces, particularly those of the urino-genital ap- 
paratus ; it also frequently proves diuretic. It is eliminated 
chiefly by the urine, increasing the excretion of uric acid, and 
under its use, the urine yields a precipitate with nitric acid. 



MATICO. 295 

An eruption, like urticaria, sometimes follows the administra- 
tion of both copaiba and cubeb. It is used chiefly in the treat- 
ment of gonorrhoea, and should be given in the early stage of 
the disease. In other mucous discharges, as chronic, catarrh 
with profuse secretion, leucorrhcea, gleet, cystitis, &c, cubeb 
has also been employed with advantage. 

Administration. — Dose of the poivder, 5i-iij, three times a 
day, in gonorrhoea; in chronic mucous disorders, smaller doses 
are given. The oil is often employed, but it does not possess 
the full virtues of cubeb — dose, gtt. x-xij, to be repeated and 
gradually increased ; it may be taken in emulsion, or dropped 
on sugar, or made into gelatinous capsules with oil of copaiba. 
The oleo-resin contains both the volatile oil and resin, with a 
portion of cubebin, and is an excellent preparation — dose TT^v- 
xxx, suspended in water ; of the tincture (four troyounces to 
diluted alcohol Oij), the dose is foi-ij, three times a day ; of 
the fluid extract, the dose is f3ss-i. Troches of cubeb are 
made with half a fluidounce of the oleo-resin, a iiuidrachm of 
oil of sassafras, 4 troyounces of liquorice, 3 troyounces of 
sugar, 2 troyounces of gum Arabic, mixed with enough syrup 
of Tolu to form a mass, and divided into 480 troches. 

MATICO. 

This name is given to the leaves of Artanthe elongata (Nat. 
Ord. Piperaceae), a shrub of Peru. They are two or three 
inches long, by about an inch in breadth, oval-lanceolate and 
acuminate in shape, crenate, strongly veined or reticulated, 
bright green on the upper surface, paler beneath, of a pleasant, 
aromatic odour, and a strong spicy taste. They contain chloro- 
phyll, resin, volatile oil, and a peculiar bitter principle, soluble 
in water and alcohol, termed maticin. 

Effects and Uses. — Matico is a pleasant, aromatic tonic, with 
a special determination to the mucous membranes. It is used 
as an alterative stimulant in the entire circle of diseased mucous 
membranes, especially those of the urinary passages. It is 
also used internally as a hemostatic, and locally as a styptic. 



296 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Dose, of the powder, 5ss-j, three times a day. An infusion 
(not officinal) may be made by dissolving a troyounce in a pint 
of boiling water — dose, a wineglassful ; of the fluid extract, the 
dose is f5ss-j. 

PAREIRA — PAREIRA BRAVA. 

Pareira Brava is stated by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia to be 
the root of Cissampelos Pareira (Nat. Ord. Menispermaceae), 
a climbing plant of the West Indies and South America ; but 
it is more probably the root of Chondodendron tomentosum 
or Cocculus chondodendron, a native of Brazil. It comes to us 
in large, wrinkled, twisted, or forked, cylindrical pieces, of 
variable thickness and length, covered with a thin, grayish- 
brown bark. The interior is ligneous, yellowish, porous, ino- 
dorous, and of a sweetish, nauseous, bitter taste. It imparts 
its virtues to water, and contains a bitter alkaline principle, 
termed cissampelina (C 18 H 21 N0 3 ), resin, fecula, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — Pareira Brava is an excellent remedy in 
chronic diseases of the urinary passages, particularly chronic 
inflammation or irritation of the bladder, with morbid secre- 
tion. It is thought to be also tonic, aperient, and diuretic. Dose, 
in substance, 5ss to 5j- But it is more conveniently given in 
infusion (a troyounce to boiling water Oj), dose, f^i-ij ; the 
fluid extract is much used — dose from half a fluidrachm to a 
fluidrachm.* 

BUCHU. 

This is the name given to the leaves of Barosma crenata 
and other species of Barosma (Nat. Ord. Rutacese), shrubby 
plants, growing at the Cape of Good Hope. As found in the 
shops, buchu leaves are from three-quarters of an inch to an 
inch and a half long, from three to five lines broad, elliptical, 
lanceolate-ovate, or obovate, sometimes pointed, sometimes 

* A good prescription, in irritable bladder, is Fluid Ex. Pareira Brava, 
f§i, Cd. Spirit of Juniper, f^ij, Benzoic Acid, gi, Sulphate of Morphia, gr. i — 
dose, a teaspoonful three times a day. 



MYRRH. 297 

blunt, notched and glandular at the edges, and of a green 
colour, paler on the under surface. Three varieties are known, 
viz. : short or round buchu (derived from B. crenata), medium- 
sized (from B. crenulata), and long buchu (from B. serratifolia). 
They have a strong, aromatic odour, and a bitterish taste, like 
that of mint. Water and alcohol extract their virtues, which 
depend on a volatile oil and bitter extractive. 

Effects and Uses. — Buchu is a gentle stimulant to the secre- 
tions generally, particularly to the kidneys and urinary mucous 
membranes ; it may be made to act also as a diaphoretic. It 
is employed in chronic catarrh of the urethra and bladder, 
nephritic complaints, retention or incontinence of urine — as a 
diuretic, in dropsies — and as a diaphoretic, in rheumatic and 
cutaneous complaints. Dose, of the •powder, gr. xx-xxx ; of 
the infusion (a troyounce to boiling water Oj), f5i-iv ; of the 
fluid extract (f5ss-f5j). 

MYRRH A — MYRRH. 

Myrrh is a gum-resinous exudation from Balsamodendron 
Myrrha (Nat. Ord. Amyridaceae), a small shrubby tree of 
Arabia Felix and Africa; B. Ehrenbergianum is thought to 
be also a source of myrrh, and most of the myrrh of commerce 
is probably derived from the eastern coast of Africa. The 
juice exudes spontaneously and concretes upon the bark. It 
is imported from Bombay, and occurs in small, semi-transpa- 
rent, reddish-yellow fragments or tears — sometimes agglutinated 
together in large masses — of irregular shape and size, an agreea- 
ble, peculiar odour, and a bitter, aromatic taste. It is bitter 
and pulverizable, has a resinous fracture, and makes a light- 
yellowish powder. Inferior kinds of myrrh are darker and 
less translucent and odorous. Myrrh is a gum-resin (the resin 
being termed myrrhic acid), containing also a little volatile oil. 
It forms with water an emulsion, and is soluble in alcohol and 
ether. 

Effects and Uses.— Myrrh is a stimulant expectorant and 
emmenagogue. It is prescribed in chronic catarrhal and asth- 



298 MATERIA MEDICA. 

matic affections, in which a combined corroborant and expecto- 
rant effect is desirable; and also in chlorosis, arnenorrhcea, 
&c. Chalybeates and aloes are frequently united with it in 
uterine affections. Locally, it is a good application to spongy 
gums, aphthous sore mouth, &c. 

Administration. — Dose, gr. x to 5ss, in powder or pill, or 
suspended in water, as in Mistura Ferri Composita (see p. 141). 
The tincture (three troy ounces to alcohol Oij), is chiefly em- 
ployed externally — dose, internally, f5ss to f5j- Pills of Aloes 
and Myrrh, Compound Gralbanum Pills, and Compound Iron 
Pills, are officinal emmenagogue preparations of myrrh. 

BENZOINUM — BEXZOIN. 

Benzoin is a solid balsam obtained from Styrax Benzoin, 
or Benjamin Tree (Nat. Ord. Styracese), a tall tree of Sumatra, 
Java, Borneo, and Siam. It is obtained by incisions in the 
bark, from which it readily exudes, afterwards hardening by 
exposure to the sun and air. Two kinds are known, the more 
valuable consisting chiefly of whitish tears, united by a reddish- 
brown connecting medium, and called benzoe amygdaloides, the 
other of brown or blackish lumps, without tears, known as 
benzoe in sortis {benzoin in sorts). Benzoin is volatile, has a 
fragrant odour, a feeble, slightly aromatic taste, is soluble in 
alcohol and ether, and is precipitated from its alcoholic solution 
by water. Its chief constituents are resin and benzoic acid, 
which places it among the balsams ; it contains also a trace of 
extractive and of volatile oil; and sometimes cinnamic acid. 

Effects and Uses. — Benzoin is a topical irritant, and, after 
absorption, stimulates the mucous passages, especially the 
aerian membranes. It resembles myrrh in its effects, but is 
rather more acrid and stimulating. It is adapted to chronic 
bronchial affections, but is seldom employed alone. As a 
fumigation in chronic laryngitis, it has been recommended 
by Trousseau and Pidoux. Dose, gr. x to oss. The tincture 
of benzoin (6 troyounces to alcohol 2 pints), and the compound 
tincture (containing benzoin 3 troyounces, aloes half a troy- 



BENZOIC ACID. 299 

ounce, storax 2 troyounces, balsam of Tolu a troyounce, dis- 
solved in alcohol 2 pints), are used as stimulating expectorants 
and in bowel complaints — dose, f5ss to f5ij. Ointment of 
benzoin is made by adding 2 fluidounces of the tincture to 16 
troyounces of melted lard, and evaporating off the alcohol; as 
benzoin has the property of obviating the rancidity to which 
lard is liable, this is a very useful vehicle for medicated oint- 
ments. Benzoin is much used in fumigating pastilles. 

Acidum Benzoicum (Benzoic Acid) (HC 7 H 5 2 ), is obtained 
from benzoin by sublimation, or by the action of alkalies; it 
is also made in Germany from hippuric acid. As obtained by 
sublimation, it occurs in white, soft, feathery, hexagonal crys- 
tals, of a silky lustre, and not pulverulent. It has more or less 
of the agreeable odour of the balsam, a warm, acrid, and 
acidulous taste, is inflammable, sparingly soluble in cold water, 
rather soluble in boiling water, but perfectly soluble in alcohol, 
alkaline solutions, and fixed oils. It is a constituent of the 
balsams. 

Effects and Uses. — Benzoic acid is a local irritant, acting on 
the general system as a stimulant, with a particular direction 
to the mucous surfaces. Dose, gr. x. In its passage through 
the system, it abstracts nitrogen from the elements of urea, 
and passes out with the urine in the form of hippuric acid; 
hence its use in ursemic poisoning. 

Ammonii Benzoas (Benzoate of Ammonium) (NH 4 C 7 H 5 2 ), 
is made by adding water of ammonia to an aqueous solution 
of benzoic acid, and occurs in the form of minute, white, 
shining, thin, four-sided, laminar crystals, with a slight odour 
of benzoic acid, and a bitterish saline, somewhat balsamic taste, 
and slightly acrid, but persistent aftertaste. It is soluble in 
water and alcohol, and, when heated, sublimes without residue. 
It is incompatible with the ferric salts. This salt, when 
taken internally, is probably decomposed by the gastric acids, 
and produces the constitutional effects of benzoic acid, for 
which it may be substituted ; the ammonia renders it stimulant 
and antacid, and acceptable to irritable stomachs,— dose, 10 to 
20 grains. 



300 MATERIA MEDICA. 



STYRA X — S T R A X . 

Storax is a balsam, prepared from the bark of Liquidam- 
bar orientale (Nat. Ord. Styracege), a native of Asia Minor. 
It is obtained by steaming the bruised bark and then express- 
ing it, and occurs in yellowish or brownish lumps, light and 
friable, yet more or less tenacious, of a fragrant odour and a 
warm taste. It contains volatile oil, termed styrol (C 8 H 8 ), resin, 
with cinnamic acid, and is therefore a balsam. Alcohol and 
ether are its proper solvents. It is almost always more or less 
adulterated. 

Effects and Uses. — It is used as a stimulant expectorant, 
chiefly in the compound tincture of benzoin, — dose, gr. x-xx. 



BALSAM UM PERUVIANU M — B A L S A M OF PERU. 

Balsam of Peru is anEMPYREUMATic liquid balsam, obtained 
from Myrospermum Peruiferum (Nat. Ord. Leguminosse), a 
tree of Central America. Myroxolon Pereirse has more re- 
cently been described as the source of this balsam. It is 
obtained from incisions in the bark, and is collected on rags 
inserted in the openings, which are afterwards boiled in water, 
when the balsam settles at the bottom, and the water is poured 
off. A white balsam, obtained from the fruit of this tree by 
expression, and a tincture of the fruit in rum, are also known in 
Central America. Balsam of Peru has the consistence of 
honey, a dark, reddish-brown colour, a pleasant smell, a warm, 
bitterish, acrid taste, and is soluble in alcohol, and partially so 
in boiling water. It is heavier than water. Its constituents 
are resin, essential oil, and cinnamic acid. 

Effects and Uses. — It is a stimulating blennorrhetic and tonic, 
occasionally employed in chronic catarrhs, asthma, gonorrhoea, 
leucorrhcea, &c, but not much used in this country. Exter- 
nally, it is applied to indolent ulcers. Dose, foss, in emulsion. 









BALSAM OF TOLU. 301 



BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM — BALSAM OF TOLU. 

Balsam of Tolu is a semi-liquid balsam obtained from 
Myrospermum Toluiferum (Nat. Orel. Leguminosse), a tree of 
the neighbourhood of Carthagena. It is procured from incisions 
in the trunk of the tree, and concretes in the vessels in which 
it is received. It has a soft, tenacious consistence, varying 
with the temperature, and by age becomes hard and resin-like. 
It is shining, translucent, of a reddish-brown colour, a fragrant 
odour, and a warm, sweetish, pungent taste. It is inflammable, 
entirely soluble in alcohol and essential oils, and, like the other 
balsams, yields its acid to boiling water. Its ingredients are 
resin, volatile oil, and cinnamic acid. 

Effects and Uses. — It is a stimulant blennorrhetic and tonic, 
useful in chronic catarrhal affections, and, from its agreeable 
flavour, much employed as an ingredient of cough mixtures. 
The vapour of an ethereal solution of this balsam is inhaled 
with advantage for the relief of cough. Dose, gr. x-xxx, in 
emulsion, frequently repeated. The tincture (tincturaTolutana), 
(three troyounces to alcohol Oij) is added to cough mixtures ; 
dose, foi-ij. The syrup (si/rupus Tolutanus), (made by rubbing 
2 fluidounces of tincture of Tolu with 120 grains of carbonate 
of magnesium, 2 troyounces of sugar, and a pint of water, 
filtering, and in the filtered liquid dissolving 24 troyounces of 
sugar at a gentle heat), is used as a vehicle for other medicines. 
Balsam of Tolu is an ingredient of the compound tincture of 
benzoin. 

The following gum-resins, previously noticed among anti- 
spasmodics, are employed as expectorants. 

Assafcetida (Assafetida). (See p. 100.) 

Ammoniacum {Ammoniac). (See p. 103.) 

Galbaxum. (See p. 102.) 



302 MATERIA MEDICA. 



ORDER VI. — EMMENAGOGUES. 

Emmenagogues (from t^vta, the catamenia, and hyuyog, ex- 
citing) are medicines which promote the menstrual discharge. 
This discharge may be suppressed from various causes, and 
hence very opposite classes of remedies are employed to restore 
it. Thus, when amenorrhcea depends on ancemia, the prepa- 
rations OF iron are the most effectual emmenagogues ; on the 
other hand, when it occurs in connection with plethora, blood- 
letting and EVACUANTS are resorted to. There are probably 
no articles which exert any specific influence upon the cata- 
menia, as the discharge from the uterus is not one of the 
excretions through which medicinal agents pass out of the sys- 
tem. Medicines, however, which excite the pelvic circulation, 
and stimulate the organs in the neighbourhood of the uterus, 
have a tendency to increase or excite the menstrual discharge. 
They are — 

1. The drastic cathartics, as Aloes (p. 249), Black Helle- 
bore (p. 259), &c. 

2. Many of the stimulating diuretics, particularly Cantha- 
rides (p. 282). 

3. Some of the blennorrhetics, particularly Seneka (p. 284). 

4. Guaiacum (p. 268), usually classed with the diaphoretics. 
Indirectly, the menstrual discharge is frequently promoted 

by- 

1. Chalybeaies, which are the best emmenagogues in chlo- 
rotic and anaemic cases. 

2. Mercurials, which prove emmenagogue from their influ- 
ence in exciting the secretions generally. 

The following articles are employed exclusively as emmena- 
gogues : 

SABINA — SAVINE. 

Savine is the tops of Juniperus Sabina (Nat. Ord. Pinaceae), 
a small, evergreen, bushy shrub of the South of Europe. They 
resemble closely the tops of Juniperus Virginiana, the indige- 



MADDER. 303 

nous Red Cedar, which are sometimes substituted for savine in 
the shops. The latter has a greenish colour, a strong, peculiar, 
heavy odour, and a bitter, nauseous, resinous taste. Its vir- 
tues depends on a volatile oil, which is officinal. 

Physiological Effects. — Savine is a local irritant. Taken 
internally, in medicinal doses, it stimulates the circulation and 
secretions, with a verv decided action on the uterus. In large 
doses, it will cause vomiting, purging, abdominal pain, sup- 
pressed or bloody urine, with symptoms of nervous depression, 
as shown in unconsciousness, stertorous breathing, perhaps 
convulsions, and death, usually from collapse ; fatal results have 
sometimes occurred from its use to provoke premature labour. 

Medicinal Uses. — Savine is employed internally, almost ex- 
clusively as an emmenagogue, and is considered one of the best 
medicines that can be used to stimulate the action of the ute- 
rine vessels. Pereira pronounces it " the most certain and 
powerful emmenagogue of the whole Materia Medica." It has 
also been recommended in chronic rheumatism, and as an an- 
thelmintic. Topically, it is used to keep up the discharge from 
blisters, to destroy warts, &c. Dose, in powder, gr. v-x ; but 
it loses much of its oil by drying ; of the fluid extract, the dose 
is HI v-x. Ceratum Sabince (three parts of fluid extract added 
to twelve parts of resin cerate) is used to make perpetual 
blisters. 

Oleum Sabine (Oil of Savine) (C 10 H 16 ), is the preparation 
principally used internally. Dose, gtt. v-x. 

Rtita (Rue). The leaves of Ruta graveolens (Nat. Ord. 
Rutacese) a perennial European plant, are ranked among em- 
menagogues, and are used, popularly, to provoke abortion. 
Their action is similar to that of savine, than which, however, 
they are less powerful. Dose, gr. xv-xxx, two or three times 
a day. Of the oil (oleum rutce), the dose is gtt. ij-v. 

Rubia (Madder). The root of Rubia tinctorum, or Dyers 
Madder (JS r at. Ord. Rubiaceae), a European plant, is occasion- 
ally employed as an emmenagogue. Dose, 5ss, three or four 
times a day. 



304 MATERIA MEDICA. 

CLASS III. — HEMATICS. 

ORDER I. — HiEMATINICS. 

This order (from atpariva, the red colouring matter of the 
blood), includes only the Preparations of Iron, or Chaly- 
beates. The chalybeates increase the number of blood-cor- 
puscles, or the amount of hsematin in the blood, and are em- 
ployed therapeutically in diseases dependent on a deficiency of 
these elements. They belong eminently to hoematics (or medi- 
cines which occasion changes in the condition of the blood) ; 
but, as they possess also general and local tonic effects, inde- 
pendent of their action on the blood, they have been classed 
and treated of among the mineral tonics (see p. 189). 

ORDER II. — ALTERATIVES. 

Alteratives may be defined to be medicines, which produce 
such a modification of the nutritive processes, as enables the 
vital principle to restore healthy action, in morbid conditions of 
the system. Their effects are chiefly owing to a correcting in- 
fluence on the quality of the circulating fluid. Thus, in in- 
flammations, they diminish the abnormal quantity of fibrin in 
the blood, render its red corpuscles less disposed to aggregation, 
and decrease the number and adhesiveness of its white globules. 
In part, also, their curative operation is of a substitutive 
character, by setting up an antagonistic action, which takes the 
place of diseased action in the system. 

Under the influence of alteratives, the secretions and exha- 
lations are increased, the textures softened, inflammatory 
action is arrested, and morbid growths and deposits are 
absorbed. The exudation of plastic or coagulable lymph is 
checked, and, -as a consequence, also the formation of false 
membranes. Visceral and glandular enlargements and indura- 
tions are diminished and often disappear, and phlegmonous in- 
flammation, of every kind, is opposed. 

If pushed too far, the alteratives soften and even destroy 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 305 

the textures, impoverish the blood so as to interfere with the 
functions of nutrition, and produce a condition of marasmus 
and cachexia. 

Their principal therapeutic employment is as antiphlogistic s 
or resolvents. The mercurials are chiefly employed in acute 
inflammations, — the preparations of iodine in chronic inflam- 
mations. In the treatment of acute inflammatory affections, 
mercurials are among the most important of our resources — 
especially in such as have a tendency to terminate in effusions 
of coagulable lymph. The iodic and bromic preparations are 
adapted to inflammations of a chronic character — and are par- 
ticularly serviceable in indurations or enlargements of glands 
and organs, and in affections of the bones and fibrous tissues. 

By their substitutive or antagonistic action, alteratives are 
highly efficacious in the treatment of many diseases. In this 
way, syphilis is cured by the use of mercury, and intermittent 
fever by the use of arsenious acid. 

Owing to the injurious results which follow the prolonged 
exhibition of alteratives, they are to be administered with 
caution, and their effects closely watched. 

HYDRARGYRI PR^EPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 
MERCURY. 

Metallic mercury or quicksilver is obtained principally from 
the sulphuret (native cinnabar). The chief supply of quicksilver 
was long derived from Spain and Austria, but the markets of 
the United States are now furnished from New Almaclen, in 
California. Mercury is an odourless, tasteless, volatile liquid 
metal, of a whitish colour. Its equivalent number is 200 ; its 
symbol is Hg. 

While it retains the liquid metallic state, mercury is inert; 
but, when taken internally, it sometimes combines with oxygen 
in the alimentary canal, and thus becomes active. In the state 
of vapour, it frequently proves injurious— in some instances 
exciting salivation, ulceration of the mouth, &c. ; in others, in- 
ducing a peculiar affection of the nervous system, termed 

20 



306 MATERIA MEDICA. 

shaking palsy [tremor mercurialis), which is often attended with 
loss of memory, vertigo, and other evidence of cerebral disturb- 
ance, and sometimes terminates fatally. "Workmen in quick- 
silver are liable to this affection. It is supposed by some chem- 
ists, that the activity of mercurial emanations is owing to the 
oxidation of the metal, before it is inhaled ; by others, that, in 
the finely-divided state, in which it exists as a vapour, it is in 
itself poisonous. ' 

All the compounds of mercury possess activity. Some of 
them are violent caustic poisons ; all of them are more or less 
irritant. \Yhen the mercurials are taken internally, their 
effects vary with the quantity administered. In small and re- 
peated doses, their influence is first shown in an increase of the 
activity of the secernents and exhalants. The cutaneous, mu- 
cous, biliary, salivary, urinary, and probably also, the pancreatic 
secretions, are all increased in amount, and at the same time 
the absorbent system becomes more active, so that accumula- 
tions of fluids, morbid enlargements, indurations, &c, will 
often disappear. 

Lately, the cholagogue action of mercurials has been denied, 
from the results of experiments upon animals, in whom, after 
the establishment of external fistulous orifices connecting with 
the gall-bladder, the administration of mercurials has been 
found not to increase the amount of the biliary secretion. 
Such experiments, however, involving the severance of numerous 
nerve-branches, leading to and from the liver, can settle noth- 
ing as to an action upon the biliary secretion, which, like 
all other secretory operations, is dependent upon proper inner- 
vation. 

When mercury is given in larger doses, these effects are more 
intense. The mucous membrane of the mouth and the salivary 
glands not only take on increased secretory action, but become 
irritated and inflamed. The gums first show the mercurial 
influence, and are tender and tumefied ; the whole mouth soon 
becomes sore ; the tongue is swollen ; and the saliva and buccal 
mucus flow abundantly, sometimes to the extent of several 
pints a day. At the same time, the breath acquires a peculiar 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 307 

fetidity, and the patient perceives a metallic faste in the mouth. 
The resolvent action of mercury is now still more obvious than 
when its impression is milder, and considerable emaciation 
usually ensues, from the absorption of fat. These effects, 
which are termed sialagogue (from the excessive flow of saliva), 
are commonly produced for the cure of diseases, and, as a 
general rule, gradually subside, leaving the health unimpaired. 
When, however, the use of mercury is pushed too far, or it is 
administered to persons peculiarly susceptible of its action, a 
train of very serious symptoms ensues — as excessive salivation, 
ulceration of the mouth, sloughing of the gums, loosening of 
the teeth, and, occasionally, necrosis of the alveolar processes. 
A peculiar febrile condition, called mercurial fever, diarrhoea, 
skin-diseases, neuralgia, rheumatism, disorder of the nervous 
system, and marasmus, are other symptoms which are fre- 
quently noticed after the abuse of mercury. 

After its absorption, mercury produces several important 
changes in the quality of the blood. Immediately upon the 
establishment of salivation, the blood exhibits an inflammatory 
crust ; but, at a later period, it loses colour, consistence, and 
coagulability, and the proportion of fibrin to serum becomes 
diminished. This antiplastic action on the blood renders mer- 
curials valuable as antiphlogistic remedies. 

Medicinal Uses. — Liquid metallic mercury was formerly 
administered to remove mechanical obstructions of the bowels, 
but its use has been abandoned. The preparations of mercury 
are employed therapeutically with various objects. 

1. As indirect tonics and cholagogues, — with a view to their 
action on the secretions, — in dyspepsia and constipation, accom- 
panied with torpor of the liver, in gout, rheumatism, chronic 
skin diseases, &c. Blue pill, mercury with chalk, and calomel, 
are employed with this view ; the two former are preferred as 
least irritating. 

2. As sialagogues. The chief value of mercurials is shown 
when a full impression is made on the system, as evidenced by 
salivation. This condition is usually established by the internal 
exhibition of mercurials, but it may also be produced by fric- 



308 



MATEEIA MEDICA. 



tion or by fumigation. In putting the system under the influ- 
ence of mercury, it is not necessary to excite a high degree of 
ptyalism, though in chronic diseases, it is often proper to keep 
up the effect for some time. During the maintenance of ptyal- 
ism, the patient should use warm clothing, avoid exposure to 
cold, and take light and nourishing food. If excessive dis- 
charge or ulceration occur, astringent gargles, as brandy and 
water, solutions of chlorinated soda or lime, alum, &c ., may be 
employed. In cases of sloughing sores, nitrate of silver or the 
mineral acids should be applied. Gastro-enteric irritation is to 
be treated with laxatives and opiates. The mercurial cachexia 
requires change of air, generous diet, tonics, &c. When the 
system is contaminated with mercury, it may be eliminated by 
the use of iodide of potassium, which forms soluble compounds 
with the mercury retained in the economy. 

As sialagogues, mercurials are chiefly employed in inflam- 
mations, dysentery, cholera, dropsies, and syphilis. It is in 
inflammations that the value of mercurials is most conspicuous. 
After depletion, the mercurial preparations, from their anti- 
plastic action on the blood, are probably the most efficacious 
means at our command for the relief of internal inflammations. 
They are most useful in inflammations of serous tissues, especi- 
ally where these are connected with the exudation of coagulable 
lymph, and also where there is a tendency to the formation of 
false membrane, as in plastic croup ; in iritis, a mercurial 
impression is considered indispensable by oculists. In scrofu- 
lous, malignant, or gangrenous inflammations, mercury is 
objectionable. In dysentery and cholera, mercurials are highly 
valuable remedies, and enter into nearly all the varieties of 
treatment adopted in these diseases. In syphilitic diseases, 
mercury has long been regarded as the only reliable anti- 
syphilitic agent. It has no direct curative influence on the 
primary symptoms ; but, after the system has been contami- 
nated with the syphilitic virus, mercury is the most certain 
and rapid means of destroying it. Wherever the hard chancre, 
with distinct induration (which is always indicative of consti- 
tutional taint), is present, mercurials should invariably be 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 309 

administered. In hepatic and inflammatory dropsies, mercu- 
rials are employed with advantage, with a view to their action 
both on the secretions and absorbents. Where much debility 
exists, however, and in granular disease of the kidneys, mer- 
curials are objectionable. The preparations of mercury have 
been exhibited as sialagogues in many other diseases, as 
paralysis, colica pictonum, rheumatism, chronic visceral dis- 
eases, particularly of the lungs and liver, &c. They must be 
always considered as contra-indicated in scrofulous or tuber- 
culous subjects, in cases of malignant disease, in extensive 
suppuration, marasmus, Bright's disease of the kidneys, &c. 

Blue pill and calomel are the sialagogues principally resorted 
to ; but other preparations, as the iodides, are employed in 
syphilis. In administering mercurials, for their sialagogue 
action, we sometimes observe a cumulative effect: they may be 
exhibited, particularly to children, for some time without re- 
sult, when suddenly the most violent symptoms of mercurial 
saturation will be developed. 

3. As purgatives. The employment of calomel, blue pill, 
and mercury with chalk, as cathartics and anthelmintics, has 
been previously noticed (see p. 263). 

The following are the preparations of mercury which are 
employed medicinally : 

1. Metallic Mercury. When intimately mixed with pul- 
verulent or fatty bodies, mercury loses its liquid character — is 
said to be killed, extinguished, or mortified — and acquires 
medicinal activity. Its activity is probably owing to its reduc- 
tion to. a state of minute division, which enables it to enter into 
combinations in the stomach. The officinal preparations of 
metallic mercury are : Piluloe Hydrargyri (Pills of Mercury), 
Unguentum Hydrargyri (Mercurial Ointment), Emplastrum 
Hydrargyri (Mercurial Plaster), Hydrargyrum cum Cretd 
(Mercury with Chalk). 

2. Oxides. — Hydrargyri Oxidum Nigrum (Black Oxide 
of Mercury), Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum (Yellow Oxide of 
Mercury), Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum (Red Oxide of Mer- 
cury). 



310 MATERIA MEDICA. 

3. Chlorides. — Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite {Mild Chlo- 
ride of Mercury, or Calomel), Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosi- 
vum [Corrosive Chloride of Mercury, or Corrosive Subli- 
mate). 

4. Iodides. — Hydrargyri Iodidum Viride {Green Iodide 
of Mercury), Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum {Red Iodide of 
Mercury). 

o. Hydrargyri Cyanidum [Cyanide of Mercury). 

6. Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum {Ammoniated Mercury). 

7. Hydrargyri Sulphas Flava {Yelloto Sulphate of Mer- 
cury). 

8. Hydrargyri Sulphuretum Rubrum {Red Sulphuret of 
Mercury). 

9. Nitrates. — Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis {Ointment 
of Nitrate of Mercury), Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis {Solution 
of Nitrate of Mercury). 

Pilule Hydrargyri {Pills of Mercury). This preparation, 
generally known as Blue Pills, is made by rubbing mercury 
(384 grains), with confection of rose (576 grains), till all the 
globules disappear ; then adding powdered liquorice root (192 
grains), beating the whole into a mass, and dividing into 384 
pills. The trituration is now generally effected by machinery 
— usually by steam power. It is a soft, dark blue mass, of a 
convenient consistence for making into pills. The mercury is 
in a state of minute division, and is chemically unaltered, 
though, perhaps, a very small portion of it is in a state of 
oxidation. Each pill contains three grains of the pilular mass 
and one grain of mercury. The preparation changes colour 
from being kept, becoming of an olive and even reddish tint, in 
consequence of the further oxidation of the metal. As it is 
often adulterated, it is important that it should be purchased of 
a reliable house. 

Effects and Uses. — In full doses (gr. v-xv), blue pill acts as 
a laxative ; when given for this purpose, it is usually followed 
in a few hours by a saline cathartic. In doses of gr. i-ij-iij, 
repeated at proper intervals, it is employed as an alterative or 
sialagogue, and is the favourite preparation for exciting saliva- 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 311 

tion in chronic affections. When it moves the bowels, opium 
is combined with it. It may be pleasantly given suspended in 
mucilage or syrup. 

Uxguextum Hydrargyri {Mercurial Ointment) (called also 
Blue Ointment), is made by rubbing two parts of mercury with 
one part of suet and lard each, until the globules disappear. 
It is an unctuous, fatty body, of a bluish-gray colour, consisting 
of equal weights of fatty matter and finely divided mercury. 
A very small portion of protoxide is, perhaps, present, and, as 
the ointment becomes darker by age, a further oxidation of the 
mercury probably takes place. 

Effects and Uses. — Mercurial ointment, when either swal- 
lowed or rubbed into the integuments, produces the constitu- 
tional effects of mercury ; locally, it has but little irritant 
effect. It is scarcely ever used internally in the United States 
or Great Britain, though, in France, it is highly esteemed as a 
sialagogue, in the dose of gr. ij, repeated. Externally, it is 
used to mercurialize the system by friction, or applied to 
blistered surfaces ; to disperse non-malignant tumors ; as a 
dressing to syphilitic sores ; to destroy pediculi ; and to prevent 
suppuration and pitting in small-pox. 

Emplastrum Hydrargyri {Mercurial Plaster), is made by 
rubbing 6 troyounces of mercury with 2 troyounces of olive oil 
and resin each, previously melted together, till the globules dis- 
appear ; and then adding 12 troyounces of melted lead plaster. 
It is used as a discutient of venereal and other enlargements, 
to prevent pitting in small-pox, &c, and is applied to the side 
in chronic hepatitis ; it may induce salivation. The plaster of 
ammoniac with mercury (emplastrum ammoniaci cum hydrar- 
gyro), is made by mixing with heat 60 grains of olive oil with 
8 grains of sublimed sulphur, then adding 3 troyounces of 
mercury, and to this mixture adding 12 troyounces of ammo- 
niac, previously boiled with a little water, and strained ; it is 
more stimulating than the foregoing. 

Hydrargyrum cum Creta {Mercury with Chalk) (called 
also Gray Powder), is prepared by rubbing three parts of 
mercury with five parts of prepared chalk, till all the globules 






312 MATERIA MEDICA. 

disappear. It is a grayish powder, containing mercury chiefly 
in a state of minute division. In full doses, it is a gentle laxa- 
tive, milder even than blue pill ; in smaller doses, it is an ex- 
cellent alterative ; and the chalk renders it antacid. It is 
chiefly employed as an alterative in infantile cases. Dose, for 
adults, gr. v-xx ; for children, gr. ij or iij to gr. viij or x, in 
'powder, and not in pills, as in the latter form the mercury 
becomes squeezed out of the chalk. The chlorides and nitro- 
muriatic acid are incompatible with all the metallic prepara- 
tions of mercury. 

Hydrargyri Oxidum Nigrum (Black Oxide of Mercury). 
This preparation, although discarded from the Pharmacopoeia, 
has still claims to notice. It is obtained by agitating calomel 
(mercurous chloride) in a solution of potassa ; chloride of 
potassium is formed in solution, and mercurous oxide (Hg 2 0) 
precipitates. As first prepared, it is a greenish-black powder ; 
but, on exposure to light or heat, it is converted into a mix- 
ture of metallic mercury and mercuric oxide, and becomes 
olive-coloured. It is odourless, tasteless, insoluble in water, 
but soluble in nitric and acetic acids. Its effects are alterative, 
sialagogue, and purgative, and it is one of the least irritating 
of the mercurial preparations — but it is little used internally, 
on account of the uncertainty of its composition. Dose, gr. \ 
to gr. i-ij, in pill. Externally, it has been employed as a 
fumigating agent ; also, as an application to chancres and 
other sores, suspended in a weak solution of chloride of cal- % 
cium, under the name of black wash (made extemporaneously 
by adding calomel 5j to solution of lime Oj). 

Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum (Bed Oxide of Mercury). 
This is mercuric oxide (HgO). It is usually made by dis- 
solving mercury in diluted nitric acid, with a gentle heat, by 
which mercuric nitrate is formed ; and the nitric acid is after- 
wards decomposed and driven off by calcination. The red 
oxide of mercury, which is commouly called red precipitate, 
occurs in small, shining scales, of a brilliant red colour, with a 
shade of orange. It has an acrid taste, and is nearly insoluble 
in water. Its effects are those of a powerful irritant, and, 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 313 

when taken internally, even in small doses, it excites vomiting 
and purging — in large doses, gastro-enteritis. It is rarely or 
never used internally, (dose, gr. T V-£); externally, it is ap- 
plied as an escharotic, either in powder or ointment, to chancres, 
indolent ulcers, &c. Unguentum hydrargyri oxidi rubri (oint- 
ment of red oxide of mercury), consists of one part of red 
oxide mixed with seven parts of ointment: it is a verv useful 
stimulating ointment in indolent ulcers, porrigo, ophthalmia. &c. 
Hydrargyri Oxiboi Flavum (Yellow Oxide of Mercury), 
is made by mixing a solution of corrosive sublimate with solu- 
tion of potassa; chloride of calcium is formed in solution and 
mercuric oxide (HgO) is precipitated as an orange-yellow 
powder, which, on being heated, assumes a red colour. It is 
without odour, of an acrid taste, is very slightly soluble in 
water, and is insoluble in cold alcohol and ether. This prepa- 
ration has been recently introduced into the Pharmacopoeia, 
and is now preferred for some purposes to the red oxide, owing 
to its greater purity, and, especially, to its occurring in the form 
of a completely amorphous powder, exhibiting no evidence of 
crystalline particles, even under the microscope. This gives it 
a superiority, as a local application to the conjunctiva in dis- 
eases of the eye, over the red oxide, which, from the crystalline 
character of its particles, causes more or less irritation. Un- 
guentum hydrargyri oxidi flavi (ointment of yelloiu oxide of 
mercury), consists of one part of yellow oxide mixed with 
seven parts of ointment. Yellow ivash (a favourite application 
to phagedoenic venereal ulcers), consists of the yellow oxide of 
mercury suspended in a weak solution of chloride of calcium, 
and is made by adding half a drachm of corrosive sublimate to 
a pint of solution of lime. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite (Mild Chloride of Mercury). 
This preparation (mercurous chloride), well known as Calomel, 
(HgClj is made by subliming a mixture of mercurous sulphate 
and chloride of sodium (common salt); a double decomposition 
takes place, by which mercurous chloride and sulphate of sodium 
are formed. The mercurous sulphate is previously obtained by 



314 MATERIA MEDICA. 

boiling mercury in sulphuric acid, and afterwards triturating 
the resulting mercuric sulphate with mercury. Calomel, as 
thus procured in mass, is liable to contain a little corrosive 
sublimate. It should be reduced to powder, and washed 
repeatedly with boiling distilled water, until the absence of a 
white precipitate with ammonia shows that the corrosive subli- 
mate has been removed. With a view of obtaining calomel in 
a state of very minute division, its vapour is condensed in a 
receiving vessel filled with steam, whereby it takes the form of 
a very fine powder, and is perfectly free from corrosive subli- 
mate. The calomel thus prepared (known as JeivelVs or 
Hoivard's calomel) is finer and more active than can be obtained 
by levigation and elutriation. 

Calomel, as usually manufactured by sublimation, is in the 
form of white, fibrous, crystalline cakes. It may be obtained 
in the shape of quadrangular, prismatic crystals. As found in 
the shops, it is a light-buff or ivory-coloured powder, tasteless, 
inodorous, insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether, unalterable in 
the air, but blackening by long exposure to light. It should 
be kept in bottles painted black or covered with black paper. 
JewelVs calomel is a perfectly white powder. When pure, calo- 
mel is completely vapdrizable by heat; it strikes a black 
colour free from reddish tinge, with solutions of the fixed 
alkalies; and should not, when digested with water, form a 
white precipitate with ammonia, unless it contain corrosive 
sublimate. 

Incompatibles. — The alkalies, alkaline earths, alkaline car- 
bonates, soaps, and hydrosulphates, are incompatible with calo- 
mel. Nitro-muriatic acid should not be prescribed with it, for 
fear of generating corrosive sublimate. Preparations contain- 
ing hydrocyanic acid, the chlorides of ammonium, sodium, and 
potassium, produce the same change. It is asserted that calo- 
mel is converted into corrosive sublimate in the stomach by the 
muriatic acid which it encounters, but there are many reasons 
for rejecting this hypothesis. 

Effects and Uses. — Calomel produces the effects of the mer- 
curials already described, and, in purgative doses, proves also a 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 315 

valuable anthelmintic. From the certainty and mildness of its 
operation, it is more employed than any of the other prepara- 
tions of mercury, although blue pill, which, if less certain, is 
milder, is preferred under some circumstances. Calomel has 
been frequently taken in very large doses, without any bad 
effects ; but cases are recorded in which, in excessive quantity,' 
it has acted as an irritant poison. As a purgative, it is em- 
ployed in doses of gr. vi-xij, in fevers, hepatitis, colica picto- 
num, dysentery, and many other affections ; as an anthelmintic, 
in the same doses ; and, in both cases, it is to be followed in a 
few hours by a saline draught, castor oil, or senna. Calomel 
is often given in combination with other cathartics, as jalap, 
rhubarb, aloes, scammony, colocynth, and gamboge. As an 
antiphlogistic, in inflammatory cases, calomel is given in doses 
of gr. J to gr. j, every one, two, or three hours ; as an eccritic, 
in these doses, twice or thrice a day. In the dose of gr. j, 
frequently repeated, it is one of the best means of checking 
obstinate vomiting. It is frequently added to other medicines, 
to increase their action on the secretions, as diuretics, anti- 
monials, &c. To children, calomel may be given in propor- 
tionally larger doses than to adults, and it rarely salivates 
them. In infantile diarrhoea, very minute doses of calomel, as 
gr. y'g, T V, i, every hour or two, are highly efficacious. Ex- 
ternally, calomel is applied in powder, as an errhine, in amau- 
rosis ; and, made into an ointment (a drachm to a troyounce of 
lard), it is an excellent application in a variety of cutaneous 
affections. 

Hydrargyri Chloridijm Corrosivum [Corrosive Chloride 
of Mercury). This is mercuric chloride, commonly called Cor- 
rosive Sublimate (HgCl 2 ). It is made by subliming a mixture 
of chloride of sodium and mercuric sulphate (which is previ- 
ously obtained by boiling mercury with sulphuric acid) ; double 
decomposition takes place, resulting in the formation of mer- 
curic chloride and sulphate of sodium. Corrosive sublimate 
occurs in the form of white, semi-transparent, crystalline masses, 
permanent in the air, inodorous, and of an acrid, styptic 
taste. It is soluble in 16 parts of cold water and 3 parts of 



316 MATEEIA MEDICA. 

boiling water, more soluble in alcohol, and still more so in 
ether. The aqueous solution, when exposed to light, is decom- 
posed, with the precipitation of calomel and evolution of hydro- 
chloric acid. It is incompatible with many of the metals, the 
alkalies and their carbonates, soap, lime-solution, tartar emetic, 
nitrate of silver, the acetates of lead, the sulphides and iodides 
of potassium and sodium, the sulphides generally, syrup of sar- 
saparilla, and with many vegetable substances (as the bitters) 
and albuminous liquids (as milk, &c). The tests for detecting 
corrosive sublimate in solution are : 1. A solution of potassa, soda, 
or lime throws down a yellow precipitate ; 2. Carbonate of potas- 
sium, a brick-red precipitate ; 3. Ammonia, white ammoniated 
mercury ; 4. Iodide of potassium, a bright scarlet-red iodide of 
mercury, readily soluble in excess of the precipitant ; 5. Proto- 
chloride of tin, in small amount, a white precipitate of calomel — 
in excess, a dark-gray precipitate of metallic mercury ; 6. Sul- 
phuretted hydrogen, or a sulphide, in minute amount, pro- 
duces a whitish or gray precipitate, and, in large amount, a 
black sulphide ; 7. If the solution is acidulated with hydro- 
chloric acid, and bright copper-foil, wire, or gauze is plunged 
into it, the copper becomes coated with a silvery-white deposit 
of mercury — or a slip of gold-foil, wound round a slip of zinc- 
foil, may be introduced into the liquid, when it will become 
covered with a silvery film of metallic mercury, and, in both 
cases, the metal may be afterwards obtained by sublimation in 
the form of globules. 

Physiological Effects. — In medicinal doses as gr. yg-J, cor- 
rosive sublimate occasions a beneficial alterative effect, without 
any obvious activity. Its continued use may cause salivation, 
but it has less tendency to produce this result than any other 
preparation of mercury. Medicinal doses, if too large or too 
long continued, frequently produce gastro-enteric symptoms 
and the constitutional effects of mercury. In excessive doses, 
corrosive sublimate is a violent caustic poison, from its affinity 
for albumen, fibrin, and other constituents of the tissues. It 
acts very rapidly, producing the most intense gastro-enteritis, 
with violent vomiting and purging, abdominal pain and tender- 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 317 

ness, bloody stools, with death, from collapse, or, after a time, 
with convulsions and coma. The best antidote is albumen (in 
the form of white of eggs) : or, if this is not attainable, gluten 
(in wheat flour), or casein (in milk), may be substituted. The 
protosulphide of iron (if given immediately), and a mixture of 
iron filings (two parts) with gold dust (one part), also decom- 
pose corrosive sublimate. In case of poisoning, the stomach 
must be evacuated as soon as possible, and the after treatment 
consists in the free use of demulcents, opiates, and topical 
depletion. 

Medicinal Uses. — Corrosive sublimate is chiefly used as an 
alterative in secondary syphilis, both by the stomach and by 
hypodermic injection ; also in cutaneous and rheumatic affec- 
tions, and as a sorbefacient in old dropsies ; it is a good 
remedy, too, in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery with slimy and 
bloody discharges. Dose, gr. y^-J, three or four times a day, 
in pill or solution. It has been used in secondary syphilis 
hypodermically : dose, gr. g 1 ^. Externally, it may be used as a 
caustic ; a weak solution (gr. J-i— ij to water f§j) is much 
employed as a wash to ulcers, an injection in gleet, a collyrium, 
&c. An ointment (gr. J-i-ij to lard 5j), is a good application 
in porrigo, tinea, eczema, pityriasis, and skin-diseases generally 
of parasitic origin. There is danger from the external applica- 
tion of corrosive sublimate to a large surface. 

Hybrargyri Iodidum Yiride (Green Iodide of Mercury), 
is made by rubbing mercury and iodine together, with the addi- 
tion of a little alcohol. It is mercurous iodide (Hgl), and is a 
greenish-yellow powder, insoluble in water and alcohol, but 
soluble in ether. By exposure to light it is partially decom- 
posed, and becomes of a dark-olive colour. 

Effects and Uses. — This mercurial exercises a specific influ- 
ence over the lymphatic and glandular systems, and is employed 
in syphilis and scrofula occurring in the same individual. Dose, 
gr. j, gradually increased to gr. iij or iv ; it should not be given 
with iodide of potassium, which decomposes it into red iodide 
and metallic mercury. Externally, it is applied, in the form 
of ointment, to syphilitic ulcers, &c. 



318 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum (Red Iodide of Mercury), 
is mercuric iodide (Hgl 2 ). It is made by mixing- solutions of 
iodide of potassium and mercuric chloride, from which a 
double decomposition ensues, resulting in the formation of 
chloride of potassium in solution, and red iodide of mercury is 
precipitated. It is a scarlet-red powder, which becomes yellow 
when heated, insoluble in water, but soluble in boiling alcohol 
and solutions of iodide of potassium, chloride of sodium, &c. 
It is a powerful irritant and caustic, and is employed in the 
same cases as the green iodide, though much more energetic. 
It is useful in rheumatism, especially of a syphilitic origin. 
Dose, gr. T ! g, gradually increased to gr. J, in pill or alcoholic 
solution ; or, still better, dissolved in a solution of iodide of 
potassium. Extei'nally, it is much used in the form of oint- 
ment (unguentum hydrargyri iodidi rubri), (16 grains mixed 
with a troyounce of ointment). 

Hydrargyri Cyanidum (Cyanide of Mercury). This salt is 
made by adding a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium to sul- 
phuric acid, by which hydrocyanic acid is produced, and this, 
being received in a vessel containing water and red oxide of 
mercury, generates water and mercuric cyanide (HgCy 2 ). It 
is usually found in the form of permanent, prismatic, white, 
and opaque crystals, of a disagreeable styptic taste, soluble in 
water, but not in alcohol. It is an active poison, and is used 
as an antisyphilitic remedy, as a substitute for corrosive subli- 
mate, over which it has the advantage of not producing epigas- 
tric pain, and not being decomposed by alkalies and organic 
substances. Dose, gr. y 1 ^ to \. 

Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum (Ammoniated Mercury). This 
preparation, commonly called White Precipitate, is made by pre- 
cipitating a solution of corrosive chloride of mercury by am- 
monia ; chloride of ammonium is formed in solution, and ammo- 
niated mercury is thrown down. It is the chloride of mercuric 
ammonium. In symbols the reaction may be thus expressed : 
HgCl 2 +2NH 4 HO=NH 2 Hg // Cl+NH 4 Cl-f 2H 2 0. It is a per- 
fectly white powder, insoluble in water and alcohol, decomposed 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 319 

by boiling water, inodorous, and has an earthy, afterwards me- 
tallic taste. It is largely adulterated, chiefly with sulphate of 
calcium. Its effects are poisonous, but it is used only as an ex- 
ternal application, in the form of ointment (unguentum hydrar- 
gyri ammoniati, one part of ammoniated mercury to twelve 
parts of ointment), to cutaneous eruptions, and to destroy pedi- 
culi. Four grains, mixed with half an ounce of powdered 
sugar, make a good snuff-powder in ozoena. 

Hydrargyri Sulphas Flava (Yellow Sulphate of Mer- 
cury). This salt, commonly called Turpeth Mineral, from its 
resemblance to the root of Ipomoea turpethum, is made by 
throwing mercuric sulphate (as obtained from the action of sul- 
phuric acid on mercury), into boiling water ; the mercuric sul- 
phate is instantly decomposed into a soluble acid salt and the 
insoluble yellow oxysulphate — Turpeth Mineral — which is pre- 
cipitated (Hg 3 2 S0 4 ). It is an inodorous, lemon-yellow powder, 
entirely dissipated by heat, of a rather acrid taste, and spar- 
ingly soluble in water. It has been employed as an alterative, 
in doses of gr. \— J ; as an emetic, in croup and chronic enlarge- 
ment of the testis, in doses of gr. ij-v ; and as an errhine, in 
chronic ophthalmia and diseases of the head. In an overdose, 
it is poisonous, forty grains having proved fatal. 

Hydrargyri Sulphuretum Rubrum (Red Sulphuret of 
Mercury), or Cinnabar (which is found as a native combina- 
tion), is manufactured by subliming a mixture of one part of 
sublimed sulphur and five parts of mercury. It is mercuric 
sulphide (HgS), and occurs in the form of heavy, brilliant, deep- 
red, crystalline masses, which are inodorous, tasteless, entirely 
volatilizable by heat, and insoluble in water and alcohol. It is 
nut employed internally, but is used in the way of fumigation, 
in venereal ulcers of the throat and nose ; 5ss may be thrown 
on a red-hot iron and inhaled ; but the black oxide is a better 
substance for mercurial fumigation. Cinnabar is used as a 
paint, under the name of vermilion. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis (Ointment of Nitrate of 



320 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Mercury.) The Nitrate of Mercury is employed chiefly in the 
form of ointment. This preparation, known as Citrine Oint- 
ment, is made by dissolving a troyounce and a half of mercury 
in 3J troyounces of nitric acid, and adding the solution to 16 
troyounces of lard melted at 200°, stirring until effervescence 
ceases. The chemical changes which result here are not pre- 
cisely known ; but a mercuric oxynitrate (Hg 6 4 4N0 3 ), is pro- 
bably formed, with fatty acids and elaidin. Citrine ointment 
has a fine yellow colour and unctuous consistence ; but, if not 
very carefully made, it becomes greenish, hard, and friable. It 
is an excellent stimulant and alterative application, much em- 
ployed in porrigo, psoriasis, crusta lactea, impetigo, psoroph- 
thalmia, and a wide range of ulcerated and eruptive affections. 
It is best to dilute it, at first, with lard. 

Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis [Solution of Nitrate of 
Mercury) [mercuric nitrate) (Hg2N0 3 ), is made by dissolving 
3 troyounces of mercury in 5 troyounces of nitric acid, mixed 
with 6 fluidrachms of distilled water ; and, when reddish 
vapours cease to arise, evaporating the liquid to 7 J troyounces ; 
it is now also prepared by dissolving 3 troyounces and 120 
grains of red oxide of mercury in a mixture of 3 troyounces 
and 300 grains of nitric acid in 6 fluidrachms of distilled water. 
It is a dense, transparent, nearly colourless liquid (sp. gr. 
2.165), of a strongly acid taste, and is employed as a caustic 
application in hospital gangrene, venereal and malignant ulcers, 
and, diluted, in cutaneous affections. 



IODINIUM — IODINE. 

Iodine is an elementary, non-metallic substance, found in the 
vegetable, animal, and mineral kingdoms of nature, — as marine 
plants, oysters, sponges, mineral springs, &c. It is chiefly 
manufactured from the residuum of kelp (the impure soda 
obtained from the incineration of sea-weeds), in which it exists 
as an iodide of sodium, by the action of sulphuric acid and 
black oxide of manganese. It occurs in crystalline scales, of a 



IODINE. 321 

bluish-black colour and metallic lustre, of a strong, peculiar 
odour, and a hot, acrid taste. It is very volatile — evaporating 
even at common temperatures — is freely soluble in glycerin, 
alcohol, and ether, and but very slightly soluble in water (1 
part in 7000 parts of water). Its solubility in water is very 
much increased by the addition of certain salts, as the iodide of 
potassium, chloride of sodium, &c. When heated, its vapour 
has a rich violet colour, whence its name (from «<&%, violet). 
Iodine may be detected in very minute quantity by starch, 
which produces with it a deep-blue colour; if in combination, 
the iodine must be first freed with a little nitric acid, or still 
better with chromic acid (which may be evolved by the addition 
of a single drop of very dilute solution of bichromate of potas- 
sium, when starch and nitric acid have been employed ineffect- 
ually). Chloroform has also been proposed as a test. 

Physiological Effects. — Iodine acts locally as an irritant; 
when applied to the skin it stains it yellow, and causes itching, 
redness, and desquamation ; and, when inhaled in the form of 
vapour, it excites cough and heat in the air -passages. Taken 
internally, in medicinal doses, it usually at first excites the 
appetite and strengthens the digestion, though it soon irritates 
the stomach. It is probably absorbed in the upper part of the 
small intestines, by being dissolved in the alkaline fluids of this 
canal, and, after absorption, it frequently produces a remedial 
alterative and resolvent effect, without any obvious disturbance 
of the functions. Usually, patients become thin under its use, 
though sometimes its alterative action on the nutrition produces 
embonpoint. It excites the secretions generally, increasing the 
flow of urine, slightly relaxing the bowels, often producing a 
marked irritant effect on the respiratory mucous membrane and 
salivary glands, and is readily and rapidly eliminated from the 
blood, chiefly in the urine. If administered in too large doses, 
or to persons of irritable stomach, it produces subacute gastro- 
enteritis ; and, when continued for a long time, it will produce 
gastro -enteric symptoms — headache, giddiness, and other evi- 
dences of cerebro-spinal disturbance — marasmus — sometimes 
discoloration of the skin — occasionally salivation— and fre- 

21 



322 MATERIA MEDICA. 

quently a wasting of the mammce and testicles. This train of 
symptoms is termed iodism. In excessive doses, it may act as 
an irritant poison, and has even produced death : but such a 
result is rare. Enormous quantities have been taken with very 
slight effects. The antidote is starch. The absorption of iodine 
is shown by its presence in the blood and various secretions. 

Medicinal Uses. — Iodine is a most valuable resolvent remedy, 
in chronic visceral and glandular enlargements, indurations, 
thickening of membranes, tumours, &c. It is chiefly employed 
in bronchocele and scrofula, but it is useful in every variety of 
chronic tumour and enlargement ; also as an alterative in 
secondary syphilis and other chronic affections ; and as an em- 
menagogue. Its vapour has been inhaled with benefit in chronic 
bronchitis and phthisis. It is a valuable topical remedy and is 
applied in the form of tincture, with the greatest advantage to 
enlarged glands (especially when scrofulous), in the various 
cutaneous affections, lupus, erysipelas, rheumatism, gout, 
phlegmons, carbuncles, wounds, diseases of joints, poisoned 
parts, to prevent pitting in smallpox, as a counter-irritant to 
the chest in phthisis, chronic bronchitis, and pleurisy, as an 
injection in hydrocele, in encysted bronchocele, and even into 
the pleural cavity in chronic pleurisy, &c, &c. Iodine ranks 
also among the best of the disinfectants, being very available 
from the ease of its application as well as its ready portability. 

Administration. — Iodine is rarely exhibited alone, but usually 
in conjunction with iodide of potassium (see p. 321). To avoid 
gastric irritation, it is best given after a meal, particularly 
when amylaceous substances have been taken, as it forms 
with them iodide of starch. Dose, gr. J-J, two or three times 
daily. Liquor Iodinii Compositus — Compound Solution of 
Iodine — sometimes known as LugoVs Solution — (Iodine 5vj, 
iodide of potassium a troyounce and a half, distilled water Oj), 
is the usual preparation in which iodine is administered inter- 
nally ; dose, six drops, three times a day, in sweetened water, 
and gradually increased. The tincture (tinctura iodinii), (a 
troyounce to alcohol Oj), is of a deep-brown colour, and 
undergoes a gradual change, when kept long ; water pre- 






IODINE. 323 

cipitates the iodine from it, hence it is little employed inter- 
nally ; dose, gtt. x-xx, repeated and increased. Externally, it 
is extensively applied to erysipelatous and poisoned parts, 
chilblains, in cutaneous affections, &c, &c. The compound 
tincture (tinctura iodinii composita), (iodine half a troyounce, 
iodide of potassium a troyounce, alcohol Oj), has the advan- 
tage over the tincture, that it may be diluted with water with- 
out decomposition ; dose, gtt. xv-xxx. Iodine ointment (iui- 
guentum iodinii) (made with iodine 3j, iodide of potassium gr. 
iv, water tTJvj, and lard a troyounce), is employed as a local 
application in goitre, scrofulous tumefactions, &c. ; it does not 
keep well. The compound iodine ointment (unguentum iodinii 
compositum), (iodine 15 grains, iodide of potassium 30 grains, 
water 30 minims, lard a troyounce), is used for the same pur- 
pose, as the preceding ; they both impart an orange colour to 
the skin. Iodine baths have been employed, with iodine and 
iodide of potassium dissolved in water, in a wooden bath-tub, 
in the proportion of iodine gr. iij, and iodide gr. vj, to a gallon 
of water. 

Iodine is employed in medicine, in various chemical combi- 
nations. The iodides of iron, lead, and mercury, have been 
noticed. The iodide of starch is highly recommended ; dose, a 
teaspoonful, three times a day, to be increased. The iodide of 
zinc (see p. 152), is employed as a tonic and astringent. The 
iodide of sulphur {sulphuris iodidum) is prepared by heating 
together 4 parts of iodine and 1 part of sublimed sulphur ; it 
is a grayish-black solid substance, of a radiated crystalline 
appearance, having the smell and taste of iodine, decomposed 
upon exposure to the air and by boiling water and alcohol, 
insoluble in water, but soluble in 60 parts of glycerin ; it is 
used internally in scrofulous and cutaneous affections, in doses 
of gr. J-i, and, externally, in tinea capitis, lupus, lepra, acne, 
&c, in the form of ointment {unguentum sulphuris iodidi), (30 
grains to a troyounce of lard). 



324 MATERIA MEDICA. 



POTASSII IODIDUM — IODIDE OF POTASSIUM. 

This salt is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of 
potassa with iodine in slight excess. By this process, a mix- 
ture of iodide of potassium and iodate of potassium is obtained, 
and the iodate is afterwards deoxidized and converted into 
iodide by heat and mixture with powdered charcoal. Iodide 
of potassium (KI), occurs in semi-opaque, white, or transparent, 
anhydrous crystals, permanent in a dry air, rather deliquescent 
in a moist one, of an acrid, saline taste, somewhat like that of 
common salt. It is wholly soluble in water and alcohol, and 
its aqueous solution dissolves iodine, forming ioduretted iodide 
of potassium. It is frequently adulterated with other salts. 
It is incompatible with ammonium salts, sulphate, nitrate, phos- 
phate, and borate of sodium, sulphates of potassium and mag- 
nesium, sp. nitrous ether, soluble lead salts, and the mercurials 
generally ; with chlorate of potassium, if a mineral acid be 
added, a poisonous iodate of potassium is produced. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of iodide of potassium are 
analogous to those of iodine, but less energetic. Locally, it 
acts as an irritant, and, in large doses, sometimes occasions 
nausea, vomiting, heat of stomach, and purging ; but it may be 
given in larger doses, and for a longer period, than iodine, 
without causing gastro-enteric derangement. It stimulates the 
secretions, particularly those from mucous membranes, and 
very often produces coryza. Its constitutional effects are 
powerfully alterative and resolvent, and it 'is employed in bron- 
chocele, scrofula, secondary syphilis, and other chronic diseases, 
particularly those accompanied with enlargements or indura- 
tions. It is a most valuable anti-syphilitic remedy, when the 
bones and fibrous tissues are affected. In chronic rheumatism 
and gout, particularly where the fibrous tissues are attacked, 
it is of great efficacy. As a diuretic in dropsy, it has been 
found useful ; and in spasmodic asthma it often gives great 
relief. As an eliminative antidote, in mercurial and saturnine 
poisoning, its action has been already noticed. It has been 



IODOFORM. 325 

recommended in hydrocephalus ; and has recently been found 
to exercise a beneficial operation in the treatment of aneurism. 
Administration, — Dose, gr. v-xv, or even more, three times 
a day, in solution. An ointment (5j to lard ovij, with boiling 
water f5ss) is employed for the same purposes as iodine oint- 
ment, and does not discolour the skin ; it is, however, of feebler 
efficacy. 

Ammonii Iodidum — Iodide of Ammonium (NHJj is made 
by the double decomposition of iodide of potassium and sul- 
phate of ammonium in hot aqueo-alcoholic solution. It occurs 
as a white, granular, very deliquescent salt, becoming yellow- 
ish-brown by exposure, very soluble in water and alcohol, of a 
taste like that of iodide of potassium, but a little sharper. It 
has been used in the same way as the latter salt. 

Sodii Iodidum — Iodide of Sodium (Nal) may be made by 
the double decomposition of iodide of iron and carbonate of 
sodium. It is a soluble, white, crystalline salt, used to fulfil 
the same indications as iodide of potassium, than which it is 
said to be better borne. It is not officinal. 



IODOFORM U M — I O D O F O R M . 

Iodoform is obtained by the action of chlorinated lime upon 
a heated alcoholic solution of iodide of potassium, which yields 
iodate of calcium and iodoform, the latter being separated by 
the solvent action of boiling alcohol. It is a teriodide of 
formyl (CHI 3 ), and occurs in the form of small scaly, yellow 
crystals, having a saffron-like odour and sweet taste, insoluble 
in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and the 
fixed and volatile oils. It is devoid of irritant action, ang 1 
produces the constitutional effects of iodine, besides an anodyne 
influence. Large doses produce tetanic convulsions in animals. 
Dose, 1 to 3 grains, three times a day in pill. In the form of 
vapour, it is said to possess anaesthetic properties, but inferior 
to those of chloroform. Externally, it acts as a powerful 
local anaesthetic, and has been found a good application to 



326 MATERIA MEDICA. 

chancres and irritable ulcers, as bed sores ; it is used also to 
relieve the pain of cancerous sores, and, for these purposes, it 
may be dusted over the ulcerated surface, "which is then to be 
dressed with glycerin spread upon lint; a saturated solution 
of iodoform in chloroform is serviceable in relieving the pain 
of neuralgia and gout; an iodoform suppository is also useful 
in painful diseases of the rectum and bladder. 

BRO MINIUM — BROMINE. 

Bromine is an ejementary body, bearing close chemical and 
medicinal affinities to iodine. It is a constituent of sea-water 
and of many mineral springs. In Europe, it is obtained prin- 
cipally from the mother liquors of the salt mines of Stassfurt, 
in Germany ; in this country, from saline springs in western 
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia, in which it exists as a 
bromide of magnesium. It is a volatile, dark-red liquid (sp. gr. 
3), of a caustic taste, and a strong, disagreeable smell, sparingly 
soluble in water, more soluble in alcohol, and still more so in 
ether. Its effects on the system have been thought to be analo- 
gous- to those of iodine, and it has been employed as an altera- 
tive resolvent in bronchocele, scrofulous tumors, skin-diseases, 
&c, particularly in cases in which iodine does not answer, or 
has lost its activity; but bromine and the bromides are now 
known to exert a powerfully tranquillizing influence in various 
forms of irritable action of the nervous centres, as spasmodic 
diseases, especially epilepsy, wakefulness, nymphomania, &c. 
It is given in aqueous solution (1 part to 40 parts of distilled 
water), dose, six drops, several times a day; but it is exhibited 
internally chiefly in the form of the bromides. It is a good 
application in hospital gangrene, and, properly diluted, it is 
used as a wash for ulcers. In overdoses, bromine is an irritant 
poison, and has proved fatal ; ammonia is said to be an antidote. 

Potassii Bromidum (Bromide of Potassium) (KBr), is pre- 
pared by adding a solution of pure carbonate of potassium to a 
solution of bromide of iron. The iron is precipitated, and 
bromide of potassium remains in solution, from which it is 



BROMINE, 327 

obtained by evaporation. It occurs as a permanent, colourless, 
anhydrous, crystalline salt, of a pungent, saline taste, very 
soluble in water, and slightly soluble in alcohol. Bromide of 
potassium has been used as a substitute for the iodide, in bron- 
chocele, scrofula, chronic cutaneous affections, secondary 
syphilis, fibroid tumours of the uterus, &c, but it is inferior in 
these diseases to the iodic salt. It has, however, proved a very 
efficacious remedy in diseases of the nervous centres, as whoop- 
ing-cough, infantile convulsions, hysteria, laryngismus stridulus, 
and especially epilepsy, over which it is believed to exert more 
control than any other article of the Materia Medica. As an 
anti-tetanic remedy, it now ranks at the head of our resources, 
in cerebro-spinal meningitis, in strychnia-poisoning, and in 
tetanus. In the insomnia of mania and of mania-a-potu, it is 
often efficacious; and it has been found to be the most efficient 
remedy which we possess in allaying venereal excitement, and 
hence its employment in nymphomania, chordee, &c, and as a 
preventive of masturbation in prisons, barracks, &c. Given 
with or before opium, it often prevents the unpleasant effects 
of that article, and is useful in the vomiting of pregnancy. It 
is used, too, to obtund the sensibility of the fauces, before the 
exhibition of the laryngoscope. Dose, from fifteen to twenty, 
and even thirty grains, several times a day; in tetanus, much 
larger amounts. No fatal case of poisoning from this salt is 
on record. 

Ammonii Bromidum (Bromide of Ammonium) (NH 4 Br), 
is prepared by dissolving bromine in water of ammonia, or by 
acting on bromide of iron with carbonate of ammonium. It 
occurs in colourless crystals, which, on exposure to the air, 
gradually become yellowish (in consequence of the liberation of 
hydrobromic acid), has a saline, pungent taste, is very soluble 
in water, and moderately soluble in alcohol. Its effects, uses, 
and doses are analogous to those of bromide of potassium, but 
rather larger doses are required. It is also highly recom- 
mended in doses of ten or fifteen grains, every two or three 
hours, in acute rheumatism. 

The Bromide of Sodium (NaBr) has lately been employed 



328 MATERIA MEDICA. 

in preference to the bromide of potassium, as having more 
bromine; and still more recently, the Bromide op Lithium 
(LBr) has been recommended as the most efficacious of the 
bromides. In bromide of potassium there is about 66 per cent, 
of bromine ; in bromide of sodium, 78 per cent. ; and in bro- 
mide of lithium, nearly 92 per cent. Bromide of Magnesium 
sits well on the stomach. Bromides of iron and mercury have 
been also employed. 

OLEUM MORRHUil — COD-LIVER OIL. 

This is a fixed oil, obtained from the liver of Gadus 
Morrhua, or the common cod, — a well-known fish of the North- 
ern Atlantic, — and probably, also, from the livers of several 
other species of Gadus. It is prepared by subjecting the livers 
to heat, either in boilers with water, or by means of steam 
externally applied, and afterwards draining off the liquid por- 
tion, from which the oil separates on standing. It is said to 
be sometimes procured also by expression. Three varieties are 
known, the white or pale-yellow, the brownish-yellow, and the 
dark-brown. They differ chiefly in the mode of preparation — 
the pale being prepared from fresh livers, the dark-brown from 
those which are collected at sea and have undergone putrefac- 
tive decomposition, and the brownish-yelloiv from those in which 
putrefaction has only partially commenced. The pale oil is 
the purest ; the dark oil is the most offensive to the taste and 
smell, and the least acceptable to the stomach. 

Cod-liver oil is of the consistence of lamp-oil, and has a pecu- 
liar odour and taste, resembling that of shoe-leather, which is 
usually prepared in the United States with this oil. These 
sensible properties are probably the best test of the genuineness 
of the oil, and it should be rejected, if the smell and taste of 
shoe-leather are wanting, or if those of lamp-oil or fish-oil are 
very perceptible. The sp. gr. of the best oil is about 0.917. 
The oil undergoes a gradual change from exposure to the air, 
and should therefore be kept in full and well-stoppered bottles. 
It is scarcely soluble in water, somewhat so in alcohol, readily 






COD-LIVER OIL. 329 

soluble in ether, chloroform, and glycerin. It contains a great 
variety of chemical constituents^ the most important of which 
are fatty acids, several biliary principles, a peculiar brown 
substance called gaduin (which is not, however, supposed to be 
the active ingredient), iodine, chlorine, and traces of bromine. 

Cod-liver oil may be distinguished from other oils by the 
agency of sulphuric acid, a drop of which, when added to fresh 
cod-liver oil, on a porcelain plate, causes a centrifugal move- 
ment in the oil, and gives rise to a fine violet colour, soon 
passing into yellowish or brownish-red. This reaction is at- 
tributable, however, to the bile contained in the oil. By 
reaction with ammonia, in distillation, the peculiar volatile 
principle, prophylamia (the odorous principle of pickled her- 
ring), is developed. 

Physiological Effects. — Cod-liver oil, like all fats, is appro- 
priated in the small intestine, and not in the stomach. Its 
prolonged use, in doses which allow it to be retained by the 
stomach, produces very marked beneficial effects in a wide range 
of chronic diseases, dependent on a vitiated condition of the 
functions of digestion, assimilation, and nutrition. Its modus 
medendi is not well understood : some therapeutists believing it 
to act merely as a nutritive agent, valuable from the readiness 
with which it is assimilated — others attributing its curative 
powers to an alterative action from the iodine and bromine, or 
other principles which it contains. Its effects are, however, 
probably due merely to its nutrient action, in supplying a 
sufficiency of molecular base for interstitial growth. The 
biliary principles which it contains promote its absorption and 
appropriation by the system. The most striking feature of its 
action on the economy is increase of weight ; and, usually, where 
it fails to increase the weight, it is of little service. It is be- 
lieved, also, to diminish the formation of uric acid in the system, 
and hence may be useful in gout. In large doses, cod-liver oil 
produces nausea and diarrhoea, and these effects occasionally 
follow the use of medicinal doses. 

Medicinal Uses.— Cod-liver oil has long been known as a 
remedy in rheumatic diseases ; and within the last twenty-five 



330 MATERIA MEDICA. 

years it has come into extensive use, as an alterative in tuber- 
culous and scrofulous affections. In the treatment of phthisis 
pulmonalis, it is now looked upon, in Great Britain and the 
United States, as superior to any other agent, and as possessing 
an undoubted power of arresting the progress of both the 
general and the local symptoms in this disease. Although 
efficacious in all the stages of phthisis, its value is most con- 
spicuous in the earlier stages, especially before the formation 
of true tubercles. Over the different forms of scrofula, it 
exercises also a very decided control — particularly glandular 
enlargements, ulcers, diseases of the joints and spine, ophthal- 
mia, &c. In the various cutaneous affections, tertiary syphilis, 
chronic rheumatism and gout, and the entire circle of chronic 
disorders, in which there is a tendency to marasmus, and 
where the nutrition is defective, cod-liver oil is employed with 
benefit. Its good effects are most conspicuous, in proportion 
to the youth of the patient. 

Administration. — Dose, a tablespoonful two or three times a 
day ; though, if unacceptable to the stomach, it is best to begin 
with smaller, as teaspoonful doses. The addition of a little 
ether (as from 12 to 20 drops to a teaspoonful of oil) promotes 
its digestion. It must be persevered with for a long time 
before its good effects appear. It is best given in some aro- 
matic water, or a little ardent spirit, or the froth of porter ; 
and it may be rendered more agreeable to the stomach by 
combination with one of the mineral acids. The union of the 
oil with lime-water, just enough to form a soap, often renders 
it acceptable to delicate stomachs, and it may be flavoured with 
oil of bitter almonds. If it produce diarrhoea, astringents 
should be administered with it. It is used as a clyster, in 
cases of ascarides and lumbricoides ; and, externally, in cuta- 
neous affections and opacity of the cornea. 



PREPARATIONS OF ARSENIC. 331 



ARSENICI PR^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 
ARSENIC. 

Metallic arsenic is inert, though, when swallowed, it may 
prove powerfully poisonous, by becoming oxidized and con- 
verted into arsenious acid. It is not used in medicine. 

Acidum Arseniosum (Arsenious Acid), (As 2 3 ), sometimes 
called White Arsenic, Oxide of Arsenic, or Arsenic, is obtained 
principally as a secondary product in the roasting of cobalt 
ores (the arseniurets of cobalt) in Saxony and Bohemia. It is 
afterwards purified by sublimation ; and, when recently pre- 
pared, occurs in glassy, colourless, transparent masses, of a 
vitreous fracture, which gradually become white and opaque, 
progressively from the surface inwards. It is sometimes kept 
in the shops in the form of a fine white powder ; but, in this 
state, it is liable to adulteration with chalk or sulphate of cal- 
cium, and it should therefore be always purchased in masses. 
It is entirely volatilized by heat, at a temperature not exceeding 
400°, has no smell, and little or no taste; is soluble in water 
(more readily, when transparent than opaque), and also in 
alcohol and oils ; cold water dissolves from y^o o tQ to sio tn 
part of its weight of arsenious acid, or about half a grain to a 
fluidounce ; if boiled for a short time with water, about ^th 
part will be dissolved ; if boiled for an hour, ^th part will be 
dissolved, or about 12 grains to the ounce. 

Tests. — Owing to the frequent use of arsenious acid as a 
poison, a knowledge of the means of detecting its presence is of 
great importance. In the solid state, it may be recognized in 
the first place by its volatility (heated over a spirit-lamp, it 
passes off as white, inodorous vapour, and is deposited on a 
cool surface as an amorphous powder or in octohedral crystals) ; 
secondly, when thrown on burning charcoal, it is deoxidized, 
and gives out the garlicky odour of metallic arsenic; and, 
thirdly, if heated in a glass tube with charcoal or black flux, it 
sublimes and condenses in the form of a brilliant, steel-gray 
ring or mirror. In aqueous solution, arsenious acid may be 



332 MATERIA MEDICA. 

detected by the following reagents ; sulphuretted hydrogen or 
sulphide of ammonium produces a lemon or sulphur -yellow sul- 
phide of arsenic ; the addition first of ammonia and then of 
nitrate of silver, produces a canary -yellow arsenite of silver ; 
and the addition of potassa and then of sulphate of copper, pro- 
duces an apple or grass-green arsenite of copper ; 100 grains, 
boiled with dilute muriatic acid, and then treated with sulphu- 
retted hydrogen, yield a deposit of sulphide of arsenic, weigh- 
ing 124 grains. The sulphide of arsenic may be reduced, and 
made to yield metallic arsenic, if heated with soda-flux or potash- 
flux. The most delicate test, however, of arsenious acid in 
solution is that of nascent hydrogen, termed Marsh's test. 
When the acid is submitted to the action of nascent hydrogen 
(evolved by the action of diluted sulphuric acid on pure zinc), 
it is deoxdized, and unites with the hydrogen to form arseniu- 
retted hydrogen gas. This gas has a garlicky odour, and is 
recognized by its burning with a bluish-white flame, which 
deposits on a plate of cold glass or porcelain, held over the jet, 
a lustrous steel-gray or brownish-black spot or mirror of metal- 
lic arsenic, surrounded by a faint white ring of arsenious acid; 
the metallic spot deposited is distinguishable from antimony, 
obtained by a similar process, by the addition of a drop or two 
of fuming nitric acid, with heat, which dissolves both metals, 
the solutions yielding on evaporation white residues, but the 
arsenical residue, touched with a drop of strong solution of 
nitrate of silver, assumes a brick-red colour, while the antimo- 
nial residue remains unchanged ; and also the arsenic can be 
dissolved by a solution of hypochlorite of sodium or calcium, 
which does not affect antimony. Another test is that of 
Reinsch, and consists in boiling a solution of the acid w r ith 
muriatic acid and copper-foil or wire, when the latter acquires 
a steel-gray coating of metallic arsenic, passing as it increases 
into black. When arsenious acid is dissolved with liquid 
organic substances, it should first be separated from insoluble 
matters by filtration, and the metallic arsenic may be then 
obtained by Reinsch' s process ; and the liquid or subliming 
tests afterwards applied. If the poison be mixed with solid 



PREPARATIONS OF ARSENIC. 333 

organic substances, they should be cut up and boiled with 
water, acidulated with muriatic acid, and the solution after- 
wards filtered, and again boiled, &c. 

Physiological Effects. — Arsenious acid acts locally as an 
escharotic, by destroying the vitality of the parts to which it 
is applied. In medicinal doses, it stimulates the digestive and 
nutritive functions, as is shown by the well-known results of 
arsenic eating among the peasantry of Austria. Its physio- 
logical effects are not, at first, very obvious. When continued 
for some time, it generally produces more or less heat and dry- 
ness of the throat and stomach, with nausea, increased secre- 
tion from the bowels and kidneys, irritation of the conjunctiva, 
and a peculiar swelling of the face termed oedema arsenicalis ; 
after the latter symptom appears, the medicine should be sus- 
pended. In too long-continued or too large medicinal doses, 
arsenious acid sometimes produces a sort of chronic poisoning, 
characterized by disorder of the digestive apparatus, conjunc- 
tivitis, oedema, salivation, a cutaneous eruption, loss of the 
hair and nails, paralysis, convulsions, and, if its use be perse- 
vered in, coma and delirium may result, terminating in death. 
In excessive doses, arsenious acid is a violent poison, usually 
destroying life by gastro-enteritis, in from one to two or three 
days. When very large quantities are taken, it sometimes acts 
on the cerebro-spinal system, producing death by narcotism, in 
a few hours. Occasionally, gastro-enteric and cerebro-spinal 
symptoms both occur. Two grains of arsenious acid have 
proved fatal, though much larger amounts have been taken 
with impunity ; very large quantities often cause emesis, which 
removes the poison from the stoaiach. 

Dissections, in cases of poisoning from this agent, reveal red- 
ness (sometimes accompanied with extravasations of blood), 
ulceration, softening, effusion of lymph, and even gangrene, in 
the alimentary canal. The blood is often fluid and dark-col- 
oured. The* absorption of arsenious acid into the system, after 
its administration, is shown by its presence in the blood, viscera, 
bile, urine, &c. It is rapidly eliminated by the urine, and also 
by the bile, and even the skin and saliva. 



334 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Antidotes and Treatment in eases of Poisoning. — The evacu- 
ation of the contents of the stomach, by the stomach-pump or 
emetics, should be the first object in these cases. Demulcent 
drinks are to be also freely given. The hydrated oxide of 
iron should be administered, as soon as it can be procured, in 
the state of pulp or magma. It is prepared by the action of 
an alkaline solution on a ferric salt ; water of ammonia is 
directed by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, to be added to a solution 
of the tersulphate of iron (see p. 142). The hydrated oxide of 
iron is a soft, moist, reddish-brown magma, which acts as an 
antidote to arsenious acid, by forming with it an insoluble, 
inert, ferrous arseniate (Fe 3 2As0 4 ). The dose is about twelve 
times the supposed amount of poison taken, and it should be 
given in the fresh and pulpy state, as it gradually loses its 
antidotical virtues when kept. The subearbonate of iron also 
acts as an antidote, but this is much less powerful than the 
pulpy hydrate. Light magnesia (which has not been too 
strongly calcined), and freshly-precipitated gelatinous magnesia, 
may be also used as antidotes. The after treatment consists 
in the use of demulcents, opiates, and, if necessary, stimulants. 

Medicinal Uses. — Arsenious acid is a very valuable altera- 
tive remedy, but it must be exhibited with caution. It is em- 
ployed with the greatest success in the treatment of miasmatic 
affections, as intermittent fevers, especially such as have resisted 
the use of cinchona, or have frequently reappeared ; in chronic 
cutaneous affections, particularly the scaly diseases (lepra, 
eczema squamosum, psoriasis, and pityriasis) ; also in certain 
affections of the nervous system, chorea in particular, over 
which it exercises a marked control; in chronic rheumatism, 
in phthisis, in the tertiary forms of syphilis, in irritable dys- 
pepsia, gastric ulcer, diarrhoea, bronchitis, and as a tonic 
generally. As an external application, arsenious acid has 
been applied to indolent sinuses, lupus, onychia maligna, &c, 
either pure or mixed with several parts of sulphur ; its use is, 
however, attended with danger of constitutional effects. It is 
an ingredient of various empirical compounds, employed in 
the treatment of cancer. 



PREPARATIONS OF ARSENIC. 335 

Administration. — Dose, gr. Jg to J 2 , in pills with bread- 
crumb, three times a day., to be reduced when conjunctivitis 
appears, and suspended after the establishment of the oedema 
arsenicalis ; and, after being taken a fortnight, it should alw ays 
be intermitted for a day or two. It is less apt to occasion 
gastric irritability, when given immediately after a meal. 
The usual and safer form of exhibiting this remedy, is that of 
solution with potash. 

Liquor Potassii Arsenitis (Solution of Arsenite of Po- 
tassium), or Fowler s Solution. This is prepared by boiling 64 
grains of arsenious acid and bicarbonate of potassium, each, in 
half a fluidounce of distilled water, then adding 12 fluidounces 
more of distilled water, half a fluidounce of compound spirit of 
lavender, and afterwards water enough to make the solution 
measure a pint. It is a transparent liquid, of an alkaline reac- 
tion, and has the colour, taste, and smell of spirit of lavender. 
It is a solution of the arsenite of potassium (KH 2 As0 3 ), and 
is decomposed by the reagents which act upon arsenic, and is 
incompatible with infusions and decoctions of cinchona. Its 
effects and uses are analogous to those of arsenious acid, though 
some practitioners have denied their therapeutic identity. The 
antidote is ferric subacetate (Fe 2 3C 2 H 3 2 ), which renders inert 
all the salts of the acids of arsenic. Dose, gtt. v to gtt. x, 
and even gtt. xx, three times a clay. Each fluidrachm contains 
half a grain of arsenious acid. 

Sodii Arsenias (Arseniate of Sodium), is made by melting 
together arsenious acid, nitrate of sodium, and carbonate of 
sodium, then dissolving the fused salt in boiling water, and 
afterwards crystallizing. In this process, the arsenious acid is 
oxidized into arsenic acid by the nitric acid of the sodium 
nitrate, and then combines with the soda of both salts, to form 
colourless, transparent, prismatic crystals (Na 2 HAs0 4 ,7H 2 0), 
slightly efflorescent, very soluble in water, of a somewhat saline, 
slightly acrimonious taste. This salt is employed to fulfil the 
therapeutic indications of the other arsenical preparations, and 
has the advantage of a somewhat milder local action. Dose, 
gr. T « 3 -J. It is sometimes prescribed externally in the form 



336 MATERIA MEDICA. 

of baths, in chronic nodose rheumatism and gout, 5ss-5ij or 
5iij, in each bath. It is generally used internally in the 
form of 

Liquor Sodii Arseniatis {Solution of Arseniate of Sodium), 
made by dissolving 64 grains of arseniate of sodium (rendered 
anhydrous at a heat not exceeding 300°), in a pint of distilled 
water; dose, gtt. x-xx. Cigarettes, made of paper saturated 
with a solution, two or three times the officinal strength, are 
smoked in asthma. 

Liquor Arsenici Chloridi (Solution of Chloride of Arsenic) 
(AsCy, is made by boiling 64 grains of arsenious acid with 2 
fluidrachms of muriatic acid and 4 fluidounces of distilled water, 
until the acid is dissolved, and adding to the solution, when 
cold, water enough to make it measure a pint. This is a re- 
cently introduced preparation, and is believed to be especially 
valuable in lepra and chorea, and generally where the arseni- 
cals are indicated; dose, the same as that of Fowler's Solution, 
than which it is thought to be less apt to disturb the stomach. 

Arsexici Iodidum (Iodide of Arsenic) (Asl 3 ), made by 
rubbing 5 parts of iodine and 1 part of arsenic together, is 
an orange-red, crystalline, volatilizable solid, wholly soluble in 
water, and has been used both internally and externally in skin 
diseases. Dose, gr. J, three times a day ; for external use, gr. 
iij to lard Sj. 

Liquor Arsexici et Hydrargyri Iodidi (Solution af Iodide 
of Arsenic and Mercury). This solution, known as Donovan s 
Solution, is prepared by dissolving 35 grains of iodide of arsenic 
and red iodide of mercury, each, in half a pint of distilled water. 
It is merely an aqueous solution of the two iodides (Asl 3 and 
Hgl 2 ). It has a pale-yellow colour, a slightly styptic taste, 
and is incompatible with the salts of morphia. 

Effects and Uses. — This is a highly valuable alterative pre- 
paration, in the various forms of popular and scaly cutaneous 
affections, and in obstinate syphilis. It was introduced by Mr. 
Donovan, of Dublin, in 1839, and has been a good deal em- 
ployed in the United States. Dose, gtt. v to gtt. xx of more, 
three times a day. 



HYPOPHOSPHITE OF CALCIUM. 337 

CALCII PHOSPHAS PK^CIPITATA — PRECIPITATED 
PHOSPHATE OP CALCIUM. 

This salt is made by reacting upon bone-ash with muriatic 
acid, which dissolves the phosphate of calcium in the bones, and 
gives it up again, on the addition of water of ammonia. It is 
a white, inodorous, tasteless, insoluble powder, sometimes called 
the Bone Phosphate of Calcium (Ca 3 2P0 4 ). It is an important 
and valuable medicine, not only in diseases of deficient ossifica- 
tion, as ununited fracture, caries of the bones, rickets. &c, but 
in all conditions of defective cell-growth and mal-nutrition, from 
its undoubted influence in promoting natural cell-growth and 
nutrition. Thus, it is employed (often in connection with other 
phosphates, as those of iron, sodium, and potassium), in scrofula, 
phthisis, anaemia, diarrhoea, chronic bronchitis, abscesses, and 
wasting diseases of every kind. Dose, five to ten grains, and 
it may be well given dusted in a little milk. A better (because 
more soluble) preparation is the Lacto -phosphate of Calcium, 
made by the action of lactic acid upon the phosphate of calcium. 
An emulsion, containing 50 per cent, of cod-liver oil and 2 
grains of lacto-phosphate to the drachm, is an excellent prepa- 
ration — dose, a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful. 



CALCII HYP0PH0SPHIS — HYPOPHOSPHITE OF 
CALCIUM. 

This salt is prepared by boiling phosphorus in a mixture of 
hydrate of calcium in boiling water ; phosphuretted hydrogen 
escapes, and phosphate and hypophosphite of calcium are formed 
in the liquid, from which the insoluble phosphate and residuary 
lime are separated by filtration, and the hypophosphite is after- 
wards crystallized out, in the form of white, pearly crystals, of 
a nauseous, bitter taste, soluble in 6 parts of water, and inso- 
luble in alcohol. All the soluble sulphates and carbonates pro- 
duce precipitates with this salt (Ca2PH 3 2 ). 

Potassii Hypophosphis— Hypophosphite of Potassium 
(K2PH 2 2 ), is preparedly mixing solutions of hypophosphite 

22 



338 MATERIA MEDIC A. 

of calcium and carbonate of potassium. It occurs in white, 
opaque, confused, crystalline masses, having a disagreeable, 
bitter taste, very deliquescent, and very soluble in water and 
alcohol, but insoluble in ether. 

Sodii Hypophosphis — Hypophosphite of Sodium, (Na 
2PH 2 2 ), is prepared by mixing solutions of hypophosphite of 
calcium and crystallized carbonate of sodium, and crystallizes 
in white tables, of a pearly lustre, very deliquescent (but less 
so than the potassium hypophosphite), very soluble in water 
and alcohol, and insoluble in ether. 

The hypophosphites have been lately introduced in the treat- 
ment of phthisis, under an impression that they prove useful by 
furnishing phosphorus to the tissues. They more probably act 
by stimulating cell-growth and nutrition, and may be given to 
fulfil the same indications as the precipitated phosphate of 
calcium. The soluble salts of mercury and silver are incom- 
patible with them. Dose, 10 to 30 grains, three times a day. 
The hypophosphite of calcium is the most eligible salt, but they 
are often given together, in the form of syrup. The hypophos- 
phite of iron was noticed with chalybeates (see p. 146). The 
hypophosphite of ammonium is also used.* 

AM MO XII CHLORIDE M — CHLORIDE OF AMMONIUM. 

This salt, formerly termed muriate of ammonia, and often 
known as Sal Ammoniac, is obtained from the gas-liquor of coal 
gas works (usually by neutralizing the ammonia with muriatic 
acid), and also in the preparation of animal charcoal from 
bones. It is brought in the crude state from Calcutta, for use 
in the arts, and in the refined state, for medicinal employment, 
from England. It occurs in white, translucent, tough, fibrous, 
hemispherical, convex-concave cakes (XH 4 C1), about two inches 

*Syrup of Hypophospldtes : Dissolve 96 grains of hypophosphite of iron in 
hypophosphorous acid, then in 6 fiuidounces of "water dissolve 256 grains of 
hypophosphite of calcium. 192 grains of hypophosphite of sodium, and 128 
grains of hypophosphite of potassium, mix and add water enough to make 
9 fiuidounces ; in this dissolve 12 troyounces of sugar and half a fluidounce 
of fluid extract of vanilla. Each fluidrachm contains about 5 grains of the 
hypophosphites. 



PHOSPHATE OF AMMONIUM. 339 

thick, difficult to powder, inodorous, of a pungent, saline taste, 
slightly deliquescent, very soluble in water, and less so in 
alcohol. 

The Pharmacopoeia directs that the imported salt should be 
purified for medicinal use by the addition of 5 fluidrachms of 
water of ammonia to a solution of 20 troyounces of chloride 
dissolved in 2 pints of water. Purified chloride of ammonium 
(Ammonii chloridum purification), occurs as a snow-white, 
crystalline powder, soluble in 2| parts of cold, and in its own 
weight of boiling water, and soluble also in alcohol. 

Effects and Uses. — The local action of chloride of ammonium 
is that of an irritant. In large doses it purges. In small 
doses, after absorption, it proves a powerful resolvent alterative, 
diminishing the solid constituents of the blood, with an in- 
creased flow of the secretions generally ; it has an especial 
action upon the mucous membranes, promoting nutritive changes 
and epithelial exfoliation. Under its use, the solids of the 
urine are increased, except uric acid, which is slightly dimin- 
ished. Even in very large amounts, it is not considered 
poisonous. It is not much employed in Great Britain or the 
United States, but it is extensively used in Germany — as a 
refrigerant in mild fevers attended with stoppage of the secre- 
tions — as a resolvent in organic enlargements — in amenorrhoea 
— and in catarrhs, urethritis, &c. Of late, this salt has been 
used with advantage in muscular rheumatism and in neuralgia ; 
and its resolvent powers are highly spoken of in fibroid 
tumours of the uterus. Dose, gr. v-xxx, every two or three 
hours, in powder or mucilaginous solution. Externally, it is 
used in solution (immediately upon being dissolved), as a refriger- 
ant lotion (5i to half a pint of water), in cutaneous affections 
and indolent ulcers (5i to half a pint of water), and also a dis- 
cutient and vulnerary. 

AMMONII PHOSPHAS — PHOSPHATE OF AMMONIUM. 

Although not officinal, this salt enjoys considerable reputa- ' 
tion as an alterative. It is made by adding Stronger Water of 



340 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



Ammonia to Diluted Phosphoric Acid, evaporating and crystal- 
lizing (2NH 4 P0 4 ). It occurs in transparent colourless crystals, 
having the form of six-sided tables, of an alkaline, somewhat 
saline taste, soluble in water, and insoluble in alcohol. As 
usually found in the shops, it is a mixture of the neutral and of 
the acid phosphate of ammonium. 

Effects and Uses. — It has been used in this country as a 
remedy in gout and rheumatism, and is highly esteemed. In 
combination with carbonate of ammonium and aromatic spirit of 
ammonia, it has been also lately used with advantage in diabetes. 
Dose, ten to forty grains, three or four times a day, dissolved 
in an aromatic water. 



POTASSII CHLORAS — CHLORATE OF POTASSIUM. 

This salt is prepared by various processes : a good one is by 
reacting upon solution of caustic potassa, mixed with lime, with 
a stream of chlorine — the chlorine is converted into chloric 
acid by oxygen from the lime, and the acid combines with the 
potassa to form chlorate of potassium (KCL0 3 ). It is a white 
anhydrous salt, crystallizing in rhomboidal plates of a pearly 
lustre, and is inodorous, and of a cool, saline taste. It is but 
little changed by exposure to the air, is soluble in 16 parts of 
cold water and 2 parts of boiling water. It is said to be solu- 
ble in all the animal fluids without decomposing them, or under- 
going change itself. 

Effect and Uses. — Chlorate of potassium, when taken inter- 
nally, gives a bright arterial tinge to the venous blood, reduces 
the volume and frequency of the pulse, and largely increases 
the secretion of urine, by which it passes out of the system 
unchanged. The appetite is improved under its use, and sali- 
vation is an occasional effect. Large doses may be taken with 
impunity, but excessive quantities are said to have produced 
fatal gastro-enteric inflammation. Lately, a fatal case of 
poisoning from this salt has been reported, in which death was 
produced by a tablespoonful, apparently from blood-poison- 
ing, the heart and large vessels having been found filled with 



BICHROMATE OF POTASSIUM. 341 

coagula. As it contains a large supply of oxygen, it was at 
first employed, with a view to its oxidizing influence in con- 
taminated conditions of the blood, as in malignant fevers, 
syphilis, &c. ; and, whatever the modus medendi, it is still con- 
sidered a valuable alterative in typhus, scarlatina, &c. Pro- 
bably, its most positive remedial effects are seen in various 
forms of stomatitis, follicular, mercurial, and gangrenous. It 
is also used in diphtheria, croup, cyanosis, asthma, and even 
neuralgia. Externally in solution, it is an admirable wash or 
gargle in stomatitis, ozoena, the sore throat of scarlatina, sub- 
acute and chronic pharyngitis, diphtheria, and fetid ulcerated 
surfaces generally ; mixed with sugar, the powder is an excel- 
lent application in the aphthous sore mouth of children. Dose, 
internally, fifteen to thirty grains, every three or four hours, 
in some pleasant vehicle. Troches of Chlorate of Potassium 
(trochisci potassii chloratis). are made by rubbing together 5 
troyounces of chlorate of potassium, 18 troyounces of sugar, 2 
troy ounces of tragacanth, and 30 grains of vanilla, and with 
water forming a mass, to be divided into 480 troches, each con- 
taining 5 grains of chlorate of potassium. For external use, 
5ij-iv may be dissolved in half a pint of water. 

POTASSII BICHROMAS — BICHROMATE OF POTASSIUM. 

The chief ore from which salts containing chromium are 
obtained is chrome ironstone, found in Sweden and in south- 
eastern Pennsylvania ; by roasting the powdered ore with car- 
bonate of potassium and nitre, the yellow chromate of potassium 
is obtained, and by acidulating a solution of this with sulphuric 
acid, the red or bichromate, is formed (K 2 O0 4 ,Cr0 3 ) ; it sepa- 
rates in orange-red, anhydrous, tabular crystals, soluble in 
water, insoluble in alcohol, and of a cooling, bitter taste. 

Effects and Uses. — It is an irritant caustic, acting in over- 
doses as a corrosive poison, for which the proper antidotes are 
magnesia, soap, and the alkaline carbonates. In small doses, 
it is alterative, and has been used in syphilis, with encouraging 
results. In larger doses, it is emetic. Externally, it is a good 



342 MATERIA MEDICA. 

application, in powder, or in saturated solution, to syphilitic 
warts, excrescences, &c. Dose, as an alterative, gr. \ daily, 
in pill, with some bitter extract ; as an emetic, gr. f . 

POTASSII PERMAI6ANAS — PERMANGANATE OF 
POTASSIUM. 

This salt is made by mixing together equal parts of black 
oxide of manganese and chlorate of potassium with a slight 
excess of caustic potassa, dissolving in a little water, evaporat- 
ing to dryness, and exposing to a nearly red heat ; chlorate of 
potassium yields oxygen, which converts the black oxide of 
manganese into permanganic acid, and this combines with the 
potassa to form permanganate of potassium (K 2 Mn 2 8 ). It 
occurs in the form of slender prismatic crystals, of a deep- 
purple colour, inodorous, and of a sweetish astringent taste. 
It dissolves readily in water, making a beautiful lilac solution, 
which is readily decolorized by Fowler's arsenical solution. 

Effects and Uses. — There is little experience, as regards the 
action of this salt, when administered internally, although 
alterative effects are attributed to it (and probably with reason), 
in poisoned conditions of the blood, as in malignant fevers, 
diphtheria, pyaemia, &c. It is as a powerful disinfectant, that 
it at present claims chief attention, and it now ranks at the 
head of this class of agents, in destroying fetid odours, and 
poisonous organic emanations. Its power in this respect is due 
to the evolution of oxyen, in its more active form, ozone. It is 
used externally, in dressing foul and fetid or gangrenous ulcers, 
particularly in hospital gangrene, as an application to carbun- 
cles, as a gargle in diphtheria, &c. It may be sprinkled in 
powder on gangrenous surfaces, or applied in solution, of the 
strength of half an ounce, an ounce, or two ounces to a pint 
of water. As a disinfectant and deodorizer, a solution of from 
one to ten grains to an ounce of water, may be exposed in 
saucers, or sprinkled on the floor, or thrown into the air in 
spray by the atomizer. One to three grains may be given 
internally in solution, through the day. Solution of Perman- 



CHLORINATED LIME. 343 

ganate of Potassium {liquor potassii per mang an atis) contains G4 
grains of the salt in a pint of distilled water — half a fluidounce 
contains 2 grains. Condys Fluid is of half this strength. 



AQUA CHLORINII — CHLORINE WATER. 

This is an aqueous solution of Chlorine, which is generated 
hj heating 3 troyounces of muriatic acid, diluted with 2 fluid- 
ounces of water, with half a troyounce of black oxide of man- 
ganese. The chlorine is conducted by suitable tubes, through 
2 fluidounces of water, into a bottle containing 20 fluidounces 
of distilled water, with which it is agitated, and the chlorine 
water is afterwards transferred to a well-stoppered bottle, made 
impervious to light. It should be kept in a cool place, pro- 
tected from the light, but it is soon decomposed. It occurs as 
a greenish-yellow liquid, having an astringent taste and the 
suffocating odour of the gas. Its employment internally is 
chiefly in essential malignant fevers, as scarlatina and typhus, 
also in syphilis and diseases of the liver, and as an antidote for 
hydrocyanic acid. Dose, foi-iv, diluted. Externally, it is used, 
diluted, as a wash in skin diseases, as an antiseptic, and by 
inhalation in bronchial affections. Chlorine acts as a disinfec- 
tant and deodorizer, chiefly by its affinity for the hydrogen of 
moisture and the liberation of oxygen ; its gaseous form gives 
it advantages in this respect. Solutions containing chlorine 
and other antiseptics are useful applications to suppurating 
surfaces, by preventing the decomposition of pus and thereby 
pyaemia. In case of poisoning by chlorine, albumen is the best 
antidote. 

CALX CHLORINATA — CHLORINATED LIME. 

This preparation, often called Chloride of Lime, is pre- 
pared by passing chlorine over hydrate of calcium till satu- 
ration is effected, and is said to be a mixture of hypochlorite 
and chloride of calcium (CaCl 2 2 and CaCl 2 ) ; it occurs as a 
loose, grayish-white powder, or friable lumps, dry or but 
slightly moist, readily soluble in water, of a bitter, caustic 



344 MATERIA MEDICA. 

taste, and a faint odour of chlorine. Exposed to air and mois- 
ture, it slowly yields hypochlorous acid (HCIO), and this soon 
breaks up into water, chloric acid (HC10 3 ) and free chlorine, 
and the chloric acid again yields chlorine ; 25 per cent, of 
chlorine should be furnished by good chlorinated lime. It has 
been used as an alterative, in typhus, malignant scarlatina, 
syphilis, &c, in doses of from one to five grains, in solution, 
several times a day ; and as a wash, externally, one part dis- 
solved in a hundred parts of water — or as a paste. It is 
chiefly, however, as a disinfectant, that it is employed. Its 
effects are essentially those of chlorine, like which it decom- 
poses hydrosulphuric and hydrocyanic acids, and should not 
be given with mercurials. 

Liquor Sode Chlorinate [Solution of Chlorinated Soda) 
(NaCl,NaC10), sometimes termed Labarraque 's Disinfecting 
Liquid, is made by decomposing a solution of carbonate of 
sodium by one of chlorinated lime. It is a transparent, 
greenish-yellow liquid, with a faint smell of chlorine, a sharp 
saline taste, and an alkaline reaction. It has been used inter- 
nally, to fulfil the same indications as chlorinated lime, in doses 
of thirty drops to a teaspoonful, diluted, several times a day. 
It is useful, also, in dilution of various strengths, as an external 
application to every form of fetid ulcer, and it is a most valu- 
able and powerful disinfectant. 

Peroxide of Hydrogen (H 2 2 ), has lately been added to 
our list of alteratives. It may be prepared in numerous ways, 
the only practically useful ones being based upon the decom- 
position of peroxide of barium by means of an acid in presence 
of water. The most satisfactory method is to pass a rapid 
current of pure carbonic acid through distilled water, peroxide 
of barium being added in small quantities, care being taken to 
have the acid always in excess. After filtration, the solution 
is concentrated under the receiver of an air pump. It is (in 
the form of a concentrated aqueous solution) a colourless, 
transparent liquid, less volatile than water, of a bitter taste, 
having a sp. gr. 1.452, and is incompatible with many sub- 



ANTACIDS. 345 

stances, as all vegetable tinctures, the citrates and tartrates of 
the alkalies and of iron, hydrocyanic acid, sulphate, chloride, 
and nitrate salts, &c. 

Peroxide of hydrogen is an active oxidizing agent, and has 
been found highly efficacious in diabetes, in the dyspncea of 
cardiac and pulmonic diseases, in promoting the blood-action 
of iron, and its use has also been suggested as an anti- 
syphilitic remedy, in gout, and in epilepsy and other diseases 
of irritable action of the nerve-centres. The strength of the 
solution should be such that the peroxide on decomposition 
should yield a volume of oxygen ten times as great as the 
volume of the solvent : dose, one to four fluidrachms three 
times a day. 

Locally, it has been applied with advantage to ill-conditioned 
ulcers, especially chancres. Under the name of Ozonic Ether, 
a solution of peroxide of hydrogen in ether has been used 
successfully in diabetes, in doses of from ten to thirty minims, 
up to a drachm. It is also employed in the form of spray, as 
a disinfectant, and as an application to ulcerated, fetid, or 
sloughing surfaces ; and it has been inhaled with advantage to 
relieve the cough of phthisis. 

ORDER III. — ANTACIDS. 

Antacids are medicinal agents, employed to neutralize acids 
in the blood, primse vise, and secretions. The alkalies and 
alkaline earths, and their carbonates, are the substances in- 
cluded in this division. The alkalies, in the concentrated state, 
destroy organization and act as corrosive poisons ; they are 
administered internally only in a state of extreme dilution. 
The alkaline carbonates produce a less intense chemical action 
on the tissues than the alkalies ; and the bicarbonates are less 
active than the monocarbonates. The alkaline earths, particu- 
larly magnesia, are less energetic in their local action than the 
alkalies proper; and their carbonates manifest little or no 
chemical influence over the tissues. 

When swallowed in a state of dilution, the alkaline prepar a- 



346 MATERIA MEDICA. 

tions combine with the free acids which they encounter in the 
stomach. The salts which are thus formed, unless carried off 
by the bowels, are absorbed into the blood, and are thrown out 
by the secretions, especially by the kidneys. While in the 
stomach, besides neutralizing acids, the alkalies also promote 
the digestion and absorption of fatty substances, by forming 
with them an emulsion. After absorption, they exert a lique- 
facient action on the blood, and render the urine alkaline. 
Their long-continued use disorders the functions of digestion 
and nutrition, produces a chronic deterioration of the blood, 
and sets up a cachectic condition somewhat analogous to 
scurvy. 

In the concentrated form, the alkalies are employed as 
eschar otics. The various alkaline preparations are administered 
internally, in the diluted form : 1. as antacids, in dyspepsia, 
accompanied with excess of acid in the primae viae, and they 
are probably also of advantage, in dyspeptic cases, by pro- 
moting the digestion of fatty matters. The neutralization of 
acid, in dyspepsia, by the alkaline preparations, is chiefly 
palliative ; although their continued use often diminishes tem- 
porarily the tendency to acid secretion. The vegetable tonics 
and aromatics are frequently combined with antacids, very 
advantageously, in the treatment of dyspepsia. Contrary to 
former views, the opinion is now held that alkalies increase the 
secretion of the gastric juice, and in fact increase the secreting 
power of all glands with acid secretions ; thus, while useful in 
morbid excess of acid in the stomach, they may be given also 
to promote digestion, by increasing the quantity of the gastric 
fluid ; for this purpose, they should be given just before a meal. 
2. As antidotes, in cases of poisoning from acids. 3. As anti- 
lithics, to neutralize lithic acid, when it is separated in undue 
quantity by the urine ; and, also, as lithontriptics, or solvents 
of calculi, especially lithates. They are improper when there 
is a tendency to the deposition of phosphates ; and, in treating 
cases of uric acid deposit, it is unnecessary to render the urine 
more than neutral, as, if it be made alkaline, the phosphates 
formed may be deposited round the uric acid calculi. 4. In 






PREPARATIONS OF POTASSIUM. 347 

the treatment of acute rheumatism and gout, where they net by 
neutralizing the excess of acid, with which the blood is charged 
in these diseases. 5. To relieve irritability of the urinary 
organs — ardor urinse in gonorrhoea — cutaneous irritation — uter- 
ine irritation — pruritus ani, &c, — when these conditions of 
irritability are dependent, as is often the case, on excess of acid 
in the system, 6. As diuretics (see p. 271). 7. As anaplas- 
tics and resolvents, in inflammation. 

The antacid preparations should be administered in a state 
of large dilution, with a view to facilitate their absorption, and 
to prevent an irritant and purgative action on the bowels. 

POTASSII PR^ PAR AT A — PREPARATIONS OF 
POTASSIUM. 

The preparations of potassium, employed as antacids, are the 
Solution of Potassa, Carbonate of Potassium, and Bicarbonate 
of Potassium. 

The general effects of the potassium preparations are those 
previously described. They increase both the solid and watery 
portions of the urine, and in large doses render it alkaline. 
Under their use, however, the uric acid, either free or combined 
is greatly diminished; the uric acid, it is asserted, is converted 
into oxaluric acid, which is metamorphosed into oxalic acid and 
urea. 

Liquor Potassa {Solution of Potassa), is prepared by the 
action of lime on a solution of bicarbonate of potassium; the 
lime abstracts carbonic acid from the carbonate, and precipi- 
tates as carbonate of calcium, leaving the free potassa in solu- 
tion; or it may be made, more directly, by dissolving a 
troyounce of potassa in a pint of distilled water. Solution of 
potassa is a limpid, colourless liquid, without smell, of a very 
acrid, caustic taste, an alkaline reaction, and imparts a soapy 
feeling to the fingers when rubbed with it; sp. gr. 1.065; it 
contains five and eight-tenths per cent, of potassium hydrate 
(KHO). 

Effects and Uses.— The antacid, diuretic, antilithic, and 



348 MATERIA MEDICA. 

resolvent properties and indications of this preparation have 
been described above. It is more irritant to the stomach than 
the carbonates of potassium, and is therefore less eligible for 
protracted use. In excessive quantity, it may act as an irritant 
and corrosive poison; oils and vegetable acids should be 
administered as antidotes. Dose, gtt. x-xx, largely diluted 
with sweetened water or mucilage. Externally, it is used, in a 
diluted state, as a stimulant lotion. 

Potassii Carbonas {Carbonate of Potassium). This salt, as 
usually kept in the shops, is prepared by the purification of 
the impure carbonate of potassium, known as Pearlash, which 
is obtained from wood-ashes, by lixiviation. Carbonate of 
potassium (K 2 C0 3 ) occurs in the form of a white, coarse, gran- 
ular powder, of a nauseous, alkaline taste, and an alkaline 
reaction, — very soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol. It 
is very deliquescent, forming, if long exposed to the air, an 
oily liquid with the water which it attracts. Acids, acidulous 
salts, and many other substances are incompatible with it. It 
is employed as an antacid, antiplastic, diuretic, anthilithic, &c, 
in the dose of gr. x-xx, in some sweetened aromatic water. It 
has been found specially useful in torpor of the liver, and in 
whooping-cough. In large quantities, it acts as a corrosive 
poison, for which oils and vegetable acids are the antidotes. 

As the purified pearlash of the shops is always more or less 
impure, a better salt for internal use is — 

Potassii Carbonas Pura (Pure Carbonate of Potassium), 
commonly called Salt of Tartar, from its having been formerly 
obtained from cream of tartar. It is now made by calcining 
bicarbonate of potassium, which is thus deprived of its water 
of crystallization and an equivalent of carbonic acid, and is 
reduced to the state of carbonate. It differs from purified 
pearlash only in containing no impurities. 

Potassii Bicarbonas (Bicarbonate of Potassium), is made 
by passing carbonic acid through an aqueous solution of car- 
bonate of potassium, till it is fully saturated. By filtration 
and evaporation, it is obtained in transparent, colourless crys- 
tals, having the shape of irregular eight-sided prisms with two- 



PREPARATIONS OF SODIUM. 349 

sided summits (KHC0 3 ). They are inodorous, of a Blightly 
alkaline taste, permanent in the air, soluble in water and insolu- 
ble in alcohol. The effects and uses of this salt are the same 
as those of the carbonate, but it is pleasanter in taste and less 
irritant to the stomach. It is much used in gout and uric acid 
lithiasis. Dose, 3j to 5j- It is considered the best remedy 
in acute rheumatism, in which as much as an ounce to an ounce 
and a half may be given during the day, with opium to relieve 
pain. 



SODII PRJ PAR AT A — PREPARATIONS OF SODIUM. 

The sodium preparations are analogous in effect to those of 
potassium. Being less irritant and less depressing, they are 
better anti-dyspeptics, and for the relief of acidity of the 
primse viae. They are inferior in gout and uric acid lithiasis, 
as they are less powerful solvents of this acid. Their elimina- 
tive action as diuretics is also more feeble. 

Liquor Sod.e (Solution of Soda), is prepared by the action 
of lime on a solution of carbonate of sodium. It is a colourless 
liquid, having an extremely acrid taste, and a strong alkaline 
reaction. It has sp. gr. 1.071, and contains five and seven- 
tenth* per cent, of sodium hydrate (NaHo). The dose and 
administration are the same as those of liquor potassse. 

The preparations of sodium, generally employed as antacids, 
are the Carbonates. There are several sources of carbon- 
ated sodium. The native carbonate (called Natron), is found 
in Egypt, Hungary, and other countries. Impure soda, 
obtained from the ashes of marine plants, is termed Barilla or 
Kelp, — barilla, when it is derived from phenogamous plants 
growing near the sea, and kelp, when procured from crypto- 
gamic plants growing in the sea. Carbonate of sodium is now, 
however, chiefly made by artificial means, from sulphate of 
sodium, which is obtained in part from the manufacturers of 
chlorinated lime, but principally by the action of sulphuric acid 
on chloride of sodium. The sulphate of sodium is fused with 
ground limestone and coal, and forms a black mass called 



350 MATERIA MEDICA. 

British Barilla, which contains a mixture of carbonate of sodium 
and sulphide of calcium:— Na 2 S0 4 +C 4 +CaC.0 3 =CaS+Na a CO s 
+4CO. It is afterwards purified by lixiviation, calcination, 
and other processes. Within a few years past, caustic soda 
and the carbonates and other salts of sodium have been manu- 
factured near Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania, from Cryolite (a 
fluoride of sodium and aluminium) (3NaF,AlF 3 ), which is found 
in an immense deposit in Greenland, and largely imported into 
Philadelphia. Soda is obtained from cryolite by mixing it with 
lime and subjecting it to heat ; the fluorine combines with the 
calcium, forming fluoride of calcium, while the remaining metals 
take the oxygen of the lime and also absorb it from the air, 
and become alumina and soda, carbonic acid being afterwards 
passed through the solution, to form carbonate of sodium, the 
insoluble alumina being deposited. Another new and cheap 
process of manufacturing soda has lately been introduced, 
termed the ammonia process, in which sodium chloride is con- 
verted directly into sodium carbonate by the use of ammonium 
carbonate ; the ammonium chloride formed is decomposed by 
calcium hydrate, and the ammonia is again converted into car- 
bonate by the excess of carbonic acid, obtained by heating the 
sodium carbonate. Recently, too, sodium carbonate has been 
found in large amount in a lake in Nevada. 

Sodii Carbonas [Carbonate of Sodium), crystallizes in large, 
oblique, rhombic prisms (Na 2 C0 3 ), which are transparent, very 
efflorescent, of an alkaline, disagreeable taste, soluble in water, 
but insoluble in alcohol. When heated, they undergo the 
watery fusion, and part with their water of crystallization, 
which is entirely expelled at a red heat. Perfect crystals have 
ten equivalents of water of crystallization. It is apt to con- 
tain sulphate of sodium and common salt as impurities. Acids, 
acidulous salts, lime-solution, earthy and metallic salts, &c, are 
incompatible with carbonate of sodium. 

Effects and Uses. — Carbonate of sodium is less irritant, and 
has a milder and more agreeable taste, than carbonate of potas- 
sium. Its effects are otherwise similar, and it is administered 
in the same cases. In overdoses, it is a corrosive poison, for 






PREPARATIONS OF SODIUM. 351 

which oils and acids are the antidotes. Dose, gr. x to 5ss, in 
powder, or dissolved in some bitter infusion. Owing to the 
variable quantity of water of crystallization which it contains, 
as kept in the shops, it is best given in the dried state. 

Sodii Carbonas Exsiccata (Dried Carbonate cf Sodium). 
This salt is deprived of its water of crystallization by heat, and 
occurs in the form of a white powder. Dose, gr. v-xv, in pill, 
made with soap and aromatics. 

Sodii Bicarbonas (Bicarbonate of Sodium), is prepared by 
saturating the carbonate with carbonic acid. In the process 
followed in this country, the water contained in the carbonate, 
which is liberated during the process of its saturation, is 
drained off. Thus obtained, the crystals have the form of the 
carbonate, retaining only one equivalent of water, but are 
opaque and porous. They usually occur in granular masses, 
or in the form of a white, opaque powder, which contains vari- 
able amounts of soda, not fully saturated with carbonic acid, 
and is known as Sodii bicarbonas venalis (Commercial Bi- 
carbonate of Sodium). This is purified for medicinal use by the 
percolation of 64 troyounces with 6 pints of distilled water, and 
the purified salt occurs as a snow-white powder, soluble in 13 
parts of water, of a mild, slightly alkaline taste. It is a per- 
manent salt (NaHC0 3 ). By exposure to heat, it gradually 
parts with its carbonic acid, and at a red heat is converted into 
the anhydrous carbonate. 

The effects and uses of this salt are the same as those of the 
carbonate, but it is less irritant and of a more agreeable taste. 
It has been used as a liquefacient, in infantile croup, in the 
dose of gr. j, every five minutes, to promote the expulsion of 
false membrane. Dose, for an adult, gr. x to 5ss, which may 
be pleasantly taken in carbonic acid water, or made into lozenges 
with sugar and mucilage of tragacanth. Soda Powders (Pul- 
veres Effervescentes — Effervescing Powders), consist of tartaric 
acid (gr. xxv) in one paper, and bicarbonate of sodium (gr. xxx) 
in another. They are dissolved in separate portions of water, 
to the amount of half a pint in all, and, when mixed, form a 
pleasant effervescing draught. Bicarbonate of sodium is an 



352 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ingredient also of Seidlitz Poivders (see p. 246). Troches of 
bicarbonate of sodium are made by mixing 3 troyounces of 
bicarbonate of sodium with 9 troyounces of sugar, and 60 
grains of nutmeg, and making a mass with mucilage of traga- 
canth, to be divided into 480 troches, each containing 3 grains 
of bicarbonate. Equal parts of bicarbonate of sodium and 
common salt make a good application to the bites of bees, 
hornets, spiders, &c. 

Sodii Silicas (Silicate of Sodium), (Soluble Glass), is pre- 
pared by fusing silica with carbonate of sodium, dissolving in 
boiling water, and filtering ; the solution, on cooling, drops 
crystals of the salt. Although not officinal, it has been used 
with advantage, to eliminate uric acid, in gout, &c, in doses 
of 10 to 15 grains, 2 or 3 times a day, dissolved in water. A 
solution of 5 grains in 2 fluidounces of water is a good injection 
in gonorrhoea. In solution of syrupy consistence, it is applied 
to bandages for the preparation of immovable dressings. Sili- 
cate of Potassium is also employed for the same therapeutic 
uses. 

LITHII PR^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF LITHIUM. 

Lithia is found in several minerals, as lepidolite, &c, but in 
minute amount. It is extracted chiefly by the agency of 
hydrochloric acid, and from the chloride, the carbonate (Litliii 
Carbonas) (L 2 C0 3 ) is prepared by the addition of carbonate of 
ammonium. It is a white powder, of a mild alkaline taste, 
soluble in 100 parts of water, more soluble in carbonic acid 
water, and insoluble in alcohol. 

It is a very valuable antacid in gout, from the fact of its low 
combining number, and the great solubility of the urate of 
lithium, thus enabling the carbonate to act powerfully in elimi- 
nating uric acid from the system. It probably diminishes also 
the formation of uric acid, and the author has found it highly 
efficacious in the cure of gout. It is a good diuretic. Dose, 
3 to 5 grains, 2 or 3 times daily, largely diluted, and best 
given in carbonic acid water. 



PREPARATIONS OF CALCIUM. 353 

Lithii Citras {Citrate of Lithium) (L 3 C 6 H 5 7 ), a deliques- 
cent white powder, soluble in 25 parts of water, is made by 
adding a solution of citric acid to the carbonate of lithium. 
It is converted into a carbonate in the system, and is, therefore, 
possessed of the same properties, but is more refrigerant. 
Strong solutions of lithium salts have been found useful exter- 
nally in removing gouty enlargements. 



A M M N 1 1 PR.EPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 
AMMONIUM. 

The preparations of ammonium (previously noticed under the 
head of Stimulants, p. 188), are administered as antacids, in 
cases in which a stimulant action is not objectionable. Spiritus 
Ammonias Aromaticus {Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia), is the 
preparation usually employed, and is an excellent antacid car- 
minative in heartburn, attended with flatulence, nausea with 
syncope, &c. Dose, gtt. xxx-f5j. 



MAGNESII PR^IPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 
MAGNESIUM. 

Magnesia (p. 241), and its Carbonate (p. 242), are employed 
as antacids in dyspepsia, sick-headache, gravel, &c, particu- 
larly where a laxative effect is also desirable. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
Troches of Magnesia are made by mixing 3 troyounces of mag- 
nesia, 60 grains of nutmeg, and 9 troyounces of sugar, and 
forming with mucilage of tragacanth a mass, to be divided into 
480 troches, each containing 3 grains of magnesia. 

CALCII PR^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF CALCIUM. 

The preparations of calcium, employed as antacids, are Lime- 
solution, Precipitated Carbonate of Calcium, Prepared Chalk, 
and Prepared Oyster-shell They are very useful in cases of 
acidity or irritability of the stomach, but their action on the 

23 



354 MATERIA MEDICA. 

bowels is the reverse of that of magnesia, and hence they can 
hardly be administered where there is a tendency to constipa- 
tion. They are also much employed in diarrhoea, and occa- 
sionally as alterative resolvents in glandular enlargements, as 
antispasmodics in nervous disorders, and to relieve irritability 
of the bladder from calculus. 

Liquor Calcis (Solution of Lime — Lime-water), is a satu- 
rated solution of lime (four troyounces) in distilled, river, or 
rain water (eight pints). It is a colourless, inodorous liquid, of 
a disagreeable, alkaline taste, containing about 16 grains of 
calcium hydrate (Ca2HO) or 12 grains of lime (CaO) in a pint 
of water. By exposure to the air it gradually absorbs carbonic 
acid, with the formation of insoluble carbonate of calcium. It 
should, therefore, be kept in full, well-stoppered bottles, or they 
should contain some undissolved lime. 

Effects and Uses. — Lime-solution combines antacid and as- 
tringent properties, and is applicable to all the cases in which 
antacids are proper, where an astringent effect on the bowels is 
not objectionable. It is an excellent remedy in gastric irrita- 
bility, attended with nausea and vomiting, and may be given 
mixed with an equal part of milk, which disguises its unpleasant 
taste. A diet of milk and lime-solution is very useful in 
dyspepsia, accompanied with vomiting of food. Lime-solution 
is employed also in diarrhoea, after inflammation has been sub- 
dued, in diabetes, and as an alterative resolvent in glandular 
affections. Externally, it is used as a wash in tinea capitis, 
prurigo, scabies, &c, as an application to foul ulcers, and as 
an injection in leucorrhoea and gleet ; atomized inhalations of 
lime-solution have been found useful in diphtheria and mem- 
branous croup. Dose, internally, fgss to f§iij-iv, several 
times a day; for children, f5j. Linimentum Calcis (Lime Lini- 
ment), (eight fluidounces of lime-solution, mixed with seven 
troyounces of flaxseed oil, sometimes called Carron Oil), is an 
invaluable liniment in burns and scalds, and in small-pox. 

Calcii Carbonas Pr^cipitata (Precipitated Carbonate of 
Calcium) (CaC0 3 ), is made by mixing boiling solutions of 
chloride of calcium and carbonate of sodium. It is a fine 



IRRITANTS. 355 

white powder, insoluble in water, and free from grittiness, but 
possessing no superiority over Prepared Chalk. 

Creta Prjsparata (Prepared Chalk) (CaC0 3 ), is made from 
chalk or whiting, by levigation and elutriation. It occurs in 
little white conical loaves, which are tasteless, odourless, in- 
soluble in water, but more soluble in carbonic acid water. Its 
effects are those of an absorbent, antacid, and desiccant astrin- 
gent. It is used in dyspepsia and gout, attended with an ex- 
cess of acid in the system ; also in diarrhoea; and, as it forms 
soluble salts of calcium with the acids of the stomach, its employ- 
ment has been suggested in rachitis. Dose, gr. x-xxx, in 
powder, or suspended in water with gum and sugar. Mistura 
Cretan (Chalk Mixture), consists of prepared chalk (half a troy- 
ounce), rubbed up with gum Arabic (120 grains), and water (4 
fluidounces), and afterwards mixed with glycerin (half a fluid- 
ounce), and cinnamon water (4 fluidounces) ; dose, fgss, re- 
peated. Laudanum, and tincture of kino or of catechu, and 
aromatics, are often added to this mixture, in the treatment of 
diarrhoea. Troches of Chalk are made by mixing 4 troyounces 
of prepared chalk, a troyounce of gum arabic, 60 grains of 
nutmeg, and 6 troyounces of sugar, and forming with water a 
mass, to be divided into 480 troches, each containing 4 grains 
of prepared chalk. 

Testa Pr^eparata (Prepared Oyster -shell), is the powdered 
shell of Ostrea edulis, or common oyster, washed with warm 
water, and afterwards prepared as the last article; it differs 
from prepared chalk, in containing animal matter united with 
the carbonate of calcium, and is thought to be more acceptable 
to a delicate stomach. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 



CLASS IV.— TOPICAL MEDICINES. 

ORDER I. — IRRITANTS. 

Irritants are medicines which are employed to produce irri- 
tation or inflammation of the parts to which they are applied. 
They may be subdivided into Rubefacients, Epispastics, 



356 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Suppurants, and Escharotics. Rubefacients are used merely 
to produce redness of the skin. Epispastics, or Vesicants, 
cause the exhalation of a serous fluid under the cuticle. Sup- 
pur ants produce a crop of pustules. Escharotics have a chemi- 
cal action on the tissues with which they are placed in contact, 
and decompose or destroy them. 



RUBEFACIENTS. 

Rubefacients are employed to remove congestion and inflam- 
mation, to rouse the capillary system in cases of local torpor, 
to relieve pain and spasm, and as stimulants to the general 
system, in coma, syncope, asphyxia, &c. They are adapted to 
cases in which a sudden and powerful, but transient, action is 
called for ; but they may also be employed where a slight and 
long-continued action is desired. In removing congestion and 
inflammation, rubefacients act by stimulating the capillary 
vessels of inflamed parts and thereby restoring their tone and 
elasticity. They are chiefly useful in the forming stages or in 
light grades of inflammation. They are very serviceable local 
anodynes, when applied to painful parts — acting by a substitu- 
tive influence. As general stimulants, their efficacy in rousing 
the system depends partly on their action* on the capillary 
circulation, and partly on the pain which they produce. They 
are most valuable in the coma or asphyxia, resulting from 
poisons, drowning, &c, and are inferior to blisters in the cere- 
bral oppression, which occurs in fevers, inflammations of the 
brain, &c. 

Rubefacients are usually applied till pain and redness super- 
vene. If kept too long on the skin, many of them will produce 
vesication and even gangrene; and, in cases of coma, particu- 
lar caution is required, as the patient may not feel them till 
dangerous inflammation has occurred. 



MUSTARD. 357 



S I N A P I S — M USTARD. 

Mustard-seeds are obtained from two varieties of Sinapis, 
— S. Nigra, or Black Mustard, and S. Alba, or White Mustard 
(Nat. Ord. Brassicacese), small annual European plants, cul- 
tivated in our gardens. S. Nigra has become naturalized in 
some parts of the United States. Black Mustard-seeds are 
small, globular, of a deep-brown colour externally, and inter- 
nally yellow. They are inodorous, except in powder; and, 
when rubbed with Water, exhale a very strong, pungent smell. 
Their taste is bitterish, hot, and pungent. White Mustard-seeds 
are larger, yellowish externally, and of a less pungent taste, 
owing to the presence of a mucilaginous substance in their skin. 
The powder of both, varieties (commonly called Flour of Mustard) 
is yellow, and is often adulterated with coloured wheaten flour. 
Both varieties yield their virtues wholly to water, and very 
slightly to alcohol. 

Chemical Constituents. — Mustard-seeds yield, upon pressure, 
a fixed saponifiable oil, which contains oleic acid and a peculiar 
acid, termed erucic (HC 22 H 41 2 ). From the black seeds a very 
pungent volatile oil, containing sulphur, is afterwards obtained 
by distillation : it does not pre-exist in the seeds, but is the 
result of the action of water upon a peculiar principle called 
Myronate of Potassium. It is a sulphocyanide of allyl (C 3 H 5 
CyS), is colourless or pale-yellow, rather heavier than water, 
of a very pungent odour, and an acrid, burning taste, and is 
the principle to which the black seeds owe their activity. From 
the white seeds no volatile oil is obtained ; but, when treated 
with water, they yield an acrid fixed principle, which is analo- 
gous in properties to the volatile oil of the black seeds. It is 
the result of the reaction of water uponsinalbin (C 30 H 44 N 2 S 2 O 16 ), 
a peculiar ingredient of the white seeds. The development 
of the volatile oil in the black seeds, and of the acrid fixed 
principle in the white seeds, is supposed to depend upon the 
presence of an albuminous constituent, called Myrosyne, which 
acts the part of a ferment in determining a reaction between 



358 MATERIA MEDICA. 

water and the peculiar principles of the seeds. Myrosyne is 
rendered inert by heat, alcohol, and the acids; and water, of the 
ordinary temperature, is therefore the proper menstruum of 
mustard. 

Effects and Uses — Mustard is an acrid stimulant. In small 
quantities it is stomachic; in larger doses, it proves emetic; 
and, in excessive doses, it will produce gastro- enteric inflamma- 
tion. When applied to the skin, it is a rapid and powerful local 
excitant, speedily producing redness and pain, and, if long con- 
tinued, it will develop vesication, ulceration, and even sphacelus. 
Mustard-seeds, swallowed whole, have been used as a laxative 
in dyspepsia, in the dose of a tablespoonful once or twice a day, 
mixed with molasses — the white seeds are preferred ; the prac- 
tice is, however, of doubtful value, as they may become entan- 
gled in the appendicula vermiformis. When mustard is em- 
ployed internally, however, it is chiefly as an emetic, in cases 
of torpor of the stomach, particularly after narcotic poisoning ; 
and, by its stimulant action, mustard often rouses the gastric 
susceptibility when other emetics fail. Dose, as an emetic, 
from a large teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of the bruised seeds 
or powder. Its use in smaller quantity, as a condiment and 
stimulant of the digestive organs, is well known. In the form 
of whey (half a troyounce boiled in milk Oj), it is given as a 
diuretic in dropsy. The most general use of mustard is, how- 
ever, as a cutaneous stimulant, in the form of cataplasm (termed 
a sinapism). This is made by mixing flour of mustard with 
a sufficient quantity of tepid water to give it proper consistence ; 
and it may be diluted with wheat or rye flour, if a weaker effect 
is desired.- Sinapisms are used, when a speedy and powerful 
rubefacient effect is required : they should be kept on till pain 
and redness are produced, usually from a quarter of an hour 
to an hour, and, in cases of insensibility, their effects should 
be carefully watched. They are applied spread on linen, and 
covered with gauze, to prevent adhesion to the skin. Mustard 
is the most active and at the same time the most easily con- 
trolled of the rubefacients ; a mild but permanent effect may be 
kept up by the addition of a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of 



BURGUNDY PITCH. 359 

mustard to a poultice of Indian meal or flaxseed, with a table- 
spoonful or two of capsicum. 

For ready use, there is now kept in the shops Charta Sinapis 
(Mustard Paper), which is prepared by mixing 90 grains of 
black mustard (in powder), with enough solution of gutta-percha 
to give it a semi-liquid consistence, and then applying the mix- 
ture by a brush to a piece of stiff paper, 4 inches square ; be 
fore being applied to the skin, it should be dipped for about 
15 seconds in warm water. 



CAPSICUM. 

Capsicum has been previously noticed as an aromatic stimu- 
lant (p. 192). It is an efficient rubefacient, useful in rheuma- 
tism, low fevers, &c, and is applied in the form of cataplasm, 
or th^ tincture or oleoresin may be used. 

OLEUM TEREBINTHIN^] — OIL OF TURPENTINE. 

The Oil of Turpentine (see p. 290), is a speedy and efficacious 
rubefacient, and sometimes produces a vesicular eruption. It 
is employed in low forms of disease, attended with coldness of 
the surface ; as a counter-irritant in inflammation ; and as a 
stimulating liniment in rheumatic and paralytic cases. It is 
often diluted with olive oil. 

LINIMENTUM AMMONIA — LINIMENT OF AMMONIA. 

This preparation, called also Volatile Liniment, consists of one 
fluidounce of water of ammonia (see p. 188), and two troy- 
ounces of olive oil. It is an excellent application, as a counter- 
irritant, in affections of the throat and chest, &c. 

PIX BURGUNDICA — BURGUNDY PITCH. 

This is the prepared resinous exudation from Abies excelsa 
or Norway Spruce {Nat. Oral. Pinacese), a lofty evergreen tree 



:?'. MATERIA MEDIC A. 

of Europe and Northern Asia. Abies picea, or the European 
Sil s said to be also a source of the drug. It is ob- 

tained by stripping off the bark, and detaching the flakes of 
ous matter which form upon the surface of the wound : 

thev are afterwards melted in boiling water and strained. 

• - 

Burgundy Pitch is principally collected in German y and 
Dee, and de: its name from Burgundy, in the latter 

kingdom. After it is imported into the United States, H 
generally re-melted and strained, to free it from impuri: 
and, as found in the shops, it is a hard, brittle, opaque sub- 
stance, of a yellowish or brownish-yellow colour, and a weak 
terebinthinate taste and smell; when applied to the bod; 

I: contains two resins, and a 
much smaller proportion of volatile oil than turpentine. 

urious Burgundy Pitch is made by melting together 
pitch, resin, and turpentine, and agitating the mixture with 
water. 

Effect* and Uses. — Hus is I gentle rubefacient, producing a 
slight degree of inflammation and serous effusion, without sepa- 
rating the cuticle. It occasionally produces a papillary or 
jular eruption ; and, sometimes, though rarely, occasions 
painful vesication and even ulceration. It is applied in the 
form of platter to the chest in chronic and sob-acute pulmo- 
nary disorders, to the loins in lumbago, to the joints in chronic 
articular affections, and for the relief of local rheumatic pains 
in other parts. 

Emplastrum Picis Burgundies (Burgundy Pitch Plaster), 
consists of twelve parts of Burgundy Pitch, melted with one 
part of yellow wax, which is used to give consistence to the 
pitch. Emplastrum PieiM cum Cantharide {Plaster of Pitch 
with Cantharides\ consists of twelve parts of Burgundy Pitch, 
melted with one part of cerate of cantharides ; this is commonly 
called the Warming Plaster, and is a more active rubefacient 
than Burgundy Pitch, though it does not usually blister. The 
Plaster of Antimony, Plaster of Iron, Compound Cralbanum 
Plaster, and Opium Piaster, all contain Burgundy Pitch. 



BPISPASTICS. 361 



PIX CANADENSIS CANADA PITCH. 

This is the prepared resinous exudation from Abies Cana- 
densis, or Hemlock Spruce (Nat. Ord. Pinaceae), a very lofty 
evergreen tree of Canada and the northern parts of the United 
States. The pitch (sometimes called Hemlock Gum), is a spon- 
taneous exudation on the old trees. The portions of bark upon 
which it hardens are stripped from the tree and boiled, and the 
melted pitch is skimmed from the surface of the water. It 
undergoes a further purification in the shops, by melting and 
straining, and is found in hard, brittle, opaque masses, of a 
dark yellowish-brown colour, a weak, peculiar odour, and 
scarcely any taste. It is more readily softened by heat than 
Burgundy Pitch, and is therefore sometimes a less convenient 
application. Its constituents are resin, and a minute portion 
of volatile oil. Its effects and uses are the same as those of 
Burgundy Pitch. 

Emplastrum Picis Canadensis (Plaster of Canada Pitch), 
sometimes called Hemlock Pitch Plaster, consists of twelve 
parts of Canada Pitch, melted with one part of yellow wax. 

Many other acrid substances are occasionally employed as 
rubefacients. Ginger (see p. 197), Black Pepper (see p. 
193), and Garlic (see p. 287j, are particularly deserving of 
mention. A gentle counter-irritant, often used to the epigas- 
tric region, to relieve vomiting, is the Spice Plaster, which is 
made by mixing two ounces of powdered ginger with an ounce 
of powdered cloves and cinnamon, each, and two drachms of 
capsicum, adding half a fiuidounce of tincture of ginger, and 
honey enough for proper consistence. 



EPISPA5TICS. 

Epispastics, called also Vesican+s and Blisters, are medicines 
which, when applied to the skin, produce inflammation, accom- 
panied by effusion of serum beneath the cuticle. Many of the 



362 MATERIA MEDICA. 

rubefacients will blister, if kept on the skin a sufficient length 
of time ; and, on the other hand, the action of vesicants may 
be made not to extend beyond rubefaction. The inflammation 
of the skin, caused by vesicants, is erysipelatous in its charac- 
ter, and may result in suppuration and even sloughing or gan- 
grene. In inflammation of the dermoid tissues, as rubeola 
and scarlatina, in typhus under certain circumstances, and in 
extreme infancy, — vesicants may produce fatal consequences. 

This class of agents is employed : 1. As local stimulants, 
in the cure of internal inflammations ; different explanations 
have been offered of the antiphlogistic influence of blisters, 
some therapeutists ascribing it to a derivative or revellent action, 
by determining vascular and nervous energy to the seat of 
their operation, but it is more probably due to a stimulant 
effect, extended to the capillary vessels of the inflamed organ, 
and experience has shown that, for the relief of internal in- 
flammation, they cannot be applied too near the affected organ. 
In affections of the head, blisters are pre-eminently useful. 2. 
To substitute a healthy therapeutic inflammatory action, which 
subsides spontaneously, for a morbid action existing in the part 
to which they are applied. In this way vesicants are used for 
the cure of various cutaneous eruptions. 3. To relieve pain, 
which they do partly by a stimulant, and partly by a substitu- 
tive influence. 4. To break up a train of morbid associations, 
by the powerful impression which they make on the nervous 
system, as in the cure of intermittent fever, spasmodic diseases, 
&c. 5. To stimulate the absorbing or secreting vessels of 
parts contiguous to the seat of their application ; in this way, 
they are useful in promoting the absorption of dropsical effu- 
sions, in the treatment of ununited fracture, &c. 6. As gen- 
eral stimulants, in typhoid conditions of the system, coma, 
syncope, &c. 7. As local stimulants, in threatened gangrene, 
paralysis, &c. 8. As evacuants, chiefly for the purpose of 
local depletion. 9. In retrocedent gout, and in retrocession 
of the exanthematous eruptions. 10. To prepare a surface for 
the endermic application of medicines. 



CANTHARIDES. 363 



CANTHARIS — CANTHARIDES. 

Cantharis vesicatoria, termed also Lytta vesicatoria, the 
Spanish Fly, is a cylindrical insect from six to ten lines in 
length, by two or three in breadth, with a large cordate head, 
an oblong body, and elytra or wing-cases, of a beautiful, 
shining, golden-green colour. It is found most abundantly in 
Spain, Italy, and the south of France, but occurs in all the 
temperate parts of Europe, and in Western Asia. The Spanish 
flies swarm on certain trees and shrubs, and may be detected 
at a considerable distance by their strong, fetid odour, which 
resembles that of mice. They make their appearance in May 
and June, and are collected in these months by persons pro- 
tected by masks and gauntlets, who beat or shake them from 
the trees on which they lodge, and receive them, as they fall, 
upon linen cloths spread underneath. They are plunged into 
hot vinegar and water, or exposed to the vapour of boiling 
vinegar, and are afterwards dried in the sun or by drying 
stoves. When perfectly dry, they are packed in canisters, 
which are carefully closed so as to exclude atmospheric mois- 
ture. They are usually imported into this country from some 
Mediterranean port. A highly esteemed variety comes from 
South Russia, through St. Petersburg, which is distinguished 
by the larger size and copper colour of the flies. 

In the dried state, cantharides retain their form, colour, 
odour, &c. ; their taste is acrid, burning, and urinous; their 
powder is of a grayish-brown colour, interspersed with shining 
green particles. If exposed to moisture, they are soon decom- 
posed, most speedily when powdered. As, moreover, the 
powder is liable to adulterations, they should always be pur- 
chased whole, and should be powdered as they are wanted for 
use. They are liable to be attacked by mites, which destroy 
the interior soft parts : the best mode of preserving them is to 
expose them, in bottles, to the heat of boiling water, which 
destroys the eggs of the insect. A little camphor or car- 
bonate of ammonium, or a few drops of strong acetic acid or 



364 MATERIA MEDICA. 

of chloroform, added to the flies, are also recommended as 
preservatives. 

The most important constituents of cantharides are a volatile 
oil, upon which the odour depends, and a white micaceous, 
crystalline substance, termed cantharidin, which is the vesi- 
cating principle. Cantharidin is inodorous, tasteless, soluble 
in ether, chloroform, the oils, acetic acid, and boiling alcohol, 
and insoluble in water and cold alcohol ; but, notwithstanding 
this insolubility of cantharidin, watery and alcoholic solutions 
of cantharides possess the medicinal properties of the insect, — 
the cantharidin being rendered soluble by combination with a 
yellow colouring matter in the insect. Cantharidin (C 5 H 6 2 ), 
by the aid of heat, in the presence of water, may be made to 
combine with the alkalies, the cantharidin becoming converted 
into cantharidic acid (H 2 C 5 H 6 2 ). The cantharidate of potas- 
sium has been employed as a blistering agent. 

Physiological Effects. — Cantharides are an acrid stimulant. 
Taken internally, in small doses, they excite the secretion of 
the kidneys, and sometimes produce more or less irritation of 
the genito-urinary passages, evinced by strangury, priapism, 
pain, and occasionally the discharge of bloody urine. In 
large doses, they produce violent gastro-enteric and genito- 
urinary inflammation ; and, in excessive doses, prove fatal, 
with convulsions, tetanus, delirium, and other cerebro-spinal 
symptoms. Twenty-four grains have occasioned death. In 
cases of poisoning, after the stomach has been emptied, opiates, 
demulcents, and stimulants are to be resorted to ; but oils are 
to be avoided. Applied to the skin, cantharides produce 
inflammation, which terminates in the secretion of serum under 
the cuticle. Even when they are externally applied, their con- 
stitutional effects, as strangury, tenesmus, &c, are frequently 
manifested. 

Medicinal Uses. — The indications which cantharides are 
capable of fulfilling, when administered internally, as a diuretic, 
emmenagogue, &c, have been already noticed (see tincture, p. 
282). Their chief use is as an external application, to produce 
blisters ; but they are sometimes also employed externally, as 



CANTHARIDES. 365 

rubefacients, for the purpose of local or general stimulation in 
low forms of disease. Cantharides are preferred to all other 
substances as epispastics, and they are used for all the medi- 
cinal purposes, that are within the range of this class of medi- 
cines. 

The following are the forms under which Spanish flies are 
used externally : 

Ceratum Cantharidis (Cantharides Cerate), commonly known 
as Blistering Cerate, is made by mixing powdered cantharides 
(twelve parts) with melted wax and resin (each seven parts), 
and lard (ten parts). This is the preparation usually employed 
to raise a blister. It can be applied without the aid of heat, 
and should be spread on soft leather or linen or adhesive plaster, 
and covered with gauze or unsized paper. From four to twelve 
hours is the period for which the cerate should be applied — on 
the scalp a longer application may be required. For an ordi- 
nary impression, and where the cutaneous sensibility is not 
impaired by disease, it need not be kept on more than four or 
five hours. In cases of children, less time is required for the 
application of the cerate, and great caution is necessary in 
applying it to infants. A poultice of bread and milk or flax- 
seed meal should be afterwards applied, which usually produces 
vesication, if the action of the blister has not extended beyond 
rubefaction. If it be desirable to heal the blistered surface 
immediately, cotton wadding or cerate may be placed over it, 
after the serum has been allowed to escape. To maintain the 
discharge, the cuticle should be removed, and basilicon ointment 
applied ; if the surface require further irritation, the ointments of 
savine, mezereon, or cantharides may be used. The open or per- 
petual blister is, however, not required for ordinary antiphlogis- 
tic purposes ; and, indeed, as a general rule, the blistered surface 
should be allowed to heal as speedily as possible. In case of 
excessive pain, a poultice of bread-crumb and lead water, with 
grain \ of sulphate of morphia mixed in it, or a starch poultice, 
or lime liniment is a soothing application. Goulard's Cerate is 
an excellent application to heal obstinate ulcers from blisters. 
For the relief of strangury, diluents and diuretics are proper, 



366 MATERIA MEDICA. 

as flaxseed tea, with sweet spirit of nitre, decoction of uva ursi, 
&c, and an opium or morphia suppository, if the symptoms are 
severe. Ceratum Extracti Cantharidis (Cerate of Extract of 
Cantharides), differs chiefly from the common cerate in being 
made with an alcoholic extract of the flies instead of the flies 
themselves ; it is a new preparation, and is said to be more 
active than the old. To prepare it, 5 troyounces of canthar- 
ides are. to be percolated to exhaustion with stronger alcohol, 
evaporated to the consistence of a soft extract, and mixed with 
3 troyounces of resin, 6 troyounces of yellow wax, and 7 troy- 
ounces of lard (melted together). Ethereal, alcoholic, hydro- 
alcoholic, and watery extracts of Spanish flies have been sug- 
gested as substitutes for the blistering cerate, and, mixed with 
wax and spread on thin cloth or paper, are termed vesicating 
taffetas. Unguentum Cantharidis (Ointment of Cantharides), 
is made by mixing 120 grains of cantharides cerate with 360 
grains of resin cerate ; it is employed as a stimulating dressing 
to blistered surfaces, or to produce vesication on delicate 
skins. Linimentum Cantharidis (Liniment of Cantharides), 
consists of a troyounce of cantharides dissolved in eight fluid- 
ounces of oil of turpentine; it is a prompt stimulating lini- 
ment in low fevers, and may be applied to the skin to prepare 
it for the action of the blistering cerate. Collodium cum Can- 
tharide (Collodion with Cantharides), or Cantharidal Collodion, 
is made by percolating 8 troyounces of cantharides with 
stronger ether until 15 fluidounces have passed, then with 
stronger alcohol until half a pint more of liquid is obtained, 
evaporating this to a fluidounce, and mixing it with the reserved 
liquid ; to this are to be added with agitation 100 grains of 
pyroxolon, 320 grains of Canada turpentine, and 160 grains 
of castor oil, and the solution is to be kept in a well-stopped 
bottle. It furnishes a very convenient mode of blistering a 
small irregular surface, and is applied by means of a camel's- 
hair brush, in successive layers, which should be covered with 
a piece of oiled silk. Charta Cantharidis (Cantharides Paper), 
is made by boiling gently a mixture of 94 troyounces of white 
wax, a troyounce and a half of spermaceti, 2 troyounces of 



CROTON OIL. 367 

olive oil, half a troyounce of Canada turpentine and cantharides 
each, in 5 fluidounces of water, and, after filtration, passing 
strips of paper over the surface of the mixture, which, when 
dry, are cut into rectangular strips. The cantharidal prepa- 
rations are used externally to promote the growth of the hair. 
Dupuytreris Pomatum is a tincture, made with cantharides, 5i, 
and alcohol, fgi, incorporated with nine parts of lard. 



CANTHARIS VITTATA — POTATO FLIES. 

Several species of Cantharis are found in the United States, 
and are good substitutes for C. vesicatoria. C. vittata, or the 
Potato Fly is most used. It resembles the Spanish Fly in 
shape, but is rather smaller, being about six lines in length, 
with black elytra or wing-cases, and inhabits chiefly the potato 
olant. It contains cantharidin. 



AQUA AMMONITE — WATER OF AM MO XI A. 

Stronger Water of Ammonia (see p. 188) may be used for 
the purpose of speedy vesication. Five parts of this, mixed 
with spirit of camphor, two parts, and spirit of rosemary, one 
part, has been used as a prompt vesicant, under the name of 
G-ranville s Lotion. A piece of flannel, saturated with the lini- 
ment, is applied to the skin, which it will generally blister in 
from three to ten minutes. G-ondret's Vesicating Ointment is 
made by melting together 2 parts of expressed oil of almond 
and 32 parts of lard, and adding to this mixture 17 parts of 
stronger water of ammonia ; it will vesicate in ten minutes. 
Ammonia is applied locally as an antidote to the poison of 
venomous reptiles and insects. 

SUPPURANTS. 

OLEUM TIGLII — CROTON OIL. 

Croton Oil (see p. 262), when rubbed on the skin, produces 
rubefaction, accompanied by a pustular eruption. It is an 



;68 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



excellent application to the throat and chest, in subacute or 
chronic laryngeal and bronchial affections, and to rheumatic 
joints. It may be applied undiluted, or mixed with one, two, 
or three parts of olive oil or oil of turpentine, according to the 
susceptibility of the skin. 

UNGUENTUM ANTIMONII — ANTIMONIAL OINTMENT. 

This ointment consists of one part of tartrate of antimony 
and potassium mixed with four parts of lard. The peculiar 
eruptive effects of tartar emetic have been already noticed 
(p. 211). It may be used in the form of ointment or solution, 
in the same cases as croton oil, but it is a more painful and 
permanent application. 



ESCHAROTICS. 

Escharotics (from eaxapa, an eschar), called also Cauterants, 
are medicines which destroy the structure and vitality of the 
parts to which they are applied. The eschar, which their ap- 
plication produces, is followed by inflammation and suppuration 
in the surrounding tissues, by which the slough is separated 
from the living parts. 

They are employed : 1. to effect the destruction of morbid 
growths, warts, condylomata, polypi, fungous granulations, &c. 
2. To decompose the virus of rabid and venomous animals, and 
of chancres and malignant pustules, and to prevent their ab- 
sorption. 3. Eor the cure of violent inflammation, by their 
substitutive action, as when they are applied to the mucous 
or cutaneous surfaces, in gonorrhceal ophthalmia, erysipelas, 
poisoned parts, carbuncles, &c. 4. To stimulate indolent sinuses, 
ulcers, &c, where there influence is also of a substitutive char- 
acter. 5. To open abscesses ; though for the opening of absces- 
ses of internal viscera, as of the liver, the recently introduced 
method of aspiration is to be preferred. 6. To form issues. 
7. To remove morbid heterologous growths, as lupus, cancer, &c. 



potassa. 369 



ARGENTI NITRAS FIJSA — FUSED NITRATE OF 
SILVER. 

Lunar Caustic (described at length, p. 154), is the most 
commonly employed of the caustics. It has the advantage of 
not liquefying when applied, and its action is therefore con- 
fined to the parts with which it is brought in contact. It is 
used to remove fungous granulations in wounds and ulcers, to 
destroy warts, to decompose and prevent the absorption of the 
syphilitic virus in chancres, to alter the action of indolent 
ulcers, sinuses, and fistula, to subdue the inflammatory action 
of paronychia, erythema, &c, to arrest the progress of erysip- 
elas and cancrum oris, to cut short variolous pustules, to cure 
skin diseases by a substitutive action, and in inflammations of 
mucous membranes. In dilutions of various strengths, it is 
resorted to in every variety of inflammation of ihe mucous 
membranes ; when a full impression is desired, a solution of gr. 
xx-xxx in distilled water f5j, may be employed; for ordinary 
purposes, gr. ij to water fSj. 

POTASSA. 

Caustic Potassa is prepared by the rapid evaporation of Solu- 
tion of Potassa (see p. 347) with heat. While in the state of 
fusion, it is received into cylindrical iron moulds, and it occurs 
in the form of sticks, of a brownish, grayish, or bluish colour, 
a fibrous fracture, the odour of slaking lime, and a caustic, 
urinous taste. It dissolves in alcohol, and in less than its 
weight of water, and attracts both moisture and carbonic acid 
rapidly from the air. It is more or less impure as found in 
the shops. By digestion in alcohol, it is freed from impurities 
insoluble in this menstruum (as the carbonates of potassium), 
and it may be afterwards obtained quite white and pure by 
evaporation; it is then termed Alcoholic Potassa. The potassa 
of the shops is a hydrate, consisting of one equivalent of water 
and one of potassa. 

24 



370 



MATERIA MEDICA, 



Effects and Uses. — It is the most powerful known escharotic, 
and differs from lunar caustic, in extending its action to a con- 
siderable depth beneath the surface to which it is applied. It 
is used chiefly to open abscesses and form issues, to destroy 
the virus of chancres, of malignant pustules, and from the 
bites of venomous reptiles and rabid animals, and sometimes 
also to arrest the sloughing of carbuncles, and, from its deep- 
reaching action, it is preferred to lunar caustic in these cases ; 
applied to the cutaneous surface, in cases of phlegmon, threat- 
ened carbuncle, &c, it will sometimes avert the progress of in- 
flammation. When it is applied to the skin, this should be 
covered with linen spread with adhesive plaster, having a hole 
the size of the spot to be cauterized. A solution (5jss to f§ij 
of water), is used as a rubefacient. 

Potassa cum Calce (Potassa with Lime), is prepared by 
rubbing up equal parts of potassa and lime. It is a grayish- 
white powder, which is sometimes made into a paste with a 
little alcohol, and is termed Vienna Paste ; it has also been 
formed into sticks. The presence of lime renders this a milder, 
less deliquescent, and more manageable caustic than potassa; 
it is a favourite application to chancres. 

SODA. 



Caustic Soda is prepared by the rapid evaporation of Solution 
of Soda (see p. 349) until ebullition ceases, and the soda melts ; 
when it has congealed, it is broken into grayish- white, opaque, 
brittle fragments, which are very corrosive, very soluble in 
water, soluble in alcohol, and deliquescent, though, unlike 
potassa, it does not become permanently liquid, but, after a 
time, effloresces. It is employed for the same cauterant pur- 
poses as potassa, than which it is somewhat milder in action. 
London Paste, made by rubbing up equal parts of soda and 
lime, has been used with good effect in the removal of enlarged 
tonsils. 



CHLORIDE OF ZINC. 371 



ACIDUM CHROMICUM — CHROMIC ACID. 

Chromic Acid (Cr0 3 ) is obtained by the reaction of sulphuric 
acid upon a solution of bichromate of potassium. It is pro- 
perly chromic anhydride, and occurs in the form of anhydrous 
deep-red, needleform crystals, of an acid, metallic taste ; they 
are deliquescent, and very soluble in water, with which they 
form an orange-yellow solution. 

Effects and Uses. — This is an escharotic of recent introduc- 
tion into the Materia Medica. It is of unsurpassed power in 
this particular, decomposing the tissues by its rapid oxidizing 
action. Used in the form of paste, or solution more or less 
diluted, it is a most efficacious application to morbid growths 
and excrescences, as syphilitic condylomata, &c. It gives less 
pain than other caustics ; but it is to be used with caution, espe- 
cially to delicate parts like the eye, as its action is deeply pene- 
trating. The solution may be made of the strength of from 
100 grains up to a troyounce to a fluidounce of water ; and is 
to be applied by means of a pencil or glass rod. 

ACIDUM ARSENIOSUM — ARSBNIOUS ACID. 

This is a powerful escharotic (see p. 331), and is occasionally 
applied in lupus, onychia maligna, cancerous ulcers, and to 
change the action of indolent sinuses ; but its use is attended 
with danger. It may be diluted with one or more parts of 
sulphur. 

ZINCI CHLORIDUM — CHLORIDE OF ZINC. 

This is also a powerful escharotic (see p. 151) ; and, in addi- 
tion to its corrosive properties, it appears to exercise a greater 
influence over the vital action of neighbouring parts, than some 
of the other caustics. The separation of its eschar leaves very 
healthy and vigorous granulations, and it is one of the best 
applications that can be made to intractable indolent ulcers 
and sinuses. It will cure lupus. 



372 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS — SOLUTION OF 
NITRATE OF MERCURY. 

This preparation (see p. 320), termed also the acid nitrate of 
mercury, is a valuable caustic application to malignant ulcers, 
hospital gangrene, &c. 

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM — CORROSIVE 
CHLORIDE OF MERCURY. 

Corrosive Sublimate is more frequently used as a stimulant 
wash than as a caustic. For its properties, uses, and modes of 
application, see p. 315. 

POTASSII BICHROMAS — BICHROMATE OF POTASSIUM. 

This salt, already noticed under the head of alteratives (see 
p. 341), is a good caustic application, in saturated solution, or 
powder, to syphilitic and other vegetations. 



ACIDA MINERALIA — MINERAL ACIDS. 

The mineral acids (see p. 156), are powerful escharotics, but 
are inconvenient for many uses, on account of the extension of 
their action beyond the point of application. On the other 
hand, they can be made to reach the bottoms of sinuses and 
fistulse, which are inaccessible to the solid caustics. Nitric 
acid, for such purposes, has no equal in the list of escharotics; 
it is also used to destroy warts. Properly diluted, the mineral 
acids are employed in injections, gargles, &c. ; and in the form 
of ointment, in skin diseases. 

* 
Sulphate of Copper (see p. 149), and Alum (see p. 182), 

are mild escharotics, but are chiefly used to remove fungous 

granulations in ulcers. The actual cautery and moxa have 

been alluded to under the head of Heat (see p. 22). 



DEMULCENTS. 373 



ORDER II. — DEMULCENTS. 



Demulcents, or Lenitives, are medicines which soften and 
relax the tissues, and, when applied to irritated or inflamed 
surfaces, diminish heat, tension, and pain. They consist 
chiefly of gum, or mucilage, or of a mixture of these with 
saccharine and farinaceous substances, and form with water 
viscid solutions. Their constitutional effects are principally 
nutritive, though perhaps to some extent they relieve irritation 
in distant organs, by modifying the acridity of the secretions. 
Demulcent solutions are administered internally : 1. To sheathe 
and protect the gastro-enteric surface from the injurious eifects 
of irritating substances — particularly acrid poisons. 2. To 
relieve irritation and inflammation of the alimentary canal, as 
in gastritis, enteritis, diarrhoea, and dysentery ; and for this 
purpose they may be administered either by the mouth or 
rectum. 3. In catarrhal affections, in which they are probably 
useful, in part by the transmission of their lubricating and 
soothing effects on the. fauces and oesophagus by reflex action 
to the laryngeal and bronchial membranes, and in part by 
modifying the acridity of expectorated matters. 4. In affec- 
tions of the urinary passages, as ardor urinse, cystitis, &c, and 
in these cases, they act chiefly by diminishing the acridity of 
the secretions. 5. As agreeable drinks, to quench thirst and 
promote the action of the secreting and exhaling organs, in 
febrile affections. Their effects, in these cases, are owing 
partly to the water which they contain, to which they are 
added merely for the sake of flavour, and partly also to the 
nutrient which they furnish. When administered with the ob- 
ject of increasing the proportion of the fluid parts of the blood, 
demulcents are termed Diluents. 6. As light diet for the sick. 
7. For pharmaceutical purposes, to suspend substances insolu- 
ble in water, &c. 

Externally, mucilaginous solutions are extensively employed, 
to relieve the heat, swelling, and pain of inflammations, wounds, 
burns, &c. ; to hasten suppuration, where inflammation is too 
far advanced for resolution ; to cleanse foul and scabby ulcers ; 



374 MATERIA MEDICA. 

to promote suppuration from granulating surfaces, &c, &c. 
Mucilaginous and amylaceous substances are applied to inflamed 
and ulcerated parts, mixed with water so as to form soft masses, 
termed cataplasms or poultices. These are useful vehicles of 
heat and moisture to the skin, and are used also as local appli- 
cations, in rheumatism and gout, and for the relief of internal 
inflammations, as when applied to the chest and abdomen in 
pleurisy, bronchitis, peritonitis, dysentery, &c. Applied ex- 
ternally, this class of medicines is termed Emollients. 

AQUA — WATER. 

Water has important medicinal as well as pharmaceutical 
uses. The Pharmacopoeia directs it to be employed in the 
purest attainable state, which is rain or snow water : for phar- 
maceutical purposes, distilled water (aqua destillata), should be 
used. Pure water is a transparent liquid, without colour, taste, 
or smell ; but, owing to its extensive solvent powers, in the 
natural state it is more or less contaminated with foreign mat- 
ters. It is now considered to be a compound of 2 atoms of 
hydrogen and 1 of oxygen (H 2 0). 

Effects and Uses. — Water is necessary for the solution and 
digestion of our food ; in either insufficient or excessive amount, 
it may prove injurious. Thus, without a proper supply of 
water, not only the absorption of soluble matters in the stomach 
is interfered with, but also the passage of undigested substances 
into the intestines, and, besides, some articles, as sugar, do 
not undergo the fermentation necessary for digestion. On the 
other hand, an excess of water, taken into the stomach, impairs 
digestion by overdilution of the gastric juice, and will occasion 
the acetous fermentation of saccharine articles. Water is 
eliminated from the system by the intestines, skin, and lungs, 
but chiefly by the kidneys ; and it is believed, in large amounts, 
to increase not only the water but the solid constituents of the 
urine, hence its use as a diuretic. As it promotes both the meta- 
morphosis and construction of tissue, it may produce a valuable 
alterative effect in morbid taints of the system and prove a 



GUM ARABIC. .",7;, 

useful adjunct to more active eliminative agents. Water is 
the basis of all drinks administered to relieve the thirst of 
fever, and moderate the undue viscidity of the blood which is 
present in inflammation ; it must not be permitted in excess, 
however, as undue amounts may produce nausea, flatulence, 
and even vomiting and diarrhoea. The uses of water, as an 
external agent, have been noticed under the head of heat and 
cold. 

Aqua Acidi Carbonici [Carbonic Acid Water) (H 2 C0 3 ). 
Water impregnated with a quantity of carbonic acid, equal to 
five times the bulk of the water (which may be obtained from 
bicarbonate of sodium or from marble, by means of diluted 
sulphuric acid), often proves useful in allaying nausea and 
vomiting, and is also a good vehicle for some of the neutral 
purgative salts, which are of unpleasant taste. 

ACACIA — GUM ARABIC. 

Gum Arabic is a gummy exudation from Acacia vera, Acacia 
Arabica, and other species of Acacia (Nat. Ord Fabacese), 
thorny or prickly trees or shrubs of Africa and Arabia. The 
gum exudes, either through natural cracks in the bark, or 
through incisions made to facilitate its exudation, and hardens 
on exposure. The most abundant yield is in the hot and dry 
weather, and is obtained from the sickliest trees. Several 
commercial varieties are known, as Turkey, Barbary, Senegal, 
India, &c, of which the two most important are Turkey gum, 
and Senegal gum. 1. Turkey gum comes from the Levant or 
other parts of the Mediterranean, and is the kind usually found 
in the shops. It consists chiefly of small, irregular fragments, 
interspersed" with larger pieces, of a whitish colour, which is 
sometimes slightly tinged with yellow or reddish-yellow. It is 
lighter-coloured, more brittle, more readily soluble, and purer 
than other varieties, and is generally characterized by innumer- 
able minute fissures pervading its substance. 2. Senegal gum 
comes from the western coast of Africa. It occurs in roundish 
or oval unbroken pieces, larger, less brittle, and breaking with 



376 MATERIA MEDICA. 

a more conchoidal fracture than those of Turkey gum, some- 
times whitish, but generally yellowish, reddish, or brownish-red. 
3. Barbary gum comes from Morocco; it is derived, in part at 
least, from A. gummifera, and consists of tw T o kinds, one re- 
sembling the Turkey, the other the Senegal gum. 4. India 
gum, though brought from India, is collected on the north- 
eastern coast of Africa, and in the ports of the Red Sea. It 
is in pieces of varying size, colour, and quality, and is often 
contaminated with Bassora gum, which is insoluble in water. 
Gum is also imported into England from the Cape of Good 
Hope, and from Australia. All the varieties are more or less 
transparent, hard, bridle, and pulverizable, and form a white 
powder. They are inodorous, with a feeble, slightly sweetish 
taste, and, when pure, dissolve wholly in the mouth. When 
kept in a dry place, they undergo no change by time. 

Chemical Constituents. — Gum Arabic consists almost wholly 
of a peculiar proximate principle, usually termed Gum, but lat- 
terly designated by chemists as Arabin. It is soluble in hot 
or cold water, forming a viscid solution, called mucilage, and is 
insoluble in alcohol, ether, and the oils. Alcohol precipitates 
gum from its aqueous solution ; subacetate of lead (which is a 
delicate test), nitrate of lead, and solution of chloride of iron 
also precipitate it from solution. Arabin is now considered 
to consist chiefly of a soluble acid substance termed Gfummic 
Acid (H 2 C 12 H 18 O 10 ,H 2 O), combined with about 3 per cent, of 
lime, forming a soluble salt, gummate of calcium. Gums of 
inferior transparency and solubility contain bassorin, an inert 
principle, insoluble in water and alcohol. 

Effects and Uses. — Gum Arabic is extensively employed, 
internally, as a demulcent in gastro-enteric inflammation, 
diarrhoea, dysentery, cases of acrid poisoning, &c. ; as a lubri- 
cant to the fauces in catarrhal affections, and also as a vehicle 
for anodynes and expectorants in cough mixtures ; and as a 
diluent in fevers and inflammatory cases. It is not now 
considered to be digestible, and can scarcely rank (as formerly 
supposed) with nutrients. It is usually administered in solu- 
tion (a troyounce to boiling water Oj, to be given when cool) ; 






TRAGACANTH. 377 

in cases of irritation of the fauces, it may be taken in the 
mouth, and allowed slowly to dissolve. For pharmaceutical 
purposes, Gum Arabic is much used to suspend insoluble sub- 
stances in water, and in making pills and lozenges. Mucilago 
Aeacice [Mucilage of Gum Arabic) — (four troyounces to water 
Oss), — is used in making pills, emulsions, &c. ; it becomes sour 
by keeping. Syrupus Aeacice {Syrup of Gum Arabic), — two 
troyounces to water foviij, with sugar fourteen troyounces), — 
is used for the same purposes. Mistura Amygdala? [Almond 
Mixture), — is made by dissolving a mixture of half a troyounce of 
blanched sweet almonds, 30 grains of gum arabic, and 120 grains 
of sugar, in half a pint of distilled water ; it is a pleasant demul- 
cent and vehicle for other medicines. By dissolving equal parts 
of sugar and gum arabic in water and evaporating, an agreea- 
ble demulcent is obtained, known as Gum Pectoral, which is 
sold as an imitation of Jujube Paste. 



TRAGACANTH A — TRAGACANTH. 

This is a gummy exudation from Astragalus verus and 
other species of Astragalus (JS T at. Orel. Fabacese). They are 
small shrubs found in Persia, Asia Minor, and countries border- 
ing on the Levant — with numerous branches, covered with im- 
bricated scales and beset with spines. Tragacanth exudes 
spontaneously in the hot weather, and hardens as it exudes, in 
forms of various shapes. It occurs in irregular, tortuous flakes 
or filaments, of a whitish or yellowish-white or occasionally a 
slightly reddish colour, somewhat translucent, resembling horn 
in appearance. It is hard and fragile, but very difficult of 
pulverization, has no smell and very little taste. When heated 
with water, it swells and forms a paste, and, if agitated with an 
additional quantity, it forms a uniform mixture, from which it 
is, however, almost entirely deposited, upon standing a day or 
two. It contains two constituents, one soluble in water, re- 
sembling arabin, the other termed tragacanthin, which is pro- 
bably identical with bassorin (C 12 H 10 O 10 ). 



378 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Effects and Uses. — Tragacanth is seldom given internally, 
on account of its difficult solubility. It is useful in suspending 
heavy insoluble powders, and answers better than gum arabic 
to impart consistence to lozenges. Mucilago TragacantJice 
(Mucilage of Tragacanth), — (a troyounce to boiling water Oj), 
— is used in making pills and troches, and for the suspension 
of heavy insoluble metallic substances. 

LINUM — FLAXSEED. 

This is the seed of Linum usitatissimum, or Common Flax 
(Nat. Ord. Linaceae), an annual plant, of the height of two 
feet, originally a native of Eastern countries, but naturalized 
in Europe, and cultivated in all parts of the world. The seed 
and oil are both officinal. The seeds are about a line in length, 
oval, smooth, and glossy, of a brown colour externally, and 
yellowish-white within ; a variety of flax is cultivated in Ohio, 
the seeds of which are greenish-yellow. Flaxseeds are inodo- 
rous, and have an oily, mucilaginous taste. They contain 37 
or 38 per cent, of fixed oil, a large proportion of mucilaginous 
matter, vegetable albumen, and various other ingredients; the 
mucilaginous matter, which is found chiefly in the husks of the 
seeds, consists, about one-half, of a principle soluble in cold 
water, resembling arabin, and, about one-third, of a principle 
insoluble in water. The Oil (Oleum Lini or Linseed Oil), is 
obtained by expression from the interior part of the seeds; it is 
laxative in the dose of fSi-ij, but it is chiefly used, externally, 
as an ingredient of Linimentum Oalcis (see p. 354). 

Effects and Uses. — The compound infusion of Flaxseed (in- 
fusum lini compositum), half a troyounce to boiling water Oj, 
with liquorice root 5ij\ is an admirable demulcent, extensively 
employed internally, in catarrh, bowel-complaints, nephritic and 
calculous complaints, strangury, &c. ; and also (without the 
liquorice root), as an enema in dysentery, or an external anti- 
phlogistic application, but after a time it is apt to harden on 
the skin. Decoction is an improper mode of preparing a 
demulcent solution of flaxseed, as boiling extracts part of the 



SLIPPERY-ELM BARK. 370 

oil; but it answers very well when it is used as a laxative 
emema. Flaxseed meal (Uni farina) forms a much-used emol- 
lient poultice, which is prepared by adding the meal to boiling 
water, constantly stirring, until it makes a thin and smooth 
dough. The cake, remaining after the expression of the oil, 
retains the mucilaginous and albuminous constituents of the 
seeds, and forms a food for cattle, under the name of oil-cake. 
This is used for making poultices, but it is inferior to the meal 
made from the seeds which have not been deprived of their oil. 



ULMUS — SLIPPERY-ELM BARK. 

This is the INNER bark of Ulinus fulva, or Slippery Elm 
(Nat. Ord. Ulmaceae), a lofty indigenous tree, which is found 
throughout the United States, north of Carolina, and grows 
most abundantly west of the Allegheny Mountains. The inner 
bark is prepared for use by the removal of the epidermis ; it is 
found in the shops in long flat pieces, of a fibrous texture, 
tawny on the outer surface and reddish on the inner, of a pecu- 
liar but not unpleasant smell, and a very mucilaginous taste. 
It affords a light, grayish, fawn-coloured powder. A large 
quantity of mucilaginous matter is contained in it, which is 
readily yielded to water, also some mimo-tannic acid. Much 
of the bark lately brought into the market is inferior, contain- 
ing but little mucilage ; it is less fibrous and more brittle than 
the genuine bark. 

Effects and Uses. — Slippery-elm bark is a valuable demul- 
cent, extensively and advantageously employed in dysentery, 
diarrhoea, genito-urinary diseases, catarrhs, &c. It is also 
highly nutritious. Externally, it is an excellent emollient ap- 
plication, in the form either of infusion, or of poultice made 
with the powder. It has been also recommended for the dila- 
tation of strictures and fistula, and, made into a spongy mass, 
as a tent to dilate the os uteri. The infusion— Mueilago TJlmi 
[Mucilage of Slippery-elm Bark)—(& troyounce to boiling 
water Oj), — may be used ad libitum. 



380 MATERIA MED1CA. 



SASSAFRAS MEDULLA — SASSAFRAS PITH. 

Sassafras pith, is the pith of the stems of Sassafras officinale 
(see p. 270). It occurs in light, spongy, whitish, slender, 
cylindrical pieces, of a mucilaginous taste. It abounds in a 
gummy matter, which it yields readily to water, forming a 
limpid, viscid mucilage. This mucilage (5j to boiling water 
Oj), is a pleasant demulcent drink in dyspeptic, nephritic, and 
catarrhal affections, and is much used as a soothing application 
in ophthalmia. 

ALTERA — MARSH MALLOW. 

The roots of Althaea officinalis (Nat. Ord. Malvaceae), and 
other Malvaceae, herbaceous European plants, occasionally 
found, too, on the borders of salt marshes in our own country, 
are much used in Europe as demulcents. They are imported 
in pieces three or four inches in length, of nearly the thickness 
of the finger, light, easily broken, white externally, of a pecu- 
liar faint smell, and a mild, mucilaginous, sweetish taste. The 
chief constituents of marshmallow are mucilage and starch, the 
former soluble in cold water, the latter requiring boiling water. 
It contains also asparagzn or nialamide (C 4 H 8 N 2 3 ,H 2 0), a 
crystalline principle found in asparagus shoots and other plants. 

Uses. — Marshmallow decoction is employed as a demulcent 
in inflammatory and irritated conditions of the mucous mem- 
branes of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary organs, and 
poultices made of the bruised or powdered root are used ex- 
ternally. 

SESAMUM — BENNE. 

This is the product of Sesamum Indicum and Sesamum Ori- 
entale (Nat. Ord. Bignoniae), annual plants, growing to the 
height of four or five feet, with ovate-lanceolate, lobed leaves, 
reddish-white axillary flowers, and an oblong capsule containing 
small, oval, yellowish seeds. They are natives of India, but 



LIQUORICE-ROOT. 3g] 

are now raised in Asia, Egypt, Italy, and also in South Caro- 
lina, and in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia. The seeds 
contain a fixed oil, and the leaves yield to cold water a 
large quantity of mucilage, resembling that of sassafras pith. 
This is a highly esteemed demulcent drink, used in cholera in- 
fantum and infantile bowel-complaints. The seeds are eaten 
as food by the negroes in Carolina, in broths, puddings, &c. 
The oil [oleum sesami), which is inodorous, of a bland, sweetish 
taste, and keeps well, may be used internally or externally as 
a substitute for olive oil. 



CYDONIUM — QUINCE SEED. 

This is the seed of Cydonia vulgaris (Nat. Ord. Pomaceae), 
a native of Europe, but cultivated in the United States for the 
fruit. The seeds are ovate, angular, reddish-brown externally, 
white within, inodorous, insipid, and abound in mucilage. They 
are used externally, in solution, two drachms to a pint of boil- 
ing water. 



GLYCYRRHIZ A — L IQUORICE ROOT. 

This is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Nat. Ord. Fabacese), 
a small, herbaceous, perenial plant, of the countries around 
the Mediterranean. It is imported from Sicily and Spain ; and 
a portion of the Sicilian root is said to be the product of G. 
echinata. As found in the shops, liquorice root is in long 
wrinkled pieces, often worm-eaten, varying from a few lines to 
more than an inch in thickness, externally grayish-brown, 
internally yellowish, without smell, and of a sweet, mucilagi- 
nous, sometimes slightly acrid taste. The best pieces are of 
the brightest yellow internally. The powder is grayish-yellow, 
or, if it is powdered with the epidermis removed, pale sulphur- 
yellow. The constituents of liquorice root are, a peculiar, 
transparent, yellow, uncyrstallizable sugar, termed glyeyrrhisin 
(which is scarcely soluble in cold water, but soluble in boiling 



382 MATERIA MEDICA. 

water and alcohol, and is insusceptible of the vinous fermenta- 
tion), starch, albumen, an acrid resin, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — A decoction of liquorice root (a troy- 
ounce boiled for a few minutes in water Oj), is a useful demul- 
cent in dysenteric, catarrhal, and nephritic affections ; it is also 
added to decoctions of acrid substances, to cover their taste 
and acridity. It should be made of the root, deprived of its 
cortical part, which is acrid and without demulcent virtues ; by 
long boiling, the acrid resin is extracted. The powder is used 
in making pills (see p. 31). A. fluid extract is officinal. 

Extractum Glycyrrhizje (Liquorice), is made by the 
evaporation of a decoction of the half-dried root. It comes to 
this country chiefly from Leghorn and Messina, and in part, 
also, from Spain ; good liquorice is prepared, too, in New York 
and in England. Crude Liquorice, when good, occurs in black, 
flattened, cylindrical rolls, about an inch in diameter, which 
are dry, brittle, with a shining fracture, of a very sweet, pecu- 
liar, slightly acrid taste, and are quite soluble in water. It is, 
however, much sophisticated, and for internal use is, generally, 
refined, by dissolving the impure extract in water, without 
ebullition, straining the solution, and evaporating : sugar is 
often mixed with it, and sometimes mucilage or glue. Refined 
Liquorice is in small cylindrical pieces, not thicker than a pipe- 
stem. Liquorice is a pleasant demulcent, much used as an 
addition to cough mixtures and lozenges, and to acrid infusions 
and decoctions. Mistura G-lycyrrhizw Composita [Compound 
Mixture of Liquorice), commonly called Brown Mixture, con- 
sists of liquorice, gum arabic, sugar, each half a troyounce ; 
paregoric, fSij ; antimonial wine, f §j ; sweet spirit of nitre, 
foss ; water, f^xij ; dose, f§ss. Liquorice enters into the com- 
position of several troches already noticed. 

CETRARIA — ICELAND MOSS. 

Cetraria Islandica, or Iceland Moss (Nat. Ord. Lichenacese), 
is a foliaceous, erect lichen, from two to four inches high, found 
in the northern latitudes and mountainous districts of the new 



IRISH MOSS. 383 

and old continents. It is principally obtained from Norway 
and Iceland, but is said to be abundant also in New England ; 
as found in the shops, it consists of irregularly lobed and chan- 
neled coriaceous leaves, fringed at their edges with rigid hairs, 
of a brownish or grayish-white colour, darker on the upper 
surface, and sometimes marked with blood-red spots. It is 
almost odourless, and has a bitter, mucilaginous taste ; its 
powder is whitish-gray. It gives up its virtues to boiling 
water, and consists chiefly of a kind of amylaceous matter 
(which is coloured blue by iodine, and is termed Lichenin), and a 
bitter principle, termed Cetrarin or Cetraric Acid (H 2 C 34 H 30 O 16 ) ; 
it contains, besides, other principles. 

Effects and Uses. — Iceland Moss is a demulcent tonic, and 
is also highly nutritious. It is adapted to cases requiring a 
light aliment combined with a mild and acceptable tonic ; and, 
from its demulcent properties, has a soothing influence in 
inflammations of the various mucous membranes^ It is chiefly 
used in chronic affections of the pulmonary and digestive 
organs, in the form of. decoction (decoctum cetrarice), (half a 
troyounce boiled in water enough to make a pint), which may 
be taken ad libitum. By maceration in water or a weak 
alkaline solution, Iceland Moss may be deprived of its bitter 
principle ; and it is then used as a mild nutritive demulcent. 



CHONDRUS — IRISH MOSS. 

Chondrus crispus, Carrageen or Irish Moss (Nat. Ord. Al- 
gacese), is a marine alga, found chiefly on the west coast of 
Ireland, and also on the coast of New England ; it is prepared 
for use by washing, bleaching, and drying. As found in the 
shops, it consists of fronds, from two to three or four inches 
long, mostly yellowish or dirty-white, but intermixed with 
purplish-red portions, nearly inodorous, and of a mucilaginous 
taste. It swells up in warm water, and is almost entirely 
dissolved when boiled. Its chief constituent is a peculiar 
mucilaginous principle, for which the term Carrageenin has 
been proposed; and ic contains also some mucus, resins, &c. 



384 



MATERIA MEDICA, 



Effects and Uses. — It is a very agreeable nutritive demul- 
cent, useful in bowel-complaints and pectoral affections. It 
may be given in the form of decoction (half a troyounce to 
water, Ojss, boiled to Oj) flavoured with lemon-juice and sugar ; 
or it may be made with milk or cream into blanc-mange, which 
forms an excellent light diet for the sick. 



AMYLUM — STARCH. 

This term is applied by the Pharmacopoeia to the fecula of 
the seed of Triticum vulgare, the well-known wheat (Nat. Ord. 
Graminaceae). It is a proximate principle, however, which 
pervades the vegetable kingdom, being found in various parts 
of plants, especially in seeds, tubers, and bulbous roots. It is 
obtained by bringing the substances in which it exists to a 
state of minute division, agitating or washing them with cold 
water, straining or pouring off the liquid, and allowing it to 
stand until the fecula which it holds in suspension has subsided. 
It occurs as a white, opaque, odourless, tasteless powder, or in 
columnar masses, of a crystalline aspect, and produces a 
peculiar sound when compressed between the fingers. It is 
insoluble in alcohol, ether, and cold water. Examined under 
the microscope, starch is seen to consist of minute cells or 
granules, varying in size and shape in the different varieties 
of amylaceous substances. The envelope of these granules is 
insoluble in cold water, but is ruptured by heat, so that the 
interior portion is exposed and becomes dissolved ; hence 
starch is said to be insoluble in cold, but soluble in boiling 
water. Starch is C 6 H 10 O 5 . By the action of heat, or by long 
boiling with diluted sulphuric, hydrochloric, or muriatic acid, 
it is converted into dextrin, an isomeric soluble principle, and 
by the same process this may be converted into grape sugar. 
The same change takes place in grains, after germination, 
through the agency of a nitrogenous principle, termed diastase. 
The test for starch is iodine, which forms with starch-solution 
a rich blue iodide; with bromine, starch strikes an orange 
precipitate ; nitric acid converts it into oxalic acid. 



ARROW-ROOT. 385 

Effects and Uses. — The starchy or farinaceous articles form 
an important group of nutrients. Their assimilation is effected 
by the albuminous principles of the digestive tube (salivin, 
pepsin, &c), which change starch into grape sugar. This is 
converted in part into fatty tissue, and is partly fermented 
into lactic acid, which acts as a calefacient. Starch is used 
externally as a dusting powder to excoriated surfaces, as an 
emollient poultice, and in solution as a vehicle for laudanum as 
an enema. It is the antidote for iodine. 



MARANTA — ARROW -ROOT. 

Arrow-root is a fecula, obtained from the rhizome of 
Maranta arundinacea (Nat. Ord. Marantacese), a perennial 
herbaceous plant, of the height of two or three feet, originally 
found in the West Indies, and now cultivated in both the West 
and East Indies, Georgia, Florida, Ceylon, and Sierra Leone. 
Other plants also furnish some of the arrow-root of commerce. 
The ROOT of M. arundinacea is a white, fleshy, scaly, articu- 
lated, cylindrical tuber, from six inches to a foot or more in 
length, furnished with long fibres, and giving origin to several 
tuberous stoles, similar to itself. It consists principally of 
fecula or starch, which is extracted from the roots, when they 
are about a year old : they are washed and beaten into a pulp, 
which is stirred in water, and the fibrous part wrung out by 
the hands ; the milky liquor is strained and suffered to settle, 
and the subsiding mass is dried in the sun. It occurs in the 
form of a light, opaque, white powder, or small pulverulent 
masses, without odour or taste ; and is brought to our market 
chiefly from the West Indies, and to some amount, also, from 
Georgia and Florida. The preferred kind is that which comes 
from Bermuda. 

Arrow-root is a pure starch, insoluble in cold water. Its 
peculiar characteristic is the structure and appearance of its 
granules, when viewed under a microscope; and this affords 
the best means of distinguishing it from other feculse, which 
are mixed with or sold for it. The granules of the genuine 

25 



386 MATERIA MEDICA. 

arrow-root are ovate-oblong, irregularly convex, from the 
__i__ to the rj i^ of an inch long, with fine rings, a hilum or 
central cavity, and often short processes or spines. 

Effects and Uses. — Arrow-root is a valuable nutritive demul- 
cent, forming a very pleasant light diet in bowel-complaints 
and pulmonary and urinary affections. It is also much used 
as an article of food for infants. It is prepared by mixing a 
tablespoonful with a little cold water until it is reduced to a 
paste, and then gradually adding a pint of boiling water or 
milk, or due proportions of each, stirring the mixture at the 
same time. Lemon-juice and sugar, or wine and spices may 
be added, according to the indication. It is generally made 
with milk, when used as a diet for infants. 



CANNA. 

Canna (known also by the French name of Tous Les Mois), 
is a fecula prepared from the rhizome of an undetermined 
species of canna, generally believed, however, to be C. edulis. 
It comes from the West Indies and Central America, and 
occurs in the form of a light, very white powder, of a shining 
appearance. Its granules are longer than those of any other 
variety of starch, are ovate or oblong, with numerous regular, 
unequally distant rings, and have a glistening or satiny appear- 
ance. It is used and prepared like arrow-root. 

TAPIOCA. 

This is the fecula of the root of Janipha Manihot (Nat. 
Ord. Euphorbiaceas), a South American shrub, some six or 
eight feet in height, cultivated also in the West Indies, where 
it is termed the Cassava plant. The root is a very large, white, 
fleshy tuber, and is found under two varieties, the sweet and 
bitter ; the latter contains an acrid, poisonous juice (in which 
prussic acid is present), which is, however, volatile, and dissi- 
pated by heat. Tapioca is obtained from the expressed juice 
of both varieties, from which it is deposited as a starchy pow- 



sago. 887 

der ; it is afterwards dried by heat, which partially ruptures 
the starch-grains and causes them to swell and agglomerate 
into small masses or lumps. It occurs in the form of irregular, 
hard, white, rough grains, of little taste, and partially soluble 
in cold water. In boiling water it swells up, and forms a 
transparent jelly-like mass, which constitutes an admirable 
demulcent artide of diet, applicable to the same cases as arrow- 
root. This is prepared by soaking two tablespoonfuls (previ- 
ously washed) in half a pint of cold water for 3 or 4 hours ; 
then adding a pint of milk or water ; simmering till it becomes 
soft; stirring well, as it cools; and flavouring with sugar, 
lemon-juice, wine, and nutmeg. 



SAGO. 

Sago is the prepared fecula of the pith of Sagus Kumphii, 
or the Sago Palm, and of other species of Sagus {Nat. Ord. 
Palmacese), small trees of the Moluccas and other East India 
Islands. The immature stems contain a great mass of spongy 
medullary matter, which is extracted in the state of a coarse 
powder ; this is mingled with water, and the mixture, upon 
standing, deposits the insoluble farina, which, when dried, con- 
stitutes sago. The sago of commerce is prepared by forming 
the meal into a paste with water, and rubbing it into grains. 
It is refined at Malacca and Singapore, so as to give the grains 
a fine pearly lustre, and in this state is called Pearl Sago. 
Pearl Sago is the preferred variety, and is that which is now 
in general use. It is in small grains, about the size of a pin's 
head, hard, whitish, of a light-brown colour, inodorous, and 
nearly tasteless. Common Sago is in larger, duller, browner 
grains, often mixed with a dirty-looking powder. 

Sago is, chemically, a starch. Common Sago is insoluble in 
cold water ; but Pearl Sago is partly dissolved by it, owing to 
the heat which it has undergone. The only use of sago is as a 
bland, unirritating article of diet. It is prepared by mixing 
and allowing to stand for half an hour, two tablespoonfuls of 
sago and a pint of water, with the juice and rind of a lemon, and 



388 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



a proper amount of sugar ; this mixture is boiled till the parti- 
cles are dissolved, with constant stirring; and afterwards wine 
and nutmeg may be added. 



HORDEUM — BARLEY. 

Barley, as prepared for medicinal use, consists of the decor- 
ticated seed of Hordeum distichon, and other species of Hor- 
deum [Nat. Ord. Graminaceae) ; well-known grains, supposed 
to be derived from Tartary, and now in cultivation in most 
parts of the world. The seeds are oval, oblong, marked with 
a longitudinal furrow, of a yellowish colour externally, white 
within, a faint odour, and a mild, sweetish taste. They con- 
tain starch (about 32 per cent.), gluten, gum, sugar, and a 
peculiar principle termed Hordein, analogous to lignin. 

When made to germinate by warmth and moisture, and after- 
wards baked to deprive them of vitality, barley-seeds are termed 
Malt; this process increases the nutritious properties of the 
grain, by increasing the proportions of sugar, starch, and gum, 
at the expense of the hordein. Deprived of its husk, the grain 
is termed Hulled Barley, and hulled barley, when ground, is 
Barley Meal. Pearl Barley is the grain with all the invest- 
ments removed, and afterwards rounded and polished in a mill; 
it is thus freed from its fibrous matter, and is the only fit form 
for medicinal use. It consists of small white, oval grains, with 
a dark longitudinal furrow on one side, and yields its virtues 
to boiling water. In the form of decoction, and suitably 
flavoured, it makes an exceedingly bland, demulcent, nutritive 
drink, in fevers and inflammatory cases; (two troyounces, pre- 
viously washed with cold water, are mixed with water Oss, and 
boiled for a short time; this water should be thrown away, and 
Oiv boiling hot are poured upon the barley, and boiled to Oij). 
A decoction of Malt is more nutritious ; mixed with hops, it is 
termed Wort. 

Avex^i Farina [Oatmeal), — the meal prepared from the 
seed of Avena Sativa (Nat. Ord. Graminacese), — furnishes a 






GELATIN. 38Q 

pleasant diet for the sick, more nutritious than the pure 
starches, as it contains 16 per cent, of albuminoid constituent, 
with 65 per cent, of starch. It has a slight laxative influence 
on the bowels, ami is often administered to assist the action of 
cathartics. Oatmeal gruel is prepared by boiling from one to 
two troyounces of the meal in three pints of water to a quart, 
straining the decoction, allowing it to stand till it cools, and 
then pouring oif the clear liquor from the sediment. It may 
be flavored with sugar, and lemon-juice or raisins. 

Oryza (Mice), — the fruit of Oryza Sativa (Nat. Orel Gra- 
minacese), containing about 85 per cent, of starch, and nearly 
4 per cent, of gluten, is an excellent demulcent diet for the 
sick, in affections of the bowels. Bice- Water, made bv boiling 
a troyounce in a pint of water for an hour, may be used as a 
drink. 

Zea Mays — the fruit of our well-known Indian Corn or 
Maize, is highly nutritive, containing nearly 9 per cent, of 
vegetable albumen and 55 per cent, of starch. The meal is 
used externally as a poultice (the mush poultice), which is a 
very good application for the maintenance of heat. 

Salep — the prepared bulbs of Orchis mascula (Nat. Orel. 
Orchidacese), consists of small, oval, hard, heavy, semi-trans- 
parent masses, of a yellowish colour, a feeble odour, and a 
mild mucilaginous taste. It contains, like tragacanth, two gums 
(one insoluble, the other soluble), and also starch. It is de- 
mulcent and nutritive, and is used in the same way as tapioca 
sago, &c. The Castillon Poivders, consisting of salep, sago, 
and tragacanth (in powder), each a drachm, prepared oyster- 
shell a scruple, and cochineal enough to give colour to the 
mixture, constitute an excellent article of diet in bowel com- 
plaints. A drachm may be taken boiled in a pint of milk. 

Gelatix a (Gelatin), a solid, transparent, corneous substance, 
obtained from the bones and other tissues of animals (soluble 
in boiling water, and forming, on cooling, a transparent jelly), 



390 MATERIA MEDICA. 

may be noticed with demulcents. When dried, it is found in 
the form of whitish or yellowish, semi-transparent, hard and 
tough, tasteless, inodorous strips. It is used to make soups 
and jellies for the sick, but it is not of easy digestion, and it 
does not nourish the nitrogenous tissues. In solution, it has 
been used as an enema in dysentery and hemorrhoids. And 
in pharmacy, it is employed to make capsules for the adminis- 
tration of disagreeable liquid medicines, and as a coating for 
pills. 

Ichthyocolla (Isinglass), prepared from the swimming 
bladder of Acipenser huso (the sturgeon), and of other fishes, 
is the purest form of gelatin. Court Plaster is made by coat- 
ing oiled silk with a solution of isinglass. 

For external use, the ANIMAL fats are employed as emollients. 

Adeps [Lard), is the prepared fat of sus scrofa (the hog) ; 
the internal fat of the abdomen is preferred, which is washed, 
melted, and strained. Below the temperature of 90°, it occurs 
as a soft, w^hite solid, which, for medicinal use, should be free from 
saline matter. It consists of olein and stearin. It is used in 
pharmacy as an addition to poultices, and as an inunction in 
the exanthemata, particularly scarlatina. Cerate (Ceratum) 
(formerly termed Simple Cerate), is made by melting together 
two parts of lard and one part of white wax. Unguentum 
( Ointment), is made by melting together four parts of lard and 
one part of yellow wax. Lard Oil (the olein of lard), is a good 
vehicle for anodyne enemata. 

Sevum (Suet), is the prepared fat of ovis aries (the sheep). 
It is composed almost exclusively of stearin. 

Cetaceum (Spermaceti), is a peculiar concrete substance, 
obtained from Physeter macrocephalus (the spermaceti whale). 
It is the Palmitate of Cetyl (C 16 H 3 3C 16 H 31 2 ), or Cetine. Sper- 
maceti Cerate (Ceratum Cetacei), is made by melting together 
one part of spermaceti and three parts of white wax, and then 



GLYCERIN. 39] 

adding five parts of olive oil, previously heated. Ointment of 
rose water (see p. 173) contains spermaceti. 

Cera Flava (Yelloiv Wax), is a peculiar concrete sub- 
stance, prepared by Apis mellifica (the honey bee). 

Cera Alba ( White Wax), is yellow wax bleached. They 
are chiefly used in making cerates, ointments, and plasters. 



OLEUM THEOBROMiE — OIL OF TIIEOBROMA. 

This oil, commonly known as Butte?' of Cacao, is the concrete 
oil of the kernels of the fruit of Theobroma Cacao (Nat. 
Ord. Sterculiace^e), a handsome tree, from twelve to twenty 
feet in height, growing in Mexico, the West Indies, Central 
America, and South America. The fruit is an ovate-oblong 
capsule or berry, half a foot in length, with a thick, coriaceous, 
ligneous rind, inclosing a whitish pulp, in which numerous 
ovate seeds are imbedded, about the size of an almond. Sepa- 
rated from the matter in which they are enveloped, these con- 
stitute the Chocolate-nuts of commerce (see p. 106). They con- 
tain fixed oil (Cacao Butter), Theohromia, and other matters. 
Thebromia is a nitrogenous alkaloid, analogous to caffeina. 
Cacao Butter is obtained by expression, decoction, or the action 
of a solvent. It occurs in whitish or yellowish, oblong cakes, 
of the consistence of tallow, and of an agreeable odour and 
taste. It contains a large proportion of stearin, also palmitin 
and olein. It is used in pharmacy for coating pills, and also 
largely in preparing suppositories, for which it is well adapted 
from its consistence and blandness. 



GLYCERINA — GLYCERIN. 

This is a substance which exists in oils in combination witb 
the fatty acids (stearic, margaric, oleic, &c), and is liberated 
from them, when they unite with bases in the process of saponi- 
fication. It is usually obtained in the process for making lead 
plaster, by mixing litharge (oxide of lead) with olive oil and 






392 MATERIA MEDICA. 

boiling water, by which the fatty acid unites with the lead and 
is precipitated, and the glycerin remains in solution. It is 
freed from any lead it may contain by means of a stream of 
sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and is afterwards filtered through 
animal charcoal ; or it may be made more directly by blowing 
steam through fat, which causes a separation of the glycerin 
and fatty acids. Glycerin (C 3 H 5 3HO), or Glyceric Alcohol, is 
the hydrate of Glyceryl, Grlycyl, or Propenyl. It is a thick, 
syrupy liquid, colourless or straw-coloured, unctuous to the 
touch, inodorous, and of a sharp, sweet taste. When pure, its 
sp. gr. is 1.26, when it contains 98 per cent, of anhydrous 
glycerin ; the Pharmacopoeia directs its sp. gr. to be 1.25. It is 
soluble in oils, alcohol, and water, but is insoluble in ether and 
chloroform, and does not evaporate when exposed to the air, 
but absorbs one half its weight of water. It has remarkable 
solvent properties, dissolving iodine, bromine, the alkalies, tan- 
nic and other vegetable acids, a large number of neutral salts, 
and many organic principles. Officinal solutions of medicinal 
substances in glycrin are termed Grlycerites (glyeerita). 

Effects and Uses. — Glycerin is a bland and unirritating sub- 
stance. It has the capacity of diffusing itself freely over and 
through organic matter, incorporating itself between organic 
molecules, by which it is absorbed and appropriated. It has 
been used internally as a nutrient and demulcent, and has been 
deemed of value in cachectic, strumous, and asthenic condi- 
tions in children, but the weight of opinion is against its efficacy 
as an alterative. It is as a topical application that it is chiefly 
employed. As an enema in dysentery, to soften hardened 
mucus in the air-passages, in various cutaneous affections, in 
diphtheria, in deafness attended with dryness of the meatus, 
and as a vehicle or solvent for active medicines, glycerin is a 
valuable article. The name Plasma is applied to a compound 
of glycerin (f§i) and starch (grs. 70), mixed at 240° F. ; this 
is used as a substitute for ointments, and is a good excipient 
for pills. 



collodion. 393 



PYROXYLON. 

Pyroxylon, or Soluble Gun Cotton, is made by adding 
half a troyounce of cotton, freed from impurities, to a mixture 
of 3J troyounces of nitric acid gradually added to 4 troyounces 
of sulphuric acid, and allowing it to macerate for 15 hours ; it 
is to be washed first with cold water, and then with boiling 
water, and, after being drained on filtering paper, it is dried 
by means of a water-bath. Pyroxylon has the appearance of 
ordinary cotton, but is harsh to the touch. It is insoluble in 
water, nearly so in alcohol, but, when freshly prepared, it dis- 
solves in ether, forming collodion ; it is liable to decomposition 
if kept for some time. 



COLLODIUM — COLLODION. 

This is a solution of pyroxylon (200 grains), in stronger 
ether (12J- fluidounces), and stronger alcohol (3J- fluidounces). 
Collodion is a slightly opalescent, syrupy liquid, with a strong 
ethereal smell. By long standing, it deposits a layer of fibrous 
matter, and becomes more transparent ; this layer should be 
reincorporated by agitation, before the collodion is used. 
When applied to the skin, the solvent evaporates and it forms 
a colourless, transparent, flexible, and strongly contractile film. 
In this way it proves antiphlogistic, by driving the blood away 
from a part, limiting effusion, and promoting absorption, and 
at the same time, acts as an admirable emollient by protecting 
an inflamed surface from the action of the air. It is a useful 
application to ulcers, fissures, and skin diseases, and erysipe- 
latous parts. It is used also in surgery as a substitute for 
adhesive plaster, and in pharmacy as a vehicle for other medi- 
cines. Iodized Collodion (a very good solution of iodine for 
external application), contains from ten to twenty grains of 
iodine in a fluidounce of collodion. Collodion containing tannic 
acid (gr. xx-fgi), is a good styptic application. 

Collodium Flexile {Flexible Collodion) is made by mixing 



394 MATERIA MEDICA. 

a pint of collodion, 320 grains of Canada turpentine, and 160 
grains of castor oil. This is a softer, more pliable, and more 
elastic preparation, useful in cases where the strongly con- 
tractile power of ordinary collodion is objectionable. Collo- 
dion, in all forms, is to be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

LIQUOR GUTTA-PERCHA — SOLUTION OF GUTTA- 
PERCHA. 

This is a solution of a troyounce and a half of gutta-percha 
in 17 troyounces of purified chloroform. In preparing it, car- 
bonate of lead is employed to free it from colouring matter. 
It is a clear, colourless, or nearly colourless solution, and 
should be kept in well-stoppered glass vials. By the evapora- 
tion of the chloroform, this proves an admirable application to 
inflamed or abraded parts, in skin affections, chaps, &c. ; also 
an excellent protective coating to parts threatened with bed- 
sores or liable to excoriation. 



FERMENTUM — YEAST. 

This well-known product of fermentation is a flocculent, 
frothy, somewhat viscid substance, of a dirty-yellowish colour, 
a sour, vinous odour, and a bitter taste. It is insoluble in 
alcohol or water. Its most important characteristic is its 
power of exciting the vinous fermentation in saccharine and 
starchy liquids, which it owes to the presence of a cryptogamic 
plant, Torula Cerevisice. It is occasionally used in low fevers, 
attended with irritability of the stomach, in the dose of f5ss-ij, 
every two or three hours, which sometimes proves laxative. 
Externally, it is added to farinaceous poultices, applied to 
sloughing ulcers. 

SACCHARU M — S U G A R . 

Sugar is a principle diffused through the vegetable world, 
under many forms, distinguished all by a sweet taste. They are 



sugar. 395 

divided into two chief groups — Cane Sugar and Grape Svfiar. 
Cane sugar is the product of Saccharum officinarum [Nat. Ord. 
Graminaceae), a native of tropical countries, cultivated most 
successfully in the West Indies, and to some extent in Louis- 
iana. It has a general resemblance to Indian corn. (Cane 
sugar is made also in France from the beet-root.) The juice of 
the sugar-cane is extracted by crushing and expressing the 
stalks ; it is then boiled with quicklime, strained, and reduced 
by evaporation to a thick syrup, which is cooled and granula- 
ted in shallow vessels. Raw sugar is refined by the agency of 
animal charcoal. When pure, cane sugar is white, crystallized in 
translucent double oblique prisms, very sweet, soluble in one third 
its weight of water, in alcohol, but not in ether. At a heat of 
320° F., it melts and cools into a glassy, amorphous mass, known 
as Barley -sugar ; from a strong solution, it can be made to crys- 
tallize slowly upon a string as Rock-candy. 

The uncrystallizable portion, which is drawn off in the granu- 
lation of sugar, is Molasses (Syrupus fuscus), or Treacle, 
a dark, brownish-black, syrupy liquid. 

Grape sugar is the sugar of grapes and other acid fruits; it 
is also found in the liver and blood of mammalia, and in the 
urine of diabetes mellitus. It may be procured artificially by 
acting on starch with diluted sulphuric acid. It occurs as 
whitish or grayish-white, non-crystalline masses, or as a dense 
transparent syrup. 

Cane sugar (C 12 H 22 O n ) combines with alkalies to form saccha- 
rates. Grape sugar (C 6 H 12 6 ,H 2 0), when boiled with an alkali, 
is transformed into the acid of molasses, melassic acid; mixed 
with solution of potassa and a weak solution of cupric sulphate, 
it attracts oxygen and causes the precipitation of a reddish 
cuprous oxide (Cu 2 0). 

Effects and Uses.— Sugar, especially in the form of barley- 
suo-ar, is an excellent demulcent to relieve catarrhal irritation; 
much of the cough-relieving action of cough syrups is due to 
the sugar they contain. It abates thirst, and is used to flavour 
refrigerant drinks. For pharmaceutical purposes, sugar is 
much employed, for its agreeable taste, and also as a preserva- 



396 MATERIA MEDICA. 

tive of vegetable substances, and to protect mineral medicines 
from oxidation. Molasses is slightly laxative as well as demul- 
cent. 



M E L — H N E Y . 

This saccharine liquid, the familiar product of the bee {Apis 
Mellifica), best used in the form of Mel Despumatum (Clarified 
Honey), is a slightly laxative article of food, and is used in 
pharmacy, and as an agreeable demulcent ingredient in gargles. 

Saccharum Lactis (Sugar of Milk) (C 12 H 22 O n ,H 2 0), the 
saccharine principle of milk, obtained from whey, is used as a 
bland non-nitrogenous article of diet. By fermentation, sugar 
of milk gives rise to Lactic Acid (Acidum Laeticum), a limpid, 
syrupy liquid, of a pale-wine colour, which has been used in 
certain forms of dyspepsia, and for the removal of phosphatic 
deposits in the urine, in the dose of 5i-iij during the day. 

CARBO LIGX I — C HARCOAL. 

Although not strictly ranking with demulcents, the medicinal 
uses of charcoal may, perhaps, be appropriately noticed under 
this head. Charcoal is prepared by the exposure of wood to a 
red heat without access of air. For medicinal purposes, the 
charcoal prepared from young willow-shoots, for the manufac- 
ture of gunpowder, is preferred. It is a black, shining, brittle, 
porous substance, without odour or taste, and insoluble in 
water. 

Effects and Uses. — It is employed internally as an absorbent 
of acrid secretions in dyspepsia (in which it is often very useful), 
in gastric irritation, diarrhoea, and dysentery ; dose, from one 
to four teaspoonfuls. Externally, it is used with effect to 
absorb the offensive gases given off by foul sores, in the form of 
poultice, mixed with flaxseed meal, or with bread-crumb, which 
is better, from its porosity ; dry charcoal is sprinkled with ad- 
vantage over sloughing ulcers, and appears to promote the 
separation of the sloughs. 



COCHINEAL. 397 



ORDER III. — COLOURING AGENTS. 

These are employed exclusively for pharmaceutical purposes. 
The following articles enter into officinal preparations, to which 
they are intended to communicate their peculiar colour. 



CR OCUS — SAFFRON. 

This is the stigmas of Crocus Sativus (Nat Orel Iridacese), 
a small perennial plant, the native country of which is Greece 
and Asia Minor, but now cultivated all over Europe and in our 
own country. In Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, it has been 
raised to considerable extent. The stigmas are an inch or 
more in length, of a rich deep-orange colour, a peculiar aro- 
matic odour, and a warm, pungent, bitter taste; they contain 
a principle termed Saffranin or Polycliroite. 

SaiFron is now admitted to possess little, if any, medicinal 
activity, and is used only to impart co^ur and flavour to 
officinal preparations. 

SANTALUM — RED SAUNDERS. 

This is the wood of Pterocarpus Santalinus, a large tree of 
India and Ceylon (Nat. Orel. Fabacese). It comes in roundish 
or angular billets, internally of a blood-red colour, externally 
brown, of little smell or taste; in the shops, it is found in the 
form of chips, raspings, or coarse powder; it contains a resi- 
noid matter, Santalin (C 16 H 16 O s ). It is .employed solely to 
give colour to spirits and tinctures. 

COCCUS — COCHINEAL. 

This is an insect, termed Coccus Cacti, of Mexico and Cen- 
tral America, naturalized in Teneriffe and other places. The 
female insect, dried, constitutes the article of the shops. ^ It 
occurs in the form of roundish or somewhat angular grains, 



398 MATERIA MEDICA. 

about an eighth of an inch in diameter, convex on one side, 
concave or flat on the other, and wrinkled. Two varieties are 
distinguished, one reddish-gray, the other nearly black, known 
as silver grains and black grains. It has a faint, heavy odour, 
and a bitter, slightly acidulous taste ; its colouring principle 
is Carminic Acid (C H H u 8 ). 

Cochineal has had antispasmodic virtues attributed to it, and 
has been used in whooping-cough, especially in combination 
with carbonate of potassium ; dose, to infants, a third of a 
grain three times a day. It is chiefly employed, however, to 
colour tinctures and ointments. 



ORDER IV. — ANTHELMINTICS. 

Anthelmintics are medicines which promote the destruction 
and expulsion of worms from the alimentary canal. They act 
in different ways ; some weaken or destroy the worms by a 
direct poisonous influence, others by mechanical means ; the 
drastic cathartics have an anthelmintic effect, from the increased 
secretion and exhalation which they induce from the alimentary 
canal. 

SPIGELIA. 

Spigelia, called also Pinkroot, is the root of Spigelia Maril- 
andica, or Carolina Pink (Nat. Ord. Spigeliacese), an herbace- 
ous, indigenous plant, found chiefly in our Southern and South- 
western States. The root is perennial, and consists of a num- 
ber of slender fibres ; the stems are numerous, from a foot to a 
foot and a half high, of a purplish colour, furnished with sessile, 
opposite, ovate-lanceolate leaves, and terminate in spikes, bear- 
ing carmine-coloured, funnel-shaped flowers, which appear from 
May to July. The root, as found in the shops, consists of 
numerous slender, wrinkled, branching, brownish fibres, attached 
to a dark-brown caudex, and has a faint peculiar smell, and a 
sweetish, slightly bitter taste ; its activity is diminished by 
time. Boiling water extracts its virtues, which are thought to 



SP1GELIA. 



399 



depend upon a bitter principle ; it contains also volatile oil 
resin, a little tannic acid, and other matters. 

Effects and Uses.— In ordinary doses, Spigelia often provea 
anthelmintic without any sensible effect on the system. In 






Pig. 28. 




larger doses, it purges and sometimes vomits ; and, in excessive 
doses, it operates as a narcotic poison, producing vertigo, 
dilated pupils, convulsions, and death. It is less apt to occa- 



400 MATERIA MEDICA. 

sion narcotic effects when it acts on the bowels, and hence it is 
usually combined with or followed by cathartics. As an 
anthelmintic against lumbrici (or round worms), it is con- 
sidered the most reliable article we possess. 

Administration. — Dose of the powdered root, 5i-ij, for an 
adult ; for a child three or four years old, gr. x-xx, to be 
repeated night and morning, for three or four days, and fol- 
lowed by a brisk cathartic ; calomel is sometimes combined 
with it. The infusion is the usual form of administration 
(half a troyounce to boiling water Oj, with frequently senna 
half a troyounce); dose f oss-j for a child two or three years 
old, fgiv-viij for an adult, night and morning. The fluid 
extract contains in a fluidounce a troyounce of spigelia — dose, 
for a child two years old, ten drops. The Fluid Extract of Spi- 
gelia and Senna (made by mixing 10 fluidounces of fluid ex- 
tract of spigelia with 6 fluidounces of fluid extract of senna, 
and dissolving, in the mixture, 20 minims of the oils of anise 
and caraway, each), is a pleasant preparation ; dose, f oss for 
an adult, f5j for a child. Under the name of Worm Tea, pre- 
parations containing spigelia and cathartics are kept in the 
sbops, as in the following formula : Spigelia, §ss, manna, oi, 
senna and fennel each, 5y\ savine, 3ij — to be infused in a pint 
of boiling water, and a tablespoonful given to a child two years 
old, three times a day. 



CHENOPODIUM — WORM SEED. 

Wormseed is the fruit of Chenopodium anthelminticum, or 
Jerusalem Oak {Nat, Ord. Chenopodiacese), an indigenous, 
herbaceous, perennial plant, from two to five feet high, with 
alternate, oblong-lanceolate, sinuated and toothed, yellowish- 
green leaves, with numerous small flowers of the same colour, 
arranged in long terminal panicles. Wormseed, as found in 
the shops, is in small spherical grains, not larger than a pin's 
head, of a dull, greenish-yellow or brownish colour, a peculiar 
offensive smell, and a rather aromatic, pungent taste. Their 



WORMSEED. 



KH 



sensible and medicinal properties are owing to a volatile oil 
(Oleum Chenopodii), obtained by distillation. 

Effects and Uses. — Wormseed is a very efficient anthelmin- 



tic. 29. 




tic, particularly adapted to the expulsion of lumbrici from 
children. Dose, 3i-ij for a child two or three years old, in 
molasses, night and morning, for three or four days, to be fol- 
lowed by a brisk cathartic. The oil is more used than the 
fruit ; dose, gtt. v-x for a child, in emulsion with sugar. The 
expressed juice of the leaves, and a decoction made with milk, 
are also used. 



26 



402 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



SANTONICA, 



The unexpanded flowers of Artemisia Cina, a native of 
Persia, and of other species of Artemisia, are used in Europe 
as an anthelmintic (in the dose of 10 to 30 grains), under the 
name of Levant Wormseed. They resemble small seeds in 
appearance, are about a line in length, oval, obtuse at both 
ends, of a greenish-brown colour, a strong, somewhat terebin- 
thinate odour, and a bitter, camphoraceous taste. They con- 
tain volatile oil, resin, and a peculiar principle, termed Santonin 
— Santoninum, which is made by digesting santonica and lime 
in diluted alcohol, adding acetic acid, crystallizing, boiling with 
alcohol, digesting the tincture with animal charcoal, filtering, 
and crystallizing. It is a weak acid (C 15 H 18 3 ), and occurs in 
colourless, shining, flattened prisms, without smell, nearly 
tasteless at first, but after a time bitter ; it becomes yellow 
on exposure to the light. It is nearly insoluble in cold water, 
soluble in 250 parts of boiling water, in 43 parts of cold and 
3 parts of boiling alcohol, and in 75 parts of ether. This is 
the anthelmintic constituent of Santonica, and is much em- 
ployed for a poisonous effect on lumbrici ; but, in large doses, 
it is capable of producing serious if not fatal poisoning in man. 
The symptoms are (occasionally but not invariably) vomiting, 
giddiness, stupor, coldness of the skin with clammy perspira- 
tion, dilated pupils, and, finally, tetanic convulsions. A re- 
markable effect of santonin, even in moderate amounts, is a 
change in the field of vision, so that objects are seen as if 
through a yelloiv medium. It is eliminated through the kidneys, 
producing a yellow discoloration of the urine. Dose, 2 or 3 
grains, two or three times a day, in the form of syrup. Troches 
of Santonin ( Trochisci Santonini), are made by rubbing together 
half a troyounce of santonin and tragacanth each, and eighteen 
troyounces of sugar, and then, with orange-flower water form- 
ing a mass, to be divided into 480 troches, each troche con- 
taining half a grain of santonin. The use of santonin has been 
suggested also in amaurosis. 



MALE PERN. 403 



AZEDARACH. 

This is the bark of the root of Melia Azedarach, or Pride 
of China (Nat. Ord. Meliacese), an Asiatic tree, cultivated ex- 
tensively as an ornamental tree in our Southern States. It 
has a bitter, nauseous taste, and yields its virtues to boilinc 
water ; but, as it is used only in the recent state, it is not found 
in our shops. Its effects are said to resemble those of Spigelia. 
The decoction is the preferred form of administration (four 
troyounces to water Oij, boiled to Oj); dose for a child fgss, 
every two or three hours, till it affects the stomach and bowels ; 
or night and morning for several days. 

MUCUNA — COWHAGE. 

The hairs of the pods of Mucuna pruriens (Nat. Ord. Fa- 
bacese), a West India perennial climbing plant, act as an an- 
thelmintic, by a mechanical penetration of the worms. The 
PODS are about four inches long, shaped like the Italic letter f, 
and are covered with brown bristly hairs, which, when 
handled, stick in the fingers, and produce an intense itching. 
For administration, the pods are dipped into syrup or molasses, 
and the hairs scraped off with the liquid, which should have 
the consistence of thick honey. Dose, a tablespoonful for an 
adult, a teaspoonful for a child, night and morning, for several 
days, and followed by a cathartic. 

PILIX MAS — MALE FERN. 

Aspidium Filix Mas, or Male Fern (Nat. Ord. Filicales), is 
an indigenous plant, common to all parts of the world, with a 
perennial, horizontal root, from which spring numerous annual, 
oval, lanceolate, acute, bright-green pinnate fronds or leaves 
from a foot to four feet in height ; the leaflets are deeply lobate, 
oval, crenate at their edges, and gradually diminish from the 
base of the pinna to the apex. The rhizome is the portion 
used. It is a long, cylindrical caudex, covered with portion* 



404 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



of the stipes, and, as found in the shops, it is generally broken 
into fragments, of a brown colour externally, internally yellowish- 
white or greenish, with a peculiar feeble odour, and a sweetish, 
bitter, astringent, nauseous taste. It deteriorates by keeping. 
It contains volatile oil, fixed oil, resin, tannic and gallic acids, 
&c, &c. ; and ether is the best solvent to extract its virtues. 

Effects and Uses. — Male fern possesses tonic and astringent 
properties; but its chief use is to cause the expulsion of taenia, 
which it destroys by a specific action. Its efficacy in this re- 
spect has been long and well attested, but it is most used to 
destroy the Swiss variety of taenia, (borthriocephalus latus). 
Dose, of the powder, 5i-i\j, in electuary or emulsion, night and 
morning, for one or two days. The oleoresin (oleoresina filicis) 
is the best preparation; it is a dark, thick liquid, of a bitterish, 
nauseous, slightly acrid taste — dose f5ss to f5i, night and 
morning, for a day or two, to be followed by a cathartic. The 
administration of the taeniacide agents should be always pre- 
ceded by a twenty-four hours' fast. 

GRAN AT I RADIO IS CORTEX — BARK OF POMEGRANATE 

ROOT. 

The bark of the root of Punica granatum (see p. 172), is 
used for the expulsion of taenia. It is a powerful styptic, and 
may act in this way. It is given in decoction (two troyounces 
to water Oij, boiled to Oj), dose, fgij, or more. 

Oleum Terebixthin^e (Oil of Turpentine), (see p. 288), is 
used as a remedy for taenia and other worms. Dose, f§j, com- 
bined with or followed by castor oil. 

Calomel (see p. 313), is a valuable anthelmintic, given in 
cathartic doses. 



Brayera (Koosso). The flowers and unripe fruit of 
Bray era anthelmintica [Nat. Ord. Rosaceae), a native of Abys- 
sinia, have been introduced into European practice, as a remedy 
for taenia, under the name of Koosso. The dried flowers occur 



PUMPKIN SEED. Ill; 

in unbroken, compressed clusters, of a greenish-yellow colour, 
a fragrant balsamic odour, and a faint taste, which after a time 
becomes acrid and disagreeable. They are said to impart their 
virtues best to hot water, and to yield gum, resin, fatty matter, 
tannic acid, &c. They are best given upon an empty stomach, 
after a previous evacuation of the bowels, in the dose of half a 
troyounce of the powder, mixed with half a pint of warm water. 

ROTTLER A — K A M E E L A . 

This is the glandular powder and hairs, obtained from the 
capsules of Rottlera tinctoria {Nat. Ord. Euphorbiaceae), a 
small tree of Hindostan and the East India islands. It is an 
orange-red, granular, inflammable powder, with little smell or 
taste, insoluble in cold, and nearly so in boiling water ; soluble 
in boiling alcohol and ether. It consists chiefly of resinous 
substances, to one of which, soluble in ether, and considered 
the active constituent, the name of Rottlerin has been given. 

Uses. — Kameela, or Kamala, is a highly esteemed taeniacide 
in India, and has lately been introduced into Europe and our 
own country. Dose of the powder. 3i-ij, suspended in syrup. 
A tincture (six troyounces to alcohol Oj), is given in the dose 
of f5i-iv. Castor Oil should be taken after the medicine. 

PEPO — PUMPKIN SEED. 

The SEED of Cucurbita pepo, or common Pumpkin, is proba- 
bly the most efficacious remedy known in the expulsion of tape- 
worm. These seeds are oval, flattish, grooved, 9 lines long by 
5 or 6 in breadth, of a light brownish-white colour, a sweetish, 
oily taste, and aromatic smell. They owe their activity to a 
principle, soluble in ether, chloroform, and especially alcohol. 
One or two troyounces of the fresh seeds, deprived of their 
outer envelope, beaten to a paste with finely powdered sugar, 
and diluted with water or milk, should be taken after a twenty- 
four hours' fast, and followed in two or three hours, by a dose 
of castor oil. A fluid extract, made with alcohol and glycerin, 
is probably the best preparation ; dose fgss-i. 



APPENDIX. 









SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN PRESCRIPTIONS. 

R, Recipe, take. 

aa, Ana, (awa), of each. 

ft), Libra, librse, a pound, pounds. 

£, TJncia, uncise, an ounce, ounces. 

3, Drachma, drachmse, a drachm, drachms. 

3, Scrupulus, scrupuli, a scruple, seruples. 

0, Octarius, octarii, a pint, pints. 

fi|, Fluiduncia, fluiduncise, a fluidounce, fluidounces. 

fj, Fluidrachma, Fluidrachmse, a fiuidrachni, fluidrachms. 

TT^, Minimum, minima, a minim, minims. 

Ad 2 Vic, Ad duas vices, at two takings. 

Ad Lib., Ad libitum. 

Add., Adde, addantur, add, let be added. 

Altern. Horis, Alternis horis, every other hour. 

Aq. Destil., Aqua destillata, distilled water. 

Aq. Ferv., Aqua fervens, hot water. 

Aq. Fluvial., Aquafluvialis, river water. 

Aq. Font., Aqua fontana, spring water. 

Aq. Pluv., Aqua pluvialis, rain water. 

Bis Ind., Bis indies, twice a day. 

Bull., Bulliat, bulliant, let it or them boil. ' 

Cap., Capiat, capiendum, let the patient take it, it must be taken. 

Chart., Chartula, chartulse, a small paper, or papers. 

Cochleat., Cochleatim, by spoonfuls. 

Coch. Mag., Cochleare magnum, a tablespoonful. 

Coch. Med., Cochleare medium, a dessertspoonful. 

Coch. Parv., Cochleare parvum, a teaspoonful. 

Col., Cola, coletur, strain, let it be strained. 

Collyr., Collyrium, an eye-water. 

Comp., Compositus, compounded. 

Cong., Congius, congii, a gallon, gallons. 

C. M. S., Cras mane sumendus, to be taken to-morrow morning. 

C. N., Cras node, to-morrow night. 

Decoc, Decoctum, a decoction. 

De D. in D., Be die in diem, from day to day. 



408 APPENDIX. 

Dieb. Alter., Diehus Alternis, every other day. 

Dil., Dilue, dilutus, dilute, diluted. 

Dim., Dimidius, one-half. 

Div., Divide, divide. 

D., Doses, a dose. 

Elec, Electuarium, an electuary. 

Enem., Enema, enemata, a clyster, clysters. 

Exhib., Exkibeatur, let it be administered. 

F. H., Fiat haustus, let a draught be made. 

Fil., Filtra, filter. 

Ft., Fiat,fiant, let there be made. 

Garg., Gargarysma, a gargle. 

Gr., Granum, grana, a grain, grains. 

Gtt., Gutta, guttse, a drop, drops. 

Guttat., Guttatim, by drops. 

Haust., Haustus, a draught. 

Ind., Indies, daily. 

Inf., Infunde, pour in. 

]nfus., Infusum, an infusion. 

Inj., Injieiatur, let it be injected. 

Jul., Julepus, julepum, a julep. 

M., Misce, mix. 

Mane, in the morning. 

Mist., Jlistura, a mixture. 

Mic. Pan., Mica panis, crumb of bread. 

No., Numero, in number. 

Omn. Hoe., Omni hard, every hour. 

Omn. Bid., Omni biduo, every two days. 

Omn. Bih., Omni bihord, every two hours. 

Omn. Man., Omni mane, every morning. 

Omn. Nocte, Omni node, every night. 

Omn. Quadr. Hor., Omni quadrante horse, every quarter of an hour. 

Ph., Pharmacopoeia. 

Pocul., Poculum, a cup. 

P. R. N., Pro re natd, as the symptoms may call for. 

Pulv., Pulvis, a powder. 

Q. P., Quantum placeat, as much as you please. 

Q. S., Quantum sufficiat, enough. 

Quor., Quorum, of which. 

Redig. in Pulv., Redigatur in pitlverem, let it be reduced to powder. 

Eepet., Repetatur, repetantur, let it or them be repeated. 

S., Signa, write. 

S. A., Secundum artem, according to art. 

Semih., Semihord, half an hour. 

Sign., Signatura, a label. 

Ss., Semis, a half. 

Sum., Sume, sumendus, take, let it be taken. 

Tabel., Tabella, a lozenge. 

Troch., Trochiscus, a lozenge. 

Trit., Tritura, triturate* 



APPENDIX. 



409 



TABLE OF ANTIDOTES. 



NEUROTIC POISONS. 



Poisons. 



Opium, 
Chloral, 
Calabar Bean, 

Belladonna, 
Stramonium, 
Hyoscyamus, 
Dulcamara, 

Tobacco, 

Lobelia, 

Aconite, 

Digitalis, 

Conium, 

Veratrum Viride, 

Alcohol, 

Hydrocyanic Acid and Cyanides, 



Strychnia, 
Veratria, 



Antidotes. 

Stomach pump ; emetics ; cold affu- 
sions ; counter-irritation ; strong 
decoction of coffee ; hypodermic 
injection of atropia ; electro-mag- 
netism ; artificial respiration. 

Stomach pump ; emetics ; cathartics ; 
cold affusions ; hypodermic injec- 
tion of a morphia-salt ; electro- 
magnetism. 



After emptying the stomach, the dif- 
fusible stimuli, especially alcohol. 



{The same as for opium ; except that 
ammonia is the physiological anti- 
dote. 

Ammonia; chlorine; cold affusions, 
f Tannic acid; opium; conium; extr. 
hemp ; camphor ; chloral ; calabar 
\ bean; bromide of potassium ; atro- 
pia ; inhalations of ether or chlora- 
ls form. 






Acids, Mineral and Vegetable, 

Salt of Sorrel, 
Cream of Tartar, 

Alkalies, 

Alum, 

Baryta and its soluble salts, 

Arsenious acid, 

Soluble arsenites, 

Corrosive sublimate and soluble 

mercuric salts, 
Soluble cupric salts, 

Soluble zinc salts, 



CORROSIVE POISONS. 

{Magnesia ; chalk ; the alkaline solu- 
tions ; the fixed oils ; emetics are 
not to be used. 
Calcium salts. 

Sodium carbonates in solution, 
f Vinegar; lemon-juice; citric acid; 
\ oils. 

Ammonium or sodium carbonate. 
J Magnesium, sodium, or potassium 
\ sulphates. 

f Hydrated oxide of iron ; hydrated 
\ magnesia. 
Ferric subacetate. 

{White of egg; blood; milk; flour; 
for cupric salts, also fcrrocyanide 
of potassium. 
( Albumen ; sodium carbonates : mag- 
1 nesia. 



410 



APPENDIX. 



Poisona. 

Soluble lead salts, 

Tartar Emetic, 

Nitrate of Silver, 

Sulphates and Chloride of Iron, 

Bichromate of Potassium, 



Antidotes. 
J The alkaline or soluble earthy sul- 
\ phates. 

Tannic acid. 

Chloride of Sodium. 

Alkaline carbonates. 

Magnesia ; soap ; alkaline carbonates. 



Cantharides, 

Drastic Cathartics, 

Phosphorus, 

Iodine, 

Bromine, 

Chlorine Gas, 

Creasote, 

Carbolic Acid, 

Asphyxiating Gases, 



IRRITANT POISONS. 

f Emetics ; opiates and demulcents ; 
\ oils are objectionable. 

Opiates ; demulcents ; stimulants. 

Magnesia ; oil of turpentine. 

Starch. 

Ammonia. 

The cautious inhalation of ammonia. 

•j Albuminous substances. 

f Cold affusions ; electro-magnetism ; 
| artificial respiration. 



INDEX 



Abbreviations, tables of, 407 
Abies balsamea, 289 

Canadensis, 361 

excelsa, 359 

picea, 360 
Abscesses, application of medicines 

to, 47 
Absinthe, 122 
Absinthium, 122 
Absorption of medicines, 28, 29 
Acacia, 375 

Arabica, 375 

catechu, 164 

gummifera, 376 

vera, 375 
Aceta, 35 

Acetate of Ammonium, solution of, 
218 

iron, 148 

lead, 179 

morphia, 60 

potassium, 272 

sodium, 272 

zinc, 151 
Acetic acid, 219 
Acetum, 219 

lobelise, 74 

opii, 59 

sanguinarise, 232 

scillae, 274 
Acida, mineralia, 156, 372 

vegetabilia, 219 
Acidum aceticum, 219 

arseniosum, 331, 371 

benzoicum, 299 

carbolicum, 175 

chromicum, 371 

citricum, 220 

gallicum, 162 

hydrocyanicum, 82 
dilutum, 82 

lacticum, 396 

muriaticum, 159 
dilutum, 159 

nitricum, 158 

dilutum, 159 

nitro-muriaticum, 159 
dilutum, 160 



Acidum oxalicum, 160 

sulphuricum, 156 
aromaticum, 157 
dilutum, 157 

sulphurosum, 157 

tannicum, 161 

tartaricum, 220 

valerianicum, 104 
Achillea, 125 

millefolium, 125 
Acipenser huso, 390 
Aconite, 77 

leaves, 77 

root, 77 
Aconiti folia, 77 

radix, 77 
Aconitia, 77 
Aconitum, 77 

napellus, 77 
Acorus calamus, 199 
Acupuncture, 19 
Adeps, 390 
Adhesive plaster, 292 
JEther, 91 

fortior, 91 
African kino, 165 

pepper, 192 
Agathotes chirayta, 118 
Age, influence of, on medicinal ef- 
fects, 40 

on plants, 29 
Alcohol, 185 

dilutum, 186 

fortius, 185 
Alcoholic potassa, 369 
Alder, black, 138 
Ale, 187 

Alexandria senna, 252 
Allium, 287 

sativum, 287 
Allspice, 196 
Allyl, sulphide of, 288 
Almond mixture, 377 
Aloe, 249 

Barbadensis, 250 

Capensis, 250 

purificata, 250 

Socotrina, 249 



412 



INDEX. 



Aloe, spicata, 249 

vulgaris, 249 
Aloes, 249 
Aloin, 250 

Alterative diaphoretics, 266 
Alteratives, 49, 304 
Althaea, 380 

officinalis, 380 
Alum, 182, 233, 372 

ammonio-ferric, 148 

dried, 182, 183 

whey, 183 
Alum-root, 174 
Alumen, 182 

exsiccatum, 184 
Aluminii sulphas, 184 
Amber, 109 
American centaury, 115 

columbo, 115 

hellebore, 207 

ipecacuanha, 233 

poplar, 123 

senna, 254 

silver fir, 289 

spikenard, 268 
Ammonia, 188 

preparations of, 188 
Ammonia-alum, 182 
Ammoniac, 103 
Ammoniacum, 103 
Ammonias aqua, 188 

fortior, 188, 367 

linimentum, 359 

praeparata, 188 

spiritus, 188 

aromaticus, 189, 353 
Ammoniated copper, 149 

iron, 146 

mercury, 318 

tincture of guaiac, 269 
valerian, 104 

tinctures, 34 
Ammonii acetatis liquor, 218 

benzoas, 299 

bromidum, 327 

carbonas, 189 

cbloridum, 338 

hypophosphis, 338 

iodidum, 325 

phosphas, 339 

praeparata, 353 

sulphis, 158 

valerianas, 104 
Ammonio-citrate of iron, 147 
Ammonio-ferric alum, 148 
Amygdalus amara, 84 
Amyl, acetate of, 98 

hydruret of, 98 

iodide of, 98 



Amyl, nitrite of, 98 
Amylene, 98 
Amylic alcohol, 98 
Amylum, 3 84 

Anaesthetics, ethereal, 49, 90 
Anamirta cocculus, 89 
Angelica-tree, 268 
Angustura, 123 

false, 123, 221 
Anise, 203 

water, 203 

star, 203 
Anisum, 203 
Anodynes, 50 
Antacids, 49, 345 
Anthelmintics, 49, 398 
Anthemis, 120 

cotula, 120 

nobilis, 120 
Antidotes, table of, 409 
Antilithics, 346 
Antimonial ointment, 213, 368 

powder, 214 

wine, 213 
Antimoniated hydrogen, 214 
Antimonii oxidum, 210 

et potassii tartras, 210 

oxysulphuretum, 213 

praeparata, 210 
Antimonium sulphuratum, 213 
Antimony, preparations of, 210 
Antispasmodics, 49, 100 
Apiol, 283 
Apocynin, 279 
Apocynum cannabinum, 278 
Apomorphia, 54 
Apothecaries' weight, 38 
Apples, 235 
Aqua, 374 

ammoniae, 188 

fortior, 188, 367 

amygdalae amarae, 85 

aurantii florum, 201 

camphorae, 87 

chlorinii, 343 

cinnamomi, 194 

creasoti, 175 

rosae, 173 
Aquae, 32 
Arabin, 376 
Aralia nudicaulis, 268 

racemosa, 268 

spinosa, 268 
Arctostaphylos uva ursi, 169 
Argenti nitras, 152 

fusa, 154, 369 

oxidum, 154 

praeparata, 152 
Argol, 245 



INDEX. 



U8 



Aristolochia reticulata, 118 

serpentaria, 118 
Arnica, 190 

montana, 190 
Arnicina, 190 
Aromatic confection, 199 

powder, 199 

spirit of ammonia, 189, 353 

sulphuric acid, 157 

syrup of rhubarb. 249' 
Aromatics, 184, 191 
Arrack, 187 
Arrow-root, 385 
Arseniate of iron, 149 

sodium r 335 
Arsenic, 331 

preparations of, 331 
Arsenici chloridi liquor, 336 

et hydrargyri iodidi liquor, 336 

iodidmm, 336 

pra?parata, 331 
Arsenious acid, 331, 371 
Arsenite of potassium, solution of, 

335 
Artanthe elongata, 295 
Artemisia absinthium, 122 

cina, 402 
Arteriotomy, 17 
Artificial campho<r r 86 

musk, 308 
Asparagin, 380 
Aspidium filix mas, 403 
Aspiration, 20 
Assafetida, 100 
Assafcetida, 100 
Astragalus verus, 377 
Astringents, 49, 161 

mineral, 161, 178 

vegetable, 161 
Atomization of fluids, 44 
Atomizers, 44, 45 
Atropa belladonna, 63 
Atropia, 64 

sulphate of, 64 
Aurantii amari cortex, 201 

dulcis cortex, 201 

flores, 201 
Avena sativa, 388 
Avense farina, 388 
Azedarach, 403 

Balm of Gilead tree, 289 
Balsam of fir, 288 

Peru, 300 

Tolu, 301 
Balsamodendron Myrrha, 297 

Ehrenbergianum, 297 
Balsams, 298 
Balsamum Peruvianum, 300 



Balsamum Tolutanum, 301 

Bandages, 19 

Barbadoes aloes, 250 

Barbary gum, :;7i; 

Barberry, 117 

Barilla, 349 

Barley, 388 

Barosma crenata, 296, 297 

crenulata, 297 

serratifolia, 297 
Basilicon ointment, 292 
Bassorin, 376 
Baths, 23. 24 

of iodine, 323 

nitro-muriatic acid, 160 
Bay-rum, 187 
Bean of St. Ignatius, 224 
Bearberry, 169 
Bebeeria, 137 
Bebeeru bark, 137 
Belladonna, 63 

leaves, 63 

root, 63 
Belladonnas folia, 63 

radix, 63 
Benne, 380 

oil, 381 
Benzoate of ammonium, 299 
Benzoe amygdaloides, 298 

in sortis, 298 
Benzoic acid, 299 
Benzoin, 298 
Benzoinum, 298 
Berberina, 117, 257, 282 
Bicarbonate of potassium, 348 

sodium, 351 
Bichloride of carbon, 99 

methylene, 97 
Bichromate of potassium, 341, 372 
Bismuth, subcarbonate of, 155 

subnitrate of, 154 
Bismuthi subcarbonas, 155 

subnitras, 154 
Bitartrate of potassium, 245 
Bitter almond water, 84 

cucumber, 259 

orange, 201 
Bitters, aromatic, 112, 118 

astringent, 112, 125 

simple, 112 
Bittersweet, 81 
Black alder, 138 

drop, 59 

ginger, 197 

hellebore, 259 

mustard, 357 

nightshade, 81 

oak, 167 

oxide of mercury, 312 



414 

Black pepper, 193, 361 

snakeroot, 286 

wash, 312 
Blackberry, 173 
Blennorrheas, 49, 273, 283 
Blistering cerate, 365 
Blisters, 361 
Bloodletting, 17, 18 
Bloodroot, 230 
Blue pills, 264, 310 

vitriol, 149 
Boneset, 121 
Borate of sodium, 216 
Borax, 216 

Bordeaux turpentine, 289 
Borneo camphor, 86 
Botany bay kino, 165 
Bran, 235 
Brandy, 187 
Brayera, 404 

anthelmintica, 404 
Brazilian sarsaparilla, 266 
Brimstone, 239 
Bromide of ammonium, 327 

iron, 148, 328 

lithium, 328 

magnesium, 328 

sodium, 327 

mercury, 328 

potassium, 326 
Bromine, 326 
Brominium, 326 
Broom, 281 
Brown ipecacuanha, 229 

mixture, 382 
Brucia, 222 
Buchu, 296 
Burgundy pitch, 359 

plaster, 360 
Butter, melted, 239 

of cacao, 391 

of nutmegs, 195 
Butternut, 249 

Cacao butter, 391 

Cadmii sulphas, 155 

Caffea, 106 

Caffeic acid, 106 

Caffeina, 106 

Caffeo-tannic acid, 106 

Cajeput oil, 196 

Calabar bean, 88 

Calamina praeparata, 151 

Calamine, 151 

Calamus, 199 

Calcined magnesia, 241 

Calcii carbonas prascipitata, 354 
hypophosphis, 337 
phosphas praecipitata, 337 



INDEX. 



Calcii praeparata, 353 
Calcium, precipitated carbonate of, 
354 
hypophosphite of, 337 
precipitated phosphate of, 337 
preparations of, 353 
Calisaya bark, 125, 126 
Calomel, 263, 313, 404 
Calor, 22 
Calumb, 116 
Calumba, 116 
Calx chlorinata, 343 
Camphene, 86 
Camphogen, 86 
Camphor, 85 
liniment 87 
water, 87 
Camphora, 85 

officinarum, 85 
Camphorated tincture of opium, 58 
Canada balsam, 288 
fleabane, 277 
pitch, 361 

turpentine, 288, 289 
Canella, 124 

alba, 124 
Canna, 386 

edulis, 386 
Cannabin, 79 
Cannabis Americana, 79 
Indica, 79 
sativa, 79 
Cantharidin, 364 
Cantharides, 282, 363 
Cantharis, 282, 363 
vesicatoria, 363 
vittata, 367 
Cape aloes, 250 
Capsicia, 192 
Capsicum, 192 
annuum, 192 
fastigiatum, 192 
Caraccas kino, 165 
Caraway, 203 
Carbo ligni, 396 
Carbolate of potassium, 177 

sodium, 177 
Carbolic acid, 175 
Carbon, tetrabromide of, 99 

tetrachloride of, 99 
Carbonate of ammonium, 189 
calcium, precipitated, 354 
iron, pill of, 141 
lead, 182 
lithium, 352 
magnesium, 242, 353 
potassium, 348 
pure, 348 
sodium, 350 






INDEX. 



U5 



Carbonate of sodium, dried, 351 

zinc, precipitated, 151 
Carbonates of sodium, 349 
Cardamom, 198 
Cardamomum, 198 
Carminatives, 184 
Carminic acid, 398 
Carolina pink, 398 
Carota, 280 
Carrageen, 383 
Carrageenin, 383 
Carron oil, 354 
Carrot seed, 280 

root, 280 
Carthagena barks, 127 
Carum, 203 

carui, 203 
Caryophyllic acid, 195 
Caryophyllin, 195 
Caryophyllus, 195 

aromaticus, 195 
Cascarilla, 124 
Cascarillin, 124 
Cassava plant, 386 
Cassia acutifolia, 252 
J3thiopica, 252 
cinnamon, 149 
elongata, 252 
fistula, 237 
lanceolota, 252 
Marilandica, 254 
obovata, 252 
purging, 237 
Castillon powders, 389 
Castor, 108 
fiber, 108 
oil, 238 
Castoreum, 108 
Castorin, 109 
Cataplasmata, 38 
Cataplasms, 30, 38, 374 
Catechu, 164 
Catechuic acid, 164 
Cathartic acid, 253 
Cathartics, 49, 234 
Caustic potassa, 369 
Cauterants, 368 
Cautery, actual, 23 
Centaury, 115 
Cephaelis ipecacuanha, 229 
Cera alba, 391 
fiava,' 391 
Cerasus serotina, 136 
Cerata, 37 
Cerate, 37, 390 

of calamine, 151 
cantharides, 365 
carbonate of zinc, 151 
extract of cantharides. 366 



Cerates, 30, 37 
Ceratum, 37, 390 

cantharidis, 365 

cetacei, 390 

extract! cantharidis. 366 

plumbi subacetatis, 181 

resinre, 292 

compositum, 292 

sabinse, 303 

zinci carbonatis, 151 
Cerii oxalas, 155 
Cetaceum, 390 
Cetraria, 382 

islandica, 382 
Cetraric acid, 383 
Cetrarin, 383 
Cevadilla, 208 
Ceylon cinnamon, 193 
Chalk mixture, 355 

. prepared, 355 
Chalybeates, 139, 304 
Chamomile, 120 

German, 121 

wild, 120 
Champagne wine, 187 
Chapman's copaiba mixture, 293 
Charcoal, 396 
Charta cantharidis, 366 

sinapis, 359 
Chart*, 32 
Chenopodium, 400 

anthelminticum, 400 
Chian turpentine, 289 
Chimaphila, 171 

maculata, 172 

umbellata, 171 
China camphor, 85 

cinnamon, 193 

musk, 107 
Chinese rhubarb, 247 
Chiratin, 118 
Chirayta, 118 
Chiretta, 118 
Chloral, 60 

Chlorate of potassium, 340 
Chloride of ammonium, 338 

iron, 143 

solution of, 143 
tincture of, 144 

lime, 343 

zinc, 151, 371 

solution of, 151 
Chlorides of mercury, 313, 315 
Chlorinated lime, 343 

soda, 344 
Chlorine water, 343 
Chlorocarbon, 99 
Chloroform, 90, 94 
purified, 94 



416 



INDEX. 



Chloroformum, 94 

purificatum, 94 
Chocolate, 106 
Chocolate-nuts, 391 
Choke-cherry, 136 
Chondodendron tomentosum, 296 
Chondrus, 383 

crispus, 383. 
Cholagogues, mercurials as, 306 
Chromic acid, 371 
Chrysophanic acid, 248 
Cicuta, 76 
Cimicifuga, 286 

racemosa. 286 
Cinchona, 125 

Calisaya, 125, 126. 

Condaminea, 125 

flava, 125 

micrantha, 125 

pallida, 125 

rubra, 125 

succirubra, 125 
Cinchonia, 127, 128 
Cinchonicia, 133 
Cinchonidia, 127, 129 
Cinchonise sulphas, 133 
Cincho-tannic acid, 127 
Cinnabar, 305, 319 
Cinnamic acid, 194, 300 
Cinnamomum, 193 

aromaticum, 193 

Zeylanicum, 193 
Cinnamon, 193 

water, 194 
Cissampelina, 296 
Cissampelos pareira, 296 
Citrate of iron, 145 

and ammonium, 147 
and quinia, 147 
and strychnia, 148 

lithium, 353 

magnesium, solution of, 243 

potassium, 217 

mixture of, 218 
solution of, 217 
Citric acid, 220 
Citrine ointment, 320 
Citrullus colocynthis, 259 
Citrus aurantium, 201 

vulgaris, 201 
Classification of medicines, 49 
Claviceps purpurea, 225 
Climate, influence of, on medicinal 
effects, 42 
on plants, 29 
Cloves, 195 

Clutterbuck*s elaterium, 262 
Clysters, 46 



Cocaina, 107 
Coccoloba uvifera, 165 
Cocculus chondodendron, 296 

Indicus, 89 

palmatus, 116 
Coccus, 397 

cacti, 397 
Cochineal, 397 
Cochlearia armoracia, 283 
Codamia, 52 
Codeia, 52, 53 
Cod-liver oil, 328 
Coffea Arabica, 106 
Coffee, 106 
Cohosh, 286 
Colchici radix, 275 

semen, 275 
Colchicia ;/ 276 
Colchicum, 275 

autumnale, 275 

root, 275 

seed, 275 
Cold, 22, 23 
Colica pictonum, 178 
Collodion, 393 

flexible, 393 

with cantharides, 366 
Collodium, 393 

flexile, 393 

cum cantharide, 366 
Collyria, 43 
Colocynth, 259 
Colocynthin, 259 
Colocynthis, 259 
Colombian barks, 127 
Colombin, 117 
Colouring agents, 49, 397 
Columbo, 116 
Compound cathartic pills, 261 

decoction of sarsaparilla, 267 

extract of colocynth, 260 

fluid extract of sarsaparilla, 268 

galbanum pills, 103 
plaster, 103 

mixture of iron. 141 

pills of antimony, 214 

pills of iron, 142 

powder of ipecacuanha, 58, 230 
jalap, 245, 256 

solution of iodine, 322 

spirit of ether, 110 
juniper, 280 

syrup of sarsaparilla, 267 
squill, '274 
Condy's fluid, 343 
Confectio opii, 57 

aromatica, 199 

rosae, 173 

sennse, 254 



INDEX. 



117 



Confection of opium, 57 

rose, 173 

senna, 254 
Confectiones, 32 
Confections, 30, 32 
Conia, 75 
Coniura, 74 

maculatum, 74 
Conserves, 32 

Convolvulus scammonia, 258 
Copaiba, 292 
Copaifera multijuga, 292 
Copaivic acid, 293 
Copper, preparations of, 148 

subacetate of, 150 

sulphate of, 149, 233, 372 
Copperas, 142 
Coptis, 113 

teeta, 114 

trifolia, 113 
Coriander, 203 
Coriandrum, 203 

sativum, 203 
Cornus Florida, 134 
Corroborants, 110 
Corrosive chloride of mercury, 
372 

sublimate, 315, 372 
Cotton, 227 

root, bark of, 227 
Cotula, 120 
Court-plaster, 390 
Cowhage, 403 

Cowling's scheme for doses, 41 
Cranesbill, 168 
Cream of tartar, 245, 272 
Creasote, 174 

ointment, 175 

water, 175 
Creasotum, 174 
Creta prasparata, 355 
Crocus, 397 

sativus, 397 
Croton eluteria, 124 

oil, 262, 367 

tiglium, 262 
Crotonic acid, 262 
Crowfoot, 168 
Crude camphor, 85 

liquorice, 382 

nitre, 215 

quinia, 133 

sulphur, 239 

tartar, 245 
Cryolite, 350 
Cryptopia, 52, 54 
Cubeb, 294 
Cubeba, 294 
Cubebin, 294 



315, 



Cubic nitre, 216 
Cucurbita pepo, 405 

Cultivation, influence of, on plants, '!'.) 
Culver's root, 252 
Cupri praeparata, 148 
subacetas, 150 

sulphas, 149 
Cuprum ammoniatum, 149 
Cups. 18 
Curare, 90 
Curarine, 90 
Cusparin, 123 
Cyanide of potassium, 84 

mercury, 318 
Cyanhydric acid, 82 
Cydonium, 381 
Cynanchum oleasfolium, 252 
Cynips quercusfolii, 163 
Cypripedium, 105 

pubescens, 105 

Dandelion, 279 
Daphne gnidium, 269 

mezereum, 269 
Daphnin, 270 
Datura stramonium, 67 
Daturia, 68 
Daucus carota, 280 
Deadly nightshade, 63 
Decocta, 34 
Decoction of azedarach, 403 

barley, 388 

blackberry, 173 

cimicifuga, 287 

cinchona (yellow or red), 131 

cotton-root bark, 227 

dogwood, 135 

dulcamara, 81 

elder, 255 

erigeron, 278 

geranium, 169 

Iceland moss, 382 

Indian hemp, 279 

Irish moss, 384 

liquorice root, 382 

logwood, 167 

marsh-mallow, 380 

pipsissewa, 172 

pomegranate, 172 

sarsaparilla, compound, 267 

seneka, 285 

uva ursi, 170 

white oak, 168 
Decoctions, 30, 34 
Delphinium consolida, 282 
Demulcents, 49, 373 
Deshler's salve, 292 
Diachylon, 181 
Diaphoretics, 49, 264 



27 



418 



INDEX. 



Diffusible, stimulants, 184 
Digestion, 33 
Digitalin, 205 
Digitalinum, 205 
Digitalis, 204, 273 

purpurea, 204 
Diluents, 373 
Diluted alcohol, 186 

hydrocyanic acid, 82 

muriatic acid, 159 

nitric acid, 159 

nitro-muriatic acid, 160 

sulphuric acid, 157 
Diospyros, 173 

Virginiana, 173 
Diplolepis gallae tinetorise, 163 
Disease, influence of, on medicinal 

effects, 41 
Distilled oils, 191 
Diuretics, 49, 271 
Dogwood, 134 
Donovan's solution, 336 
Dorema ammoniacum, 103 
Doses, modifying effects of, 30 

of medicines, 41 
Dover's powder, 58, 230 
Dracontium, 105 

foetidum, 105 
Drachm, 38, 39 
Drastics, 234, 255 
Dried alum, 182, 184 

carbonate of sodium, 351 

sulphate of iron, 142 
Drops, 40 

Dryobalanops camphora, 86 
Dulcamara, 81 
Dutch camphor, 85 

East India kino, 165 
Ecbalium agreste. 261 
Ecbolina, 225 
Eccritics, 49, 228 
Effects of medicines, 27 
Effervescing draught, 218 
Egyptian opium, 51 
Elaterin, 261 
Elaterium, 261 
Elder, 255 
Electricitas, 24 
Electricity, 24 
Electro-puncture, 20 
Electuaries, 32 
Elettaria cardamomum, 198 
Elixir of vitriol, 157 
Ellis' magnesia, 241 
Emetia, 229 
Emetics, 49, 228 

mineral, 233 

vegetable, 229 



Emmenagogues, 49, 302. 
Emollients, 374 
Emplastra, 30, 37 
Emplastrum aconiti, 78 

ammoniaci, 103 

cum hydrargyro, 311 

arnicae, 190 

assafcetidae, 102 

belladonnas, 67 

ferri, 141 

galbani compositum, 103 

hydrargyri, 311 

opii, 58 

picis Burgundicae, 360 
Canadensis, 361 
cum cantharide, 360 

plumbi, 37, 181 

resinae, 292 

saponis, 182 
Emulsions, 32 

Endermic application of medicines, 42 
Enemata, 46, 264 
Epispastics, 355, 356, 361 
Epsom salt, 242 
Ergot, 225 
Ergota, 225 
Ergotic acid, 225 
Ergotin, 227 
Ergotina, 225 
Erigeron, 277 

Canadense, 277 

heterophyllum, 277 

Philadelphicum, 277 
Errhines, 43 
Erythroxylon coca, 106 
Escharotics, 356, 368 
Eseria, 88 
Essential oils, 191 
Ether, 91 

stronger, 91 
Ethereal oil, HO 

tinctures, 34 
Ethyl, 91 
Eucalyptus globulus, 134 

resinifera, 165 
Eugenia pimenta, 196 
Eugenin, 196 
Eupatorium, 121 

perfoliatum, 121 
Euphorbia corollata, 232 

ipecacuanha, 232 
European opium, 51 

rhubarb, 247 
Expectorants, 283 
Extract of aconite, 78 

American hellebore, fluid, 208 
hemp, 79 

arnica, 190 

belladonna, 66 



INDEX. 



419 



Extract of belladonna root, fluid, 67 
bittersweet, 81 

fluid, 81 
black hellebore, 259 
buchu, fluid, 297 
butternut, 249 
calabar bean, 89 
cimicifuga, fluid, 287 
cinchona, 131 

fluid, 131 
colchicum, acetic, of root, 277 

fluid, of seed, 277 
colocynth, 59 

compound, 260 
conium, 76 

fluid, 76 
cotton-root bark, fluid, 227 
cubeb, fluid, 295 
dandelion, 280 

fluid, 280 
digitalis, 207 

fluid, 207 
dogwood, fluid, 123 
ergot, fluid, 227 
erigeron, Canada, fluid, 277 
gentian, 115 

fluid, 115 
geranium, fluid, 169 
ginger, fluid, 198 
hydrastis, fluid, 282 
hyoscyamus, 270 

fluid, 270 
Ignatia, 224 
Indian hemp, 79 
ipecacuanha, fluid, 230 
jalap, 256 

liquorice root, fluid, 382 
logwood, 167 
lupulin, fluid, 81 
matico, fluid, 296 
May-apple, 258 
mezereon, fluid, 270 
nux vomica, 224 
opium, 57 

pareira brava, fluid, 296 
pipsissewa, 171 
quassia, 113 
rhatany, 166 

fluid, 166 
rhubarb, 248 

fluid, 248 
sarsaparilla, fluid, 267 

fluid, compound, 268 
savine, fluid, 303 
seneka, 285 

fluid, 285 
senna, fluid, 254 
serpentaria, fluid, 120 
spigelia, fluid, 400 



Extract of spigelia and senna,fluid.400 
squill, fluid, 274 
stillingia, fluid, 271 
stramonium, Leaves, 68 

seed, 68 

uva ursi, fluid, 170 

valerian, 104 
fluid, 104 

wild cherry, fluid, 137 

yellow jasmine, fluid, 210 
Extracta, 36 

fluida, 36 
Extracts, 36 

Extractum glycyrrhizae, 382 
Eye-washes, 43 

False angustura bark, 123, 221 

sarsaparilla, 268 
Faradic electricity, 25 
Faradization, 25 
Fat manna, 236 
Fennel, 203 

water, 203 
Fermentum, 394 
Fern, male, 403 
Ferri carbonatis,pihila, 141 

chloridi, liquor, 143 

tinctura, 144 

chloridum, 143 

citras, 145 

citratis, liquor, 146 

et ammonii citras, 147 

et ammonii sulphas, 148 

et ammonii tartras, 148 

et potassii tartras, 145 

et quiniae citras, 147 

et strychniae citras, 148 

ferrocyanidum, 147 

hypophosphis, 146 

iodidi, syrupus, 144 

iodidum, 144 

lactas, 147 

nitratis, liquor, 146 

oxalas, 146 

oxidum hydratum, 140 

phosphas, 145 

prseparata, 139 

pyrophosphas, 145 

subcarbonas, 140 

subsulphatis, liquor, 143 

sulphas, 142 

exsiccata, 142 

tersulphatis, liquor, 142 
Ferrocyanide of iron, 147 
Ferruginea, 139 
Ferrum ammoniatum, 146 

redactum, 140 
Figs, 235 
Filix mas, 403 



420 



INDEX. 



Flake manna, 236 
Flax, common, 378 
Flaxseed, 378 

meal, 379 

oil, 239, 378 
Fleabane, Canada, 277 

Philadelphia, 277 

various-leaved, 277 
Florida arrow-root, 385 
Flowers of sulphur, 239 
Fluid extracts, 36 
Fluidrachm, 39 
Fluidounce, 39 
Fluoride of sodium and aluminium, 

350 
Fceniculum, 203 

vulgar e, 203 
Fonticuli, 19 

Forms in which medicines are used, 30 
Formyl, terchloride of, 94 

teriodide of, 325 
Fowler's solution, 335 
Foxglove, 204 
Frasera, 115 

Walteri, 115 
Fraxinus ornus, 236 

rotundifolia, 236 
Friction electricity, 25 
Frictions, 19 
Frigus, 23 
Fumigation, 38 
Fusel oil, 98, 185 

Gaduin, 329 

Gadus morrhua, 328 

Galbanum, 102 

Galipea officinalis, 123 

Gall-oak, 163 

Galla, 163 

Gallic acid, 162 

Gallon, 39, 40 

Galls, 163 

Galvanic electricity, 25 

Gamboge, 260 

Gambogia, 260 

Garcinia morella, 260 

Gargarismata, 44 

Gargles, 44 

Garlic, 287, 361 

Gases, 30, 38 

Gaultheria, 200 

procumbens, 200 
Gelatin, 389 
Gelatina, 389 
Gelseminia, 210 
Gelsemium, 209 

sempervirens, 209 
Gentian, 114 
Gentiana, 114 



Gentiana lutea, 114 
Gentianin, 114 
Gentiopicrin, 114 
Geranium, 168 

maculatum, 168 
Geum rivale, 138 
Gillenia, 233 

stipulacea, 233 

trifoliata, 233. 
Gin, 187 
Ginger, 197, 361 
Glauber's salt, 243 
Glycerin, 391 
Glycerina, 391 
Glycerita, 30, 36 
Glycerite of borate of sodium, 217 

carbolic acid, 177 

gallic acid, 163 

tannic acid, 162 

tar, 291 
Glycerites, 30, 36 
Glyceritum acidi carbolici, 177 
gallici, 163 
tannici, 162 

picis liquidae, 291 

sodii boratis, 217 
Glycyrrhiza, 381 

echinata, 381 

glabra, 381 
Glycyrrhizin, 381 
Golden sulphur of antimony, 214 
Goldthread, 113 
Gossypii radicis cortex, 227 
Gossypiuni herbaceum, 227 
Goulard's cerate, 181 

extract, 180 
Grains, 38, 39 
Granati fructus cortex, VI 

radicis cortex, 404 
Granville's lotion, 367 
Gray ipecacuanha, 229 
Greenhart tree, 137 
Green iodide of mercury, 317 
Green vitrol, 142 
Ground-holly, 171 
Guaiac, 268 
Guaiaci lignum, 268 

resina, 268 
Guaiacin, 269 
Guaiacum, 268 

officinale, 268 

wood, 268 
Guarana, 107 

Guatemala sarsaparilla, 266. 
Guiaretinic acid^ 269 
Gum, 376 

Arabic, 375 

Barbary, 376 

India, 376 



INDEX. 



\-2\ 



Gum, Senegal, 375 
Turkey, 375 

Habit, influence of, 42 

Haematics, 49, 304 

Hasmatin, 167 

Hsematinics, 49, 304 

Hematoxylin, 167 

Haematoxylon Campechianum, 167 

Hardhack, 138 

Haschisch, 79 

Heat, 22 

Hedeoma, 202 

pulegioides, 202 
Hellebore, American, 207 

black, 259, 302 

white, 208 
Helleborus, 259 

niger, 259 
Hemlock, 74 

spotted, 74 

spruce, 361 

pitch plaster, 361 
Hemp, Indian, 278 
Henbane, 69 
Henry's magnesia, 241 
Hepatic aloes, 250 
Heuchera, 174 

Americana, 174 
Hiera picra, 125, 251 
Hirudo decora, 18 

medicinalis, 18 
Hive-syrup, 274 
Hoffman's anodyne, 110 
Honduras sarsaparilla, 266 
Honey, 235, 396 

of rose, 173 

of borate of sodium, 217 
Honeys, 30, 35 

Hope's camphor mixture, 159 
Hops, 80 
Hordein, 388 
Hordeum, 388 

distichon, 388 
Horehound, 202 
Horsemint, 202 
Horseradish, 283 
Howard's calomel, 314 
Hulled barley, 388 
Humulus, 80 

lupulus, 80 
Husband's magnesia, 241 
Huxham's tincture, 120, 131 
Hydragogues, 234 

Hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum, 
315, 372 

mite, 263, 313 

cyanidum, 318 

ibdidum rubrum, 318 



Hydrargyri iodidum riride, 317 

oxidum flavura, 313 
nigrum, J12 
rubrum, 312 

nitratis unguentum, 319 
liquor, 320, 372 

praeparata, 305 

sulphas flava, 319 

sulphuretum rubrum, 319 
Hydrargyrum ammoniatum, 378 

cum creta, 264, 311 
Hydrastia, 282 
Hydrastis Canadensis, 282 
Hydrate of chloral, 61 
Hydrated oxide of iron, 140, 334 
Hydrochloric acid, 159 
Hydrocyanic acid, 82 
Hygienic remedies, 17 
Hyoscyami folia, 69 

semen, 69 
Hyoscyamia, 69 
Hyoscyarnus, 69 

niger, 69 
Hypnotics, 50 
Hypodermic application of medicines, 

43 
Hypophosphite of ammonium, 338 

calcium, 337 

iron, 146 

potassium, 337 

sodium, 338 
Hyposulphite of sodium, 158 

Iceland moss, 382 
Ichthyocolla, 390 
Idiosyncrasy, influence of, 40 
Igasuria, 222 
Igasuric acid, 222 
Ignatia, 224 
Ilex Paraguaiensis, 107 
Illicium anisatum, 203 
Imagination, influence of, 41 
Imponderable remedies, 22 
India gum, 376 

opium, 51 

senna, 252 
Indian corn, 235, 389 

hemp, 278 

physic, 233 

tobacco, 72 
Infusa, 30, 33 
Infusion of American Colombo, 115 

American senna, 254 

angustura, 123 

bloodroot, 230 

buchu, 296 

capsicum, If) 2 

carrot-seed, 280 

cascarilla, 124 



422 



INDEX. 



Infusion of catechu, compound, 165 

chamomile, 120 

cinchona (red and yellow), 131 

cloves, 195 

columbo, 117 

coptis, 112 

dandelion, 280 

digitalis, 207 

erigeron, 278 

flaxseed, compound, 378 

gentian, compound, 115 

ginger, 197 

hops, 80 

juniper, 280 

lobelia, 72 

magnolia, 123 

matico, 295 

pareira brara, 296 

quassia, 112 

rhatany, 166 

rhubarb, 248 

rose, compound, 173 

sabbatia, 116 

senna, 253 

serpentaria, 120 

spigelia, 400 

sweet flag, 200 

tar, 291 

thoroughwort, 122 

tobacco, 72 

valerian, 104 

wild cherry, 137 

wormwood, 122 

yarrow, 125 
Inhalation, 30, 38 
Injections, 46 
Iodide of ammonium, 325 

arsenic, 336 

and mercury, 336 

iron, 144, 323 

lead, 181, 323 

mercury, 317, 318, 323 

potassium, 324 

sodium, 325 

starch, 323 

sulphur, 323 

zinc, 152, 323 
Iodine, 320 
Iodinium, 320 
Iodized collodion, 393 
Iodoform, 325 
Iodoformum, 325 
Ipecacuanha, 229 

American, 233 

spurge, 232 
Ipomcea Jalapa, 255 
Irish moss, 383 
Iron, preparations of, 139, 304 

reduced, 140 



Irritants, 49, 184, 355 
Isinglass, 390 
Issues, 19 

Jalap, 255 
Jalapa, 255 
Jamaica ginger, 197 

kino, 165 

sarsaparilla, 266 
James' powder, 214 
Jamestown weed, 67 
Janipha manihot, 386 
Japan camphor, 85 
Jateorrhiza calumba, 116 

palmata, 116 
Jerusalem oak, 400 
Jesuit's powder, 130 
Jewell's calomel, 314 
Juglans, 249 

cinerea, 249 
Juice of conium, 76 
Juices, 35 
Jujube paste, 377 
Juniper, 280 
Juniperus, 280 

communis, 280 

sabina, 302 

Virginiana, 302 

Kamala, 405 
Kameela, 405 
Kelp, 320, 349 
Kermes mineral, 213 
Kinic acid, 127 
Kino, 165 
Kinoic acid, 165 
Kinovic acid, 127 
Koosso, 404 
Krameria, 166 

triandra, 166 
Krameric acid, 166 

Labarraque's liquid, 344 
Lac assafoetidae, 102 

sulphuris, 240 
Lactate of iron, 147 
Lactic acid, 396 
Lactuca sativa, 62 

elongata, 63 
Lactucarium, 62 
Lactucin, 63 
Lanthopia, 52 
Lard, 390 

oil, 390 
Larkspur, 282 
Lartigue's pills, 277 
Laudamia, 52 
Laudanum, 58 
Lavandula, 201 









INDEX. 



123 



Lavandula, vera, 201 
Lavements, 46 
Lavender, 201 
Laxatives, 234, 235 
Lead arthralgy, ITS 

colic, 178 

plaster. 37. 1S1 

paralysis. 178 

preparations of, 178 

water, 181 
Ledoyen's disinfecting fluid, 181 
Leeches, 18 
Lemon-juice, 220 

syrup, 220 
Lenitives. 373 
Leopard's bane, 190 
Lepidolite, 352 
Leptandra, 252 

Yirginica. 252 
Leptandrin, 252 
Lettuce-opium. 62 
Levant wormseed, 402 
Lichenin, 383 
Light, 22 
Lignum vita?, 268 
Lime liniment. 354 

solution, 354 
Limonis succus, 220 
Lini farina, 379 
Linimenta, 27, 33 
Liniments, 33 
Linimentum aconiti, 78 

ammonia?, 188, 359 

calcis, 354 

camphora?. 87 

cantharidis, 366 

chloroformi, 96 

saponis, 87 

terebinthina?, 291 
Linseed oil, 378 
Linum, 378 

usitatissimum, 378 
Liquidambar orientale, 300 
Liquids, 30, 32 
Liquor ammonii acetatis, 218 

arsenici chloridi. 336 

et hydrargyri iodidi, 336 

calcis. 354 

ferri chloridi. 143 
citratis, 146 
nitratis, 146 
subsulphatis. 143 
tersulphatis. 142 

gutta-percha?, 394 

hydrargyri nitratis, 320, 372 

iodinii compositus, 322 

magnesii citratis. 263 

morphia? sulphatis, 60 

plumbi subacetatis, 180 



Liquor potassae, 347 
potassii arsenitis, 

citratis. 21? 
permanganatis, 343 

soda?, 349 

chlorinata\ 344 
sodii arseniatis, 336 

zinci chloridi, 151 
Liquores, 32 
Liquorice, 382 

root, 381 
Liriodendrin, 123 
Liriodendron, 123 

tulipifera, 123 
Litharge, 181 

Lithium, preparations of. 352 
Lithii carbonas, 352 

citras, 353 

pra?parata, 352 
Liver of sulphur, 240 
Lobelia. 72. 233 

inflata. 72 
Lobelina, 72 
Logwood, 167 
Londou paste, 370 
Lozenges, 30, 32 
Lugol's solution, 322 
Lump gamboge, 262 
Lunar caustic, 154, 369 
Lupulin, 80, 81 
Lupulite, 80 
Lux, 22 
Lytta vesicatoria, 363 

Mace, 194 
Maceration, 33 
Macis, 194 
Madder, 303 
Madeira wine, 187 
Magnesia, 241, 353 

alba. 242 
Magnesii carbonas. 242, 353 
" citratis liquor, 243 

pra?parata, 353 

sulphas. 242 
Magnesite, 242 

Magnesium, preparations of, 353 
Magnetic electricity, 25 
Magnolia, 122 

acuminata, 122 

glauca, 122 

tripetala. 122 
Majendie's solution, 60 
Malamide, 380 
Male fern, 403 
Malt. 388 

liquors, 87 
Mandrake, i 
Manganesii sulphas. 244 



424 



INDEX. 



Manna, 236 

cannulata, 236 

in sorts, 236 
Mannite, 237 
Maranta, 385 

arundinacea, 385 
Marjoram, 202 
Marrubium, 202 

vulgare, 202 
Marshmallow, 380 
Marsh's test for arsenious acid, 332 

tartar emetic, 211 
Martial preparations, 139 
Maruta cotula, 120 
Mate. 107 

Materia medica, definition of, 17, 26 
Maticin, 295 
Matico, 295 
Matricaria, 121 

chamomilla, 121 
May-apple, 256 
Mayweed, 120 
Meadow saffron, 275 
Measures and weights, 39 
Mecca senna, 253 
Mechanical remedies, 17 
Meconic acid, 52, 54 
Meconidia, 52 
Meconin, 52 
Medicated syrups, 35 

waters, 30, 32 
Medicines, definition of, 26 
Mel, 396 

despumatum, 396 

rosee, 173 

sodii boratis, 217 
Melaleuca cajuputi, 196 
Melia azedarach, 403 
Mellita, 35 
Menispermia, 89 
Mentha piperita, 201 

viridis, 201 
Mercurial cathartics, 234, 263 

ointment, 311 

plaster, 311 
Mercury, black oxide of, 312 

metallic, 309 

red oxide of, 312 

yellow oxide of, 313 

preparations of, 305 

with chalk, 263, 311 
Methyl-ethylic ether, 97 
Methylic ether, 97 
Methylene, bichloride of, 97 
Mezereon, 269 
Mezereum, 269 
Mild acrid cathartics, 234, 246 

chloride of mercury, 263, 313 
Milfoil, 125 



Milk of assafetida, 102 
Mineral acids, 156, 372 

astringents, 161, 178 

tonics, 111, 139 
Minims, 39 
Mistura ammoniaci, 103 

amygdala?, 377 

assafoetidae, 102 

chloroformi, 96 

cretse, 355 

ferri composita, 141, 298 

glycyrrhizse composita, 382 

potassii citratis, 218 
Misturae, 32 
Mixtures, 30, 32 

Modus operandi of medicines, 27 
Molasses, 235, 395 
Momordica elaterium, 261 
Monarda, 202 

punctata, 202 
Monkshood, 77 
Monsel's solution, 143 
Montpelier scammony, 258 
Morphia, 52 
Morphias acetas, 60 

murias, 60 

sulphas, 60 
Moschus, 107 

moschiferus, 107 
Moxa, 23 
Mucilage, 376 
Mucilago acaciae, 377 

sassafras, 380 

tragacanthae, 378 

ulmi, 379 
Mucous membranes, application of 

medicines to, 43 
Mucuna, 403 

pruriens, 403 
Muriate of morphia, 60 
Muriatic acid, 159 

diluted, 159 
Musk, 107 
Mustard, 233, 357 

whey, 358 
Myristica, 194 

fragans, 194 
Myronate of potassium, 357 
Myrospermum Peruiferum, 300 

Toluiferum, 301 
Myrosyne, 357 
Mvroxylon Pereirae, 300 
Myrrh, 297 
Myrrh a, 297 

Narceia, 52, 53 
Narcotics, 49, 50 
Narcotina, 52, 53 
Narthex assafoetida, 100 



INDEX. 



Natron, 349 
Nauseants, 228 
Nauseating- diaphoretics, 265 
Nebulization of fluids. 44 
Nectandra, 137 

Kodiei, 137 
Nervous sympathy, doctrine of, 28 
Neurotics,' 49, 50 " 
Neutral mixture, 218 
Nicotiana tabacum, 70 
Nicotia, 71 
Nicotianin, 71 
Nightshade, black, 81 

deadly, 63 
Nitrate of cerium, 156 

lead, 181 

mercury, 320, 372 

potassium, 215 

silver, 153 

fused, 154, 369 

sodium, 216 
Nitre, 215 
Nitric acid, 158 

diluted, 159 
Nitro-muriatic acid, 159 

diluted, 160 
Nitrous oxide, 99 
Nitrous powders, 216 
Norway spruce, 359 
Nutgall, 163 
Nutmeg, 194 
Nux vomica, 221 

Oatmeal, 235, 388 
Occupation, influence of, 42 
Officinal, definition of term, 27 
Oil of almond, expressed, 237 

amber, 109 

anise, 203 

arnica, 190 

bitter almond, 84 

cajeput, 196 

camphor, 86, 87 

Canada erigeron, 277 

caraway, 203 

cardamom, 198 

castor, 109 

cinnamon, 194 

cloves, 195 

copaiba, 293, 294 

cubeb, 294, 295 

fennel, 203 

garlic, 287 

gaultheria, 200 

ginger, 197 

hedeoma, 202 

horsemint, 202 

juniper, 280 

lavender, 201 



Oil of linseed, 378 
mace, 195 

marjoram, 202 

mustard. 

nutmeg, 195 

peppermint, 202 

pimento, 196 

rosemary, 202 

rue, 303 

sassafras, 270 

savine, 303 

spearmint, 202 

tar, 291 

theobroma, 391 

thyme, 203 

tobacco, 71, 72 

turpentine, 196, 290, 359, 404 

valerian, 104 

vitriol, 156 

wine, 109 

wormseed, 401 

yarrow, 125 
Oil-cake, 379 
Oils, volatile, 191 

distilled, 191 

essential, 191 
Ointment, 37, 390 

of ammoniated mercury, 319 

antimony, 213, 368 

belladonna, 67 

benzoin, 299 

calomel, 315 

cantharides, 366 

carbolic acid, 177 

carbonate of lead, 182 

creasote, 175 

iodide of lead, 181 

iodide of potassium, 325 
sulphur, 323 

iodine, 323 

compound, 323 

mercury, 311 

mezereon, 270 

nitrate of mercury, 319 

nutgall, 164 

oxide of zinc, 151 
red iodide of mercury, 318 
oxide of mercury, 313 

stramonium, 68 

subacetate of copper, 150 
sulphur, 240 
tannic acid, 162 

tar, 291 
tobacco, 72 
veratria, 209 
white hellebore, 208 
yellow oxide of mercury, 313 
Ointments, 37 
Olea Europcx-a, 237 



426 



IXDEX. 



Olea volatilia, 191 

Oleoresin of black pepper, 193 

capsicum, 192 

cubeb, 295 

ginger, 198 

lupulin, 81 

male fern, 404 
Oleoresinas. 36 
Oleoresins, 36 
Oleum oethereum, 109 

amygdalae amara, 84 

anisi, 203 

cajuputi. 196 

camphorse, 86, 87 

cari, 203 

caryophylli, 195 

chenopodii, 401 

cinnamomi. 194 

copaibae. 294 

cubebse, 295 

erigerontis ( 

fceniculi. 203 

gaultheriae, 200 

hedeoniae, 202 

juniperi, 280 

lavandulae, 201 

lini, 378 

menthae piperita?, 202 
viridis. 202 

monardae, 202 

niorrhuae, 128 

myristicae, 195 

olivae, 237 

origani, 202 

pimentae. 196 

ricini, 238 

rosmarini, 202 

rutae, 303 

sabinae, 303 

sassafras, 270 

sesami, 381 

succini rectificatum, 109 

tabaci, 71 

terebinthinae. 196, 290, 359, 404 

tbeobroma?, 365 

thymi, 203 

tiglii, 262, 367 

Valerianae, 104 
Olive oil, 237 

tree.' 237 
Opiania, 52 
Opium. 50 

plaster, 58 
Orange flower water, 201 

peel. 201 
Orcbis mascula, 389 
Origanum, 202 

vulgare, 202 
Ovis aries, 390 



Oryza, 389 

sativa, 389 
Ounce, 38 
Oxalate of cerium, 155 

iron, 146 
Oxalic acid, 160 
Oxide of antimony, 210 

etbvl. 91 

lead, 81 

silver. 154 

zinc, 150 
Oxymels. 35 

Oxysulpburet of antimony, 213 
Oyster-shell, prepared, 355 
Ozonic etber, 345 

Painter's colic, 178 
Pale bark, 125, 126 

rose. 172 
Palma Cbristi, 238 
Pancreatin, 138 
Pancreatinum, 138 
Papaver, 50 

somniferum, 50 
Papaverina. 52. 54 
Paraguay tea, 107 
Paramenispermin, 89 
Paramorpbia. 52, 54 
Paregoric elixir, 58 
Pareira, 296 

brava, 296 
Parsley, 282 
Partridge-berry, 200 
Parts to which medicines are applied, 

42 
Paullinia sorbilis, 107 
Peacbes. 235 
Pearlash, 348 
Pearl barley, 388 

sago, 387 
Pennyroyal, 202 
Pepper, black, 193 

white, 193 
Peppermint, 202 

water, 202 
Pepo, 405 
Pepsin, 138 
Pepsina, 138 
Percolation, 33 
Percolator, 33 

Permanganate of potassium, 342 
Peroxide of hydrogen, 344 
Persian opium, 51 
Persimmon, 173 
Petroselinum sativum, 282 
Pharmaceutical modifications. 30 
Pharmacological remedies, 26 
Pharmacology, 26 
Pharmacopoeia, 27 



INDEX. 



427 



Pharmacy, definition of, 26 
Phenylic alcohol, 176 
Phosphate of ammonium, 339 

calcium, 337 

iron, 145 
Phosphorus, 190 
Phosphuret of zinc, 191 
Physeter macrocephalus, 365 
Physostigma, 88 

venenosum, 88 
Physostigmia, 88 
Picrotoxin, 89 
Pill of carbonate of iron, 141 

soap, compound, 57 
Pills, 30, 31 

of aloes, 251 

and assafetida, 251 
and mastic, 251 
and myrrh, 251, 298 

antimony, compound, 214 

assafetida, 102 

cathartic, compound, 261 

copaiba, 293 

galbanum, compound, 103 

iodide of iron, 145 

iron, compound, 142, 298 

mercury, 264, 310 

opium, 57 

rhubarb, 249 

compound, 249 

squill, compound, 275 

sulphate of quinia, 132 
Pilula ferri carbonatis, 141 

saponis composita, 57 
Pilulae, 31 

aloes, 251 

et assafoetidse, 251 
et mastiches, 251 
et myrrhse, 251, 298 

antimonii compositse, 214 

ferri compositse, 142, 298 
iodidi, 145 

hydrargyri, 264, 310 

opii, 57 

quinise sulphatis, 132 

rhei, 249 

compositse, 249 

scillse, compositse, 275 
Pimenta, 196 
Pimento, 196 
Pimpinella anisum, 203 
Pinkroot, 398 
Pint, 39 
Pinus palustris, 196, 288 

tseda, 288 
Pipe gamboge, 262 
Piper, 193 

cubeba, 294 

nigrum, 193 



Piperin, 193 
Pipsissewa, 171, 273 
Pitch, 291 
Pix Burgundica, 359 

Canadensis, 361 

liquida, 291 
Plasma, 392 
Plaster of aconite, 78 

ammoniac, 103 

ammoniac with mercury,103,311 

antimony, 213 

arnica, 190 

assafetida, 102 

belladonna, 67 

Burgundy pitch, 360 

Canada pitch, 361 

galbanum, compound, 103, 360 

iron, 141, 360 

mercury, 311 

opium, 58, 360 

pitch with cantharides, 360 
Plasters, 30, 37 
Plumbi acetas, 79 

carbonas, 182 

iodidum, 181 

nitras, 181 

oxidum, 181 

prseparata, 178 

subacetatis liquor, 180 
Plummer's pills, 214 
Podophyllum, 256 

peltatum, 256 
Poison-nut, 221 
Poison-oak, 224 
Polygala senega, 284 
Polygalic acid, 285 
Pomegranate rind, 172 

root, bark of, 404 
Poppy, black, 50 

white, 50 
Poppy-heads, 50 
Porphyroxin, 52 
Port wine, 187 
Porter, 187 
Potassa, 369 

alum, 183 

cum calce, 369 

solution of, 347 

with lime, 369 
Potassii acetas, 272 

bicarbonas, 348 

bichromas, 341, 372 

bitartras, 245 

carbonas, 348 
pura, 348 

bromidum, 326 

chloras, 340 

citras, 217 

cyanidum, 84 



428 



INDEX. 



Potassii et sodii tartras, 246 

iodidum, 324 

nitras, 215 

permanganas, 342 

prseparata, 347 

sulphas, 244 

sulphuretum, 240 

tartras, 246 
Potato, 81 

flies, 367 
Potentilla tormentilla, 173 
Pound, 38, 39 
Poultices, 38, 374 
Powder of aloes and canella, 125, 251 

ipecacuanha, compound, 58, 230 

jalap, compound, 245, 256 

rhubarb, compound, 249 
Powders, 30 

aperient, effervescent, 246 

Seidlitz, 246 

soda, 351 
Precipitated carbonate of calcium, 
354 

phosphate of calcium, 337 

sulphur, 240 

carbonate of zinc, 151 
Prepared calamine, 151 

chalk, 355 

oyster-shell, 355 
Pride of China, 403 
Prinos verticillatus, 138 
Proof spirit, 186 
Prophylamia, 225, 329 
Prunes, 235 

Prunus Tirginiana, 136 
Psychotria emetica, 229 
Prussian blue, 147 
Prussic acid, 82 
Pseudomorphia, 52 
Pterocarpus erinaceus, 165 

marsupium, 165 

santalinus, 397 
Pulveres, 30 

effervescentes aperientes, 246 
Pulverization of fluids, 44 
Pulvis aloes et canellae, 125, 251 

antimonialis, 214 

aromaticus, 199 

ipecacuanhas compositus, 58, 230 
Pumpkin-seed, 405 
Punica granatum, 172 
Purgatives, 234 
Purging cassia, 237 
Pyroligneous acid, 291 
Pyrophosphate of iron, 145 
Pyroxylon, 393 

Quassia, 112 
amara, 112 



Quassin, 112 
Quercin, 168 
Quercitron, 168 
Quercus alba, 167 

infectoria, 163 

tinctoria, 167 
Quevenne's iron, 140 
Quicksilver, 305 
Quince seed, 381 
Quinia, 127, 128 

amorphous, 133 

crude, 133 
Quinise sulphas, 128 

valerianas, 133 
Quinicia, 133 
Quinidia, 127, 129 
Quinoidia. 133 
Quinoidine, 133 

Race, influence of, 42 
Raisins, 235 

Rectified oil of amber, 109 
Red bark, 125, 127 

cedar, 303 

iodide of mercury, 318 

ipecacuanha, 229 

oxide of mercury, 312 

precipitate, 312 

rose, 172 

saunders, 397 

sulphuret of mercury, 319 
Refined camphor, 85 

nitre, 215 
Refrigerant diaphoretics, 265 
Refrigerants, 204, 216 
Reinsch's test for arsenious acid, 332 
Remedies, definition of, 17 

division of, 17 

hygienic, 17 

imponderable, 22 

mechanical, 17 

pharmacological, 26 
Resin, 292 

cerate, 292 

of jala^), 256 

of May apple, 258 

of scammony, 258 

plaster, 292 
Resina, 292 
Rhatany, 166 
Rheum, 246 

officinale, 247 

palmatum, 246 

Rhaponticum, 248 
Rhigolene, 97 
Rhodeoretin, 256 
Rhceadinia, 52 
Rhoeagenia, 52 
Rhubarb, 246 






INDEX. 



129 



Rhus toxicodendron, 224 
Rice. 389 
Ricinolein, 238 
Ricinus communis, 238 
Rio Negro sarsaparilla, 26G 
Rochelle salt, 24G 
Rosa centifolia, 172 

Gallica. 172 
Rosemary. 202 
Rose-water. 172 
Rosin, 292 
Rosmarinus, 202 

officinalis, 202 
Rottlera, 405 

tinctoria. 405 
Rubefacients, 184, 355. 356 
Rubia, 303 

tinctorum, 303 
Rubus, 173 

Canadensis. 173 

villosus, 173 
Rue, 303 
Rufus' pills, 251 
Rum, 187 
Russian musk, 107 

rhubarb, 247 
Ruta, 303 

graveolens, 303 
Rye, 225 

Sabbatia. 115 

angularis, 115 
Sabina, 302 
Saccharum, 394 

lactis, 396 

Saturni, 179 
Saffron, 397 
Sage, 202 
Sago, 387 

palm, 387 
Sagus Rumphii. 387 
Sal ammoniac, 338 

diureticus, 272 

prunelle, 215 
Salep, 389 
Salicin, 136 

Saline cathartics. 234, 241 
Salix, 136 

alba, 136 
Salt of Riverius, 217 

tartar, 348 
Saltpetre, 215 
Salvia, 202 

officinalis, 202 
Sanguinaria, 230 

Canadensis, 230 
Sanguinarina, 231 
Sanguisuga officinalis, 18 
Santalum, 397 



Santonica, 402 
Santonin, 402 
Santoninum, 402 
Sarothaiunus scoparius, 281 
Sarsaparilla, 

false. 
Sarsaparillin, 2G7 
Sassafras. 270 

medulla, 380 

officinale, 270, 380 

pith, 380 
Savine, 302 
Scabious, 277 
Scammonium, 258 
Scammony, 258 
Scarifications, 19 
Scilla, 273, 288 

maritima, 273 
Scoparin, 281 
Scoparius, 281 
Scruple, 38, 39 
Scudamore's draught, 276 
Scutellaria, 105 

laterifolia, 105 
Season of gathering, influence of on 

plants. 29 
Seaside grape, 165 
Secale cereale, 225 
Secalia, 225 
Sedatives, 49, 204 
Seidlitz powders, 246 
Semi-solids, 30, 37 
Senega, 281 
Senegal gum, 375 
Seneka, 284, 302 
Senna, 252 

American, 254 
Serous membranes, application of 

medicines to, 46 
Serpentaria, 118 
Sesamum, 380 

Indicum, 380 

orientale, 380 
Setacea, 19 
Setons, 19 
Sevum, 390 
Sex, influence of, 41 
Sherry wine, 187 
Sialagogues, 307 
Signs and abbreviations, 407 
Silicate of potassium. 

sodium, 352 
Silver, preparations of, 152 

fir, American. 
European, 360 
Simaruba, 113 

excelsa, 112 

officinalis, 113 
Sinalbin, 357 



430 



INDEX. 



Sinapis, 233, 357 

alba, 233, 357 

nigra, 233, 357 
Sinapism, 358 

Skin, application of medicines to, 42 
Skunk cabbage, 105 
Slippery elm, 379 
bark, 379 
Smelling salt, 189 
Smilacin, 267 
Smilax officinalis, 266 
Smyrna opium, 51 
Snakeroot, black, 286 

seneka, 284 

Virginia, 118 
Soap cerate, 182 

liniment, 87 

plaster, 182 
Socotrine aloes, 250 
Soda, 370 

powders, 351 

solution of, 349 
Sodse liquor, 349 
Sodii acetas, 272 

bicarbonas, 351 

boras, 216 

carbonas, 350 

exsiccata, 351 

hypophosphis, 338 

iodidum, 325 

nitras, 216 

phosphas, 244 

preeparata, 349 

silicas, 352 

sulphas, 243 

sulphis, 158 
Sodium, acetate of, 272 

bicarbonate of, 351 

borate of, 216 

carbonate of, 350 
dried, 351 

hypophosphite of, 338 

hyposulphite of, 158 

iodide of, 325 

nitrate of, 216 

pkospkate of, 244 

preparations of, 349 

silicate of, 352 

sulpkate of, 243 

sulpkite of, 158 
Soil, influence of, on plants, 29 
Solania, 81 
Solanum dulcamara, 81 

nigrum, 81 

tuberosum, 81 
Solids, 30 
Solubility, influence of, on medicines, 

30 
Soluble glass, 352 



Soluble tartar, 246 

Solution of acetate of ammonium, 218 

arsenite of potassium, 335 

arseniate of sodium, 336 

ckloride of arsenic, 336 
iron, 143 
zinc, 151 

cklerinated soda, 344 

citrate of iron, 146 
magnesium, 243 
potassium, 217 

gutta-percha, 394 

iodide of arsenic and mercury, 
336 

iodine, compound, 322 

lime, 354 

nitrate of iron, 146 

of mercury, 329, 372 

permanganate of potassium, 342 

soda, 349 

subacetate of lead, 180 

subsulpkate of iron, 143 

sulpkate of morpkia, 60 

tersulpkate of iron, 142 
Solutions, 30, 32 
Soporifics, 50 
Soutk American kino, 165 
Spanisk fly, 363 
Sparteia, 281 
Spastics, 221 
Spearmint, 202 

water, 202 
Spermaceti, 390 

cerate, 390 
Spice plaster, 361 
Spiced syrup of rhubarb, 249 
Spigelia, 399 

Marilandica, 399 
Spikenard, American, 268 
Spinants, 49, 221 
Spiraea tomentosa, 138 
Spirit of ammonia, 188 

aromatic, 189, 353 

anise, 203 

camphor, 87 

chloroform, 96 

cinnamon, 194 

ether, compound, 110 

juniper, 280 

compound, 280 

lavender, 201 

compound, 201 

Mindererus, 218 

nitrous ether, 218 

nutmeg, 195 

peppermint, 202 

rosemary, 202 

spearmint, 202 
Spirits, 30, 35 






INDEX. 



431 



Spiritus, 315 

setheris compositus, 110 

nitrosi, 218 
ammonite, 188 

aroinaticus, 189, 353 
camphorae, 87 
chloroformi, 96 
"cinnamomi, 194 
frumenti. 187 
juniperi, 187, 280 

compositus, 280 
lavandulae, 201 

compositus, 201 
menthse piperita?, 202 

viridis, 202 
Mindereri, 218 
myrcias, 187 
myristicae, 195 
rosmarini, 202 
sacchari, 187 
vini Gallici, 187 
Spruce, hemlock, 361 

Norway, 359 
Spurge, ipecacuanha, 232 

large flowering, 232 
Squill, 273, 288 
Squirting cucumber, 261 
St. Ignatius' bean, 224 
Star anise, 203 
Starch, 384 
Static electricity, 25 
Sternutatories, 43 
Stillingia, 270 
Stimulants, 49, 184 

diffusible, 185 
Stimulating diaphoretics, 265 
Stomach, influence of condition of, 

42 
Stomachics, 184 
Storax, 300 
Stramonii folia, 67 

semen, 67 
Stramonium, 67 
leaves, 67 
seed, 67 
Strychnia, 222 
Strychnia? sulphas, 223 
Strychnos nux vomica, 221 

Ignatia, 224 
Sty rax, 300 

benzoin, 300 
Styrol, 300 

Subacetate of copper, 150 
lead, solution of, 180 
Subcarbonate of bismuth, 155 

iron, 140 
Sublimed sulphur, 239 
Subnitrate of bismuth, 154 
Succi, 35 



Succinic acid, 109 
Succitium, 109 
Succus coiiii, 76 

limonis, 220 
Sudorifics, 264 
Suet, 390 
Sugar, 394 

of lead, 179 

of milk, 396 
Sulphate of aluminium, 184 

aluminium and potassium, 183 

bebeeria^ 137 

cadmium, 155 

cinchonia, 133 

copper, 149, 233, 372 

iron, 142 

dried, 142 

and ammonium, 148 

magnesium, 242 

manganese, 244 

mercury, yellow, 319 

morphia, 60 

potassium, 244 

quinia, 132 

quinidia, 129 

sodium, 243 

strychnia, 223 

zinc, 150, 233 
Sulphite of ammonium, 158 

calcium, 158 

magnesium. 158 

potassium, 158 

sodium, 158 
Sulpho-carbolates, 177 
Sulpho-caroolic acid, 177 
Sulphur, 239 

lotum, 239 

praecipitatum, 240 

sublimatum, 239 
Sulphurated antimony, 213 
Sulphuret of mercury, red, 319 

potassium, 240 
Sulphuric acid, 156 

aromatic, 157 
diluted, 157 

ether, 91 
Sulphurous'acid, 157 
Suppositories, 30, 37 

of aloes, 251 

assafetida, 102 

belladonna, 67 

carbolic acid, 177 

lead, 180 

lead and opium, 58 

morphia, 60 

opium, 58 
Suppurants, 356, 367 
Sus scrota, 390 
Sweet flag, 199 



432 INDEX. 



Sweet orange, 301 

spirit of nitre, 218 
Sydenham's laudanum, 59 
Syniplocarpus foetidus, 105 
Syrup, 35 

of almond, 85 

blackberry, 173 

citric acid, 220 

garlic, 288 

ginger, 198 

gum Arabic, 377 

iodide of iron, 144 

ipecacuanha, 230 

lactucarium, 63 

lemon, 220 

orange flowers, 201 
peel, 201 

poppies, 51 

red rose, 173 

rhatany, 166 

rhubarb, 249 

aromatic, 249 

sarsaparilla, compound, 267 

seneka, 285 

squill, 274 

compound, 274 

tar, 291 

Tolu, 301 

wild-cherry, 137 
Syrupi, 35 
Syrups, 30, 35 
Syrupus, 35 

fuscus, 395 

Tabacum, 70 
Tablespoon, 40 
Tamarind, 236 
Tamarindus, 236 
Tannate of iron, 148 
Tannic acid, 161 
Tapioca, 386 
Tar, 291 

water, 291 
Taraxacin, 280 
Taraxacum, 279 

dens-leonis, 279 
Tartar emetic, 210, 233 
Tartaric acid, 219, 220 
Tartarized antimony, 211 
Tartrate of antimon} r and potassium, 
210 

iron and ammonium, 148 

potassium, 145 

potassium, 246 

potassium and sodium, 246 
Tea, 106 
Teacup, 40 
Teaberry, 200 
Teaspoon, 40 



Temperament, influence of, 41 
Terebinthina, 288 
Terra Japonica, 164 
Testa prasparata, 355 
Tetrabromide of carbon, 99 
Tetrachloride of carbon, 99 
Thea, 106 

Chinensis, 106 
Thebaia, 54 
Thebolactic acid, 52 
Theina, 106 
Theobroma, 106 

cacao, 391 
Theobromia, 106 
Therapeutics, definition of, 26 
Thornapple, 67 
Thoroughwort, 121 
Thyme, 203 
Thymus, 203 

vulgaris, 203 
Tincturae, 34 
Tincture of aconite, 78 

aloes, 251 

and myrrh, 251 

American hellebore, 208 

arnica, 190 

assafetida, 102 

belladonna, 66 

benzoin, 298 

compound, 298 

black hellebore, 259 

bloodroot, 232 

calabar bean, 89 

cantharides, 282 

capsicum, 192 

cardamom, 198 

compound, 198 

castor, 109 

catechu, 165 

chloride of iron, 144 

cinchona, 131 

compound, 131 

cinnamon, 194 

colchicum, 277 

columbo, 117 

conium, 76 

coptis, 114 

cubeb, 295 

digitalis, 207 

eucalyptus, 134 

gentian, compound, 115 

ginger, 198 

guaiac, 269 

ammoniated, 269 

hemp, 79 

hops, 80 

hyoscyamus, 70 

iodine, 322 

compound, 323 






INDEX. 



133 



Tincture of jalap, 256 

kino, 165 

lobelia, 74 

lupulin, 81 

myrrh, 298 

nutgall, 164 

nux vomica, 224 

opium, 58 

acetated, 59 
camphorated, 58 
deodorized, 59 

quassia, 113 

rhatany, 166 

rhubarb, 248 

and aloes, 249 
and gentian, 249 
and senna, 248 

serpentaria, 120 

squill, 275 

stramonium, 68 

Tolu, 301 

valerian, 104 

ammoniated, 104 

yellow jasmine, 210 
Tinctures, 30, 34 
Tinnivelly senna, 253 
Tobacco, 70, 233 
Tolu, balsam of, 301 
Tonics, 49, 110 

mineral, 111, 139 

vegetable, 111, 112 
Topical medicines, 49, 355 
Tormentil, 173 
Tormentilla, 173 
Tons les mois, 386 
Toxicodendric acid, 224 
Toxicodendron, 224 
Tragacanth, 377 
Tragacantha, 377 
Tragacanthin, 377 
Tranfusion of blood, 47 
Tremor mercurialis, 306 
Tripoli senna, 252 
Troches, 32 

of bicarbonate of sodium, 352 

chalk, 355 

chlorate of potassium, 341 

cubeb, 295 

ginger, 198 

ipecacuanha, 230 

liquorice and opium, 57 

magnesia, 353 

morphia and ipecacuanha, 60 

peppermint, 202. 

santonin, 402 

subcarbonate of iron, 141 
Trochisci, 32 
Troy weight, 38 
Tulip-tree, 123 



Tulip-tree bark, 123 
Turkey gum, 375 

opium, 51 

rhubarb, 247 
Turner's cerate, 151 
Turpentine, 288 

American, 288 

Bordeaux, 289 

Canada, 288, 289 

Chian, 289 

Venice, 289 

white, 289 
Turpeth mineral, 319 

Ulcers, application of medicines to 

47 
Ulmus fulva, 379 
Unguenta, 37 
Unguentum, 37, 390 
acidi carbolici, 177 

tannici, 162 
antimonii, 213, 368 
belladonnas, 67 
benzoini, 299 
cantharidis, 366 
creasoti, 175 
hydrargyri, 311 

ammoniati, 319 
iodidi rubri. 318 
nitratis, 319 
oxidi flavi, 313 
rubri, 313 
iodinii, 323 

iodinii compositum, 323 
mezerei, 270 
picis liquids, 291 
plumbi carbonatis, 182 

iodidi, 181 
potassii iodidi, 325 
stramonii, 68 
sulphuris, 240 
tabaci, 72 
veratriae, 209 
zinci oxidi, 151 
Uva ursi, 169, 273 

Valerian, 103 
Valeriana, 103 

officinalis, 103 
Valerianate of ammonium, 104 

iron, 148 

quinia, 133 

zinc, 152 
Valerianic acid, 104 
Vallet's ferruginous pill, Hi 
Vanilla, 203 

aromatica, 203 
Vapours, 30, 38 



28 



434 



IXDEX. 



Veins, injection of medicines into, 47 
Vegetable acids, 219 

astringents, 161 

tonics, 111, 112 
Venesection, 17 
Vera Cruz sarsaparilla, 266 
Veratria, 208 
Veratroidia, 207 
Veratrurn album, 208 

sabadilla, 209 

viride, 207 
Verdigris, 150 
Vermilion, 319 
Vesicants, 356, 361 
Vesicating taffetas, 366 
Vienna paste, 370 
Vina, 35 
Vinegar, 219 

of bloodroot, 232 

lobelia, 74 

opium, 59 

squill, 274 
Vinegars, 30, 35 
Vinum, 186 

aloes, 251 

antimonii, 213 

colcbici radicis, 277 
seminis, 277 

ergotae, 227 

ipecacuanhse, 230 

opii, 59 

Portense, 187 

rhei, 249 

tabaci, 72 

Xericum, 187 
Virgin scammony, 258 
Virginia snakeroot, 118 
Viridia, 207 
Voltaic electricity, 25 
Volatile alkali, 189 

liniment, 359 

oils, 191 

Warming plaster, 360 
Warner's gout cordial, 249 
Washed sulphur, 239 
Water, 374 

avens, 138 

of ammonia, 188 

stronger, 188, 367 
Waters, medicated, 30, 32 
Wax, 391 

Weights and measures, 38 
Wheat, cracked, 235 
Whisky, 187 
White arsenic, 331 

ginger, 197 

hellebore, 208 

lead, 182 



White mustard, 357 
oak, 167 
pepper, 193 
precipitate, 318 
vitriol, 150 
wax, 391 
Wild carrot, 280 

chamomile, 120 
cherry, 136 
valerian, 103 
Willow, 136 
Wine, 186 

of aloes, 251 

antimony, 213 
colchicum root, 277 

seed, 277 
ergot, 227 
ipecacuanha, 230 
measure, 39 

of opium, 59 
rhubarb, 249 
tobacco, 72 
white hellebore, 208 
Wineglass, 40 
Wines, 30, 35 
Wine-whey, 187 
Wintergreen, 171 
Wistar's cough lozenges, 57 
Wolfsbane, 77 
Woody nightshade, 81 
Woorali, 90 
Woorara, 90 
Woorari, 90 
Wormseed, 400 

Levant, 402 
Wormwood, 122 
Wort. 388 

Wounds, application of medicines to, 
47 

Xanthorriza, 118 
apiifolia, 118 

Yarrow, 125 

Yeast, 394 

Yellow bark, 125, 126 

gentian, 114 

jasmine, 209 

lady's slipper, 105 

oxide of mercury, 313 

pine, 288 

root, 118, 282 

sulphate of mercury, 319 

wash, 313 

wax, 391 
Young's scheme for doses, 41 

Zea mays, 389 

Zinc, preparations of, 150 






INDEX. 



435 



Zinci acetas, 151 

carbonas, praecipitata, 151 
chloridum, 151, 371 
iodidum, 152 
oxidum, 150 



Zinci praeparata, 150 

sulphas, 150 
valerianas, 152 
Zingiber, 197 

officinale, 197 



PHILADELPHIA, 
Jtuy % 1874. 

CATALOGUE 

OF 

LINDSAY & BLAKISTON'S 

MEDICAL, 

DENTAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL 

PUBLICATIONS. 



MESSRS. LINDSAY &* BLAKISTON ask the attention of the Medical Profes- 
sion to the extensive list and varied character of their piiblications and to the 
Classified Index of them annexed. 

ALL THEIR PUBLICATIONS can be had from or through BOOKSELLERS 
in a7iy of the large cities of the United States or Canada. When, for any reason, 
it is inconvenient thus to procure them, they will be furnished direct by mail or 
express upon receipt of a Post-office order, draft or check for the amount ordered. 

IN ADDITION to their own publications, they keep on hand a full and complete 
assortment of all Medical Books published in the United States; and, by special 
arrangement with Messrs. J. &* A. CHURCHILL and other Medical Pub- 
lishers of Loiidon, they caii supply many important English Medical Works at 
greatly reduced prices ; such as are not on hand they can import promptly to 
order. 

AS SPECIAL AGENTS OF THE SYDENHAM SOCIETY in the United 
States, they are prepared to receive Subscribers at Ten Dollars per Annum, 
and supply any of the back years. Co?nplete lists of works published will be 
furnished upon application. 

DEALERS IN MEDICAL BOOKS will be supplied on the most favorable 
terms, and will be furnished with copies of this Catalogue, without charge, for 
distribution a?nong their customers if desired. 



CLASSIFIED INDEX 



TO 



LINDSAY & BLAKISTONS PUBLICATIONS. 



ANATOMY. 

Rindfleisch's Text-Book of Pathological 

Histology 28 

Wilson's Anatomist's Vade Mecum 61 

Handy's Text-Book of Anatomy 18 

Hilles's Pocket Anatomist 19 

Jones and Sieveking's Pathological Anat- 
omy 2 2 

Holden's Manual of Dissections 18 

" Human Osteology 18 

Wilks & Moxon's Pathological Anatomy.. 36 



BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
Bucknill and Tuke's Psychological Medi- 
cine " 

Radcliffe on Epilepsy, Paralysis, &c 29 

Tuke's Influence of the Mind on the Body 35 

Elam on Cerebria 15 

Sheppard on Madness 32 

Sankey's Lectures on Mental Diseases.... 31 
Van der Kolk's Pathology and Therapeu- 
tics of Mental Diseases 63 



CHEST, HEART, THROAT, ETC. 

Waters on the Chest 

Fothergill on the Heart 

Stokes on the Heart and Aorta 

Cohen on Inhalation.... 

Greenhow on Bronchitis 

Mackenzie on the Throat and Nose 

Mackenzie on Growths in the Larynx 

Mackenzie on theLaryngoscope inDiseases 
of the Throat : - 

Mackenzie's Pharmacopoeia of the Hospi- 
tal for Diseases of the Throat 

Thorowgood on Asthma 

Barth and Roger on Auscultation and 
Percussion v - 

Dobell on Winter Cough 

Ruppaner's Laryngoscopy 



CHEMISTRY, BOTANY, ETC. 

Bloxam's Chemistry, Inorganic & Organic 8 

" Laboratory Teaching 8 

Murphy's Review of Chemistry 23 

Reese's Syllabus of Chemistry 29 

Darlington's Flora Cestrica . 14 

Beniley and Trimen's Medicinal Plants.. 



DEFORMITIES. 

Adams on Club-Foot 6 

Brodhurst on Deformities 9 

Prince's Plastic and Orthopedic Surgery. 27 

" Galvaho-Therapeutics 27 



DENTAL SCIENCE. 

Harris'sPrinciples&Practice of Dentistry 18 

" Dictionary of Dental Surgery... 18 

Richardson's Mechanical Dentistry 29 

Taft's Operative Dentistry 33 

Tomes's Dental Surgery 35 

" Dental Anatomy and Physiology 35 

Wedl's Dental Pathology 37 

Leber and Rottenstein on Dental Caries.. 21 

Coles's Mechanical Dentistry 12 

" Deformities of the Mouth.. 12 

Heath's Injuries and Diseases of the Jaws 19 

Fox on the Human Teeth 16 

Robertson on Extracting Teeth 29 

British Journal of Dental Science -7 



DICTIONARIES. 

Harris'sDictionary of Dental Surgery and 

Medical Terminology 18 

Sweringen's Pharmaceutical Lexicon 32 

Cooper's Surgical Dictionary . 11 

Cleaveland'sPronouncingMedicalLexicon 1 



CHILDREN (DISEASES OF). 
Meigs and Pepper's Practical Treatise on 

Diseases of Children 23 

Tanner andMeadows's Diseases of Infancy 

and Childhood 33 

Ellis's Practical Manual of the Diseases of 

Children 15 

Hillier's Clinical Treatise on Children ... 18 
Holmes's Surgical Diseases of Children.. 19 



CANCER. 

Marsden's New Mode of Treating Cancer 25 
Arnott on Cancer 6 



EYE AND EAR. 

Soelberg Wells on Diseases of the Eye... 
" on Long, Short, and Weak 



38 



Sight 

Lawson's Diseases and Injuries of the Eye 
Macnamara's Manual of Diseases of the 

Eye 

Dixon's Guide to Diseases of the Eye 14 

Walton's Surgery and Diseases of the Eye I 

Liebreich's Ophthalmoscopic Atlas 21 

Jones on Defects of Sight and Hearing... I 
Power's Student's Guide to Diseases of the 

Eye 

Dalby on Diseases and Injuries of the Ear 15 

Toynbee on the Ear, by Hinton 34 

Allen's Aural Catarrh 



ELECTRICITY. 
Tibbitts's Hand-Book of Medical Elec- 
tricity 35 

Althaus's Medical Electricity.....' 6 

Reynolds's Clinical Uses of Electricity... 28 

Duchenne's Localized Electrization........ 14 



FEMALES (DISEASES OF). 

Hewitt's Diagnosis, Pathology and Treat- 
ment of the Diseases of Women 17 

Byford's Medical and Surgical Diseases 
of Women 9 

Byford on the Uterus 9 

Atthill's Clinical Lectures on Diseases of 
Women Q 

Dillenberger's Handy-Book of Women 
and Children's Diseases 14 

Agnew's Lacerations of the Female Peri- 
neum 6 

Tilt's Change of Life in Women 34 

Savage's Female Pelvic Organs 32 

" Nature of the Surgical Diseases 
of the Female Pelvic Organs 32 

Scanzoni's Diseases of Women 31 

Hodge on Foeticide and Abortion 20 

FEVERS. 

Stille'u Epidemic Meningitis 31 

Flint on Continued Fever 16 



FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY. 
Woodman and Tidy's Hand-Book of Fo- 
rensic Medicine 38 

Tanner's Memoranda of Poisons 33 



GENERATIVE & URINARY ORGANS, 
SYPHILIS, ETC. 

Acton on the Reproductive Organs 7 

• " on Prostitution 7 

Black on the Functional Diseases of the 

Renal, Urinary & Reproductive Organs 10 

Harley on the Urine & its Derangements 17 

juegg on Examination of the Urine 21 

Thompson on the Urinary Organs 34 

" on Calculous Diseases 34 

Lewin on the Treatment of Syphilis 22 

Durkee on Gonorrhoea and Syphilis 14 

Parker's Modern Treatment of Syphilis. 27 

Gant's Irritable Bladder 16 



HYGIENE AND POPULAR MEDICINE. 

Parkes's Practical Hygiene 26 

Wilson's Hand-Book of Hygiene 37 

Hufeland's Art of Prolonging Life 19 

Chavasse's Mental Culture and Training 

of Children 11 

Ryan's Philosophy of Marriage 28 

Walker on Intermai*riage 38 

Routh's Infant Feeding 

Veitch's Hand-Book for Nurses 



KIDNEYS AND THE LIVER. 
Beale on Kidney Diseases, 1 rinary D 

it8 and Calculous Disorders.... -t 

Basham'a Diagnosis of Kidney Disease*! 7 
Ward on the Liver and Intestinal Canal 



Habershon on the Liver ......' 17 



MATERIA MEDICA AND THEBAPE1 

TICS. 

Biddle's Materia Medica for Students :> 

taring's Practical Therapeutics 

Headland on the Action of Medicines.... 1:1 
Brunton's Experimental Investigation 

into the Action of Medicines 10 

Thorowgood's Student's Guide to Materia 

Medica 34 

Beasley's Book of 3000 Prescriptions 10 

Pereira's Physician's Prescription Book.. 26 
Wythe's Pocket,Dose and Symptom Book 36 

Fothergill on the Action of Digitalis 15 

Bouchardat's Abstract of Therapeutics,**}, 7 



MICROSCOPICAL. 

Beale's How to Work the Microscope 8 

Carpenter on the Microscope and its Reve- 
lations 11 

Beale's Microscope in Medicine 8 

Martin's Microscopical Mounting 24 



MANUALS, ETC., FOR STUDENTS. 

Mendenhall's Manual of Examinations... 23 

Chew on Medical Education 12 

Cleaveland'sPronouncingMedicalLexicon 12 

Pereira's Pocket Prescription Boek 26 

Wythe's Pocket, Dose and Symptom Book 3t> 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

Allingham on the Rectum 5 

Basham on Dropsy 7 

Birch on Constipation 9 

Clarke's Diseases of the Tongue 11 

Carson's University of Pennsylvania 11 

Cobbold on Worms 12 

Dunglison's History of Medicine 1 5 

Gross's Medical Biography 1" 

Holden on the Sphygmograph 20 

Liveing on Megrim, Sick-Headache, <Vc. 21 

Pennsylvania Hospital Reports 26 

Physician's Visiting List 

" " Case Record and Prescription 

Blanks 27 

Rihl and O'Conner's I'hvsician's Account 

Book 

Ross's Graft Theory of Disease 

Reports on the Progress of Medicine, Ao, 

Sieveking on Life Assurance 

Svdenham Society's Publications D < m 
' « « (old 
Wright on Headaches 38 



OBSTETRICS. 

Cazeaux's Text-Book of Obstetrics 13 

Meadows's Manual of Midwifery 24 

Schultze's Lecture Diagrams 31 

Hodge on Foeticide and Abortion 20 

Ricrbv's Obstetric Memoranda 30 

Roberto's Student's Guide to Midwifery... 29 

Tvler Smith's Obstetrics ".... 34 



PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. 
Aitken's Science & Practice of Medicine. 
Roberts's Theory «fc Practice of Medicine. 

Tanner's Practice of Medicine 

Trousseau's Clinical Medicine 

Fagge's Principles and Practice of do 

Maxson's Practice of Medicine 

Chambers's Clinical Lectures 

Foster's Lectures and Essays on Clinical 
Medicine 



RHEUMATISM, GOUT, ETC. 

Garrod on Gout and Rheumatic Gout 

Adams on Rheumatic and Strumous Dis- 
eases 

Adams on Rheumatic Gout 6 

Hood on Gout and Rheumatism 20 



SURGERY. 

Harris's Dental Surgery IS 

Norris's Contributions to Surgerv 25 

28 i Pact's Surgical Patholoev..."..." 26 



PATHOLOGY. 

Paget's Surgical Pathology 26 

WedPa Dental Pathology . 37 

Virchow's Cellular Pathology 36 

Stille's General Pathology....' 31 



PHYSIOLOGY. 

Sanderson's Physiological Hand-Book ... 30 

Marshall's Physiological Diagrams 23 

" " Anatomy 23 

Reese's Analvsis of Phvsiolo^v..." 29 

Tyson's Cell Doctrine...' 33 

Beale on Disease Germs 8 

" Bioplasm, or Physiology of Life.... 8 

" Protoplasm, or Matter and Life 8 

Carpenter's Human Physiology 11 



PHARMACEUTICAL. 

Sweringen's Pharmaceutical Lexicon 32 

Bea-ley ; s Druggist's Receipt Book 10 

" Book of 3000 Prescriptions 10 

" Pocket Formulary 10 

Cooler's Cyclopedia of Practical Receipts 13 

Branston's Hand-Book of do 10 

Reese's American Medical Formulary.... 29 

Lescher's Elements of Pharmacy 21 

Squire's Companion to the British Phar- 
macopoeia 32 

Proctor's Practical Pharmacy 27 

Squire's Hospital Pharmacopoeias 



Swain's Hand-Book for Surgical Injuries 30 

Prince's Plastic and Orthopedic Surgery. 27 
Clark's Outlines of Surgery and Surgical 

Pathology ."...". 13 

Hewson's Use of Earth in Surgery 20 

Druitt's Surgeon's Yade Mecum 14 

Maunder's Operative Surgery 24 

Heath's Minor Surgery 19 

Cooper's Surgical Dictionary 11 

Thompson's Lithotomy and Lithotrity ... 34 

Hancock on the Foot and Ankle ..." 20 



STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. 

Anstie on Stimulants and Narcotics 7 

Sansom on Chloroform.. 31 

Miller on Use and Abuse of Alcohol 24 

Lizar on Use and Abuse of Tobacco 22 



SCIENTIFIC. 

Hardwich and Dawson's Photography ... 19 

Overman's Practical Mineralogy 25 

\ Ott on the Manufacture of Soap 25 

Peisse's Whole Art of Perfumery 27 

Piggort on Copper Mining, 6zc 27 

Beeton's Book of Household Management 10 



STOMACH, DIGESTION, ETC. 

Fenwick on the Stomach 16 

Leared on Digestion 21 

Birch on Constipation 9 

SKIN AND HAIR. 

Wilson on the Skin and Hair 36 

Godfrey on the Hair 16 



MEDICAL, DENTAL, 

PHARMACEUTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 

PUBLISHED BY 

LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, Philadelphia. 
AITKEN (william), M. D„ 

Professor of Pathology in the Army Medical School, &c, 

THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. THIRD 
American, from the Sixth London Edition. Thoroughly Revised, 
Remodelled, many portions Rewritten, with Additions almost equal to 
a Third Volume, and numerous additional Illustrations, without any 
increase in bulk or price. Containing a Colored Map showing t he- 
Geographical Distribution of Disease over the Globe, a Lithographic 
Plate, and nearly 200 Illustrations on Wood. 

Two volumes, royal octavo, bound in cloth, price, . . #12.00 
" " " " leather, . . 14.00 

For eighteen months Dr. Aitken has been engaged in again carefully revising tbifi 
Work, and adding to it many valuable additions and improvements, amounting in 1 
gregate almost to a volume ot new matter, included in which will be found the adoption and 
incorporation in the text of the " New Nomenclature of the Royal College of Physicit 
London;" to which are added the Definitions and the Foreign Equivalents for their English 
names ; the New Classification of Disease as adopted by the Royal College of Physicians, &c. 

The American editor, Meredith Clymer, M. D., has also added to it many 
valuable articles, with special reference to the wants of the American Prac- 
titioner. 

The work is now, by almost universal consent, both in England and the United States, 
acknowledged to be in advance of all other works on The Science and Practice of J\L 
It is a most thorough and complete Text-book for students of medicine, following 
systematic arrangement as will give them a consistent view of the main facts, doctrim 
practice of medicine, in accordance with accurate physiological and pathological prin 
and the present state of science. For the practitioner it will be found equally acceptable Bfl 
a work of reference. 

ALLINGHAM (william), F. R. C. S., 

Surgeon to St. Mark's Hospital for Fistula, &c. 

FISTULA, HEMORRHOIDS, PAINFUL ULCER, STRICT- 
URE, PROLAPSUS, and other Diseases of the Rectum, their Diagnosis 
and Treatment. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by the 

Author. Price • • • £ 2 -°° 

This book has been well received by the Profession; the first edition sold 
idly; the present one has been revised by the author, and some additions made, 
chiefly as to the mode of treatment. 

^ Medical Press and Circular, speaking of it, says: "No book on this special 
can at all approach Mr. Allingham's in precision, clearness, and practical good sensi 

T7ie London Lancet: "As a practical guide to the treatment of affections of the lower 
bowel, this book is worthy of all commendation." 

The Edinburgh Monthly: "We cordially recommend it as well deserving the careM itadj 
of Physicians and Surgeons." 



ATTHILL (lombe), M. D., 

Fellow and Examiner in Midwifery, King and Queen's College of Physicians, Dublin. 

CLINICAL LECTURES ON DISEASES PECULIAR TO WO- 
MEN. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with Six Lithographic 
Plates and other Illustrations on Wood. Price . . . $2.25 

The value and popularity of this book is proved by the rapid sale of the first edition, 
which was exhausted in less than a year from the time of its publication. It appears to 
possess three great merits : First, It treats of the diseases very common to females. Second, 
It treats of them in a thoroughly clinical and practical manner. Third, It is concise, orig- 
inal, and illustrated by numerous cases from the author's own experience. His style is clear 
and the volume is the result of the author's large and accurate clinical observation recorded 
in a remarkable, perspicuous, and terse manner, and is conspicuous for the best qualities of 
a practical guide to the student and practitioner. — British Medical Journal. 

ADAMS (william), F. R. C.S., 

Surgeon to the Royal Orthopedic and Great Northern Hospitals, 

CLUB-FOOT: ITS CAUSES, PATHOLOGY, AND TREAT- 
MENT. Being the Jacksonian Prize Essay of the Royal College of 
Surgeons. A New Revised and Enlarged Edition, with 106 Illustrations 
engraved on Wood, and Six Lithographic Plates. A large Octavo 
Volume. Price . . . . . . . . . $6.00 



ADAMS (robert), M.D., 

Regius Professor of Surgery in the University of Dublin, &c, be, 

RHEUMATIC GOUT, or CHRONIC RHEUMATIC ARTHRI- 
TIS OF ALL THE JOINTS. The Second Edition. Illustrated by 
numerous Woodcuts, and a quarto Atlas of Plates.- 2 Volumes. 
Price $8.50 



ALTHAUS (julius), M.D., 

Physician to the Infirmary of Epilepsy and Paralysis. 

A TREATISE ON MEDICAL ELECTRICITY, Theoretical and 

Practical, and.its Use in the Treatment of Paralysis, Neuralgia, and other 
Diseases. Third Edition, Enlarged and Revised, with One Hundred 
and Forty-six Illustrations. In one volume octavo. Price . $6.00 

In this work hoth the scientific and practical aspects of the subject are ably, concisely, and 
thoroughly treated. It is much the best work treating of the remedial effects of electricity 
in the English language. — New York Medical Record. 

ARNOTT (henry), F.R.C.S. 
CANCER: its Varieties, their Histology and Diagnosis. With Five 
Lithographic Plates and Twenty-two Wood Engravings. Price $2.25 

AGNEW (d. hayes), M.D., 

Professor of Surgery in the University of Pennsylvania. 

THE LACERATIONS OF THE FEMALE PERINEUM, AND 
VESICO-VAGINAL FISTULA, their History and Treatment, with 
numerous Illustrations. Octavo. Price . . . . $2.00 

Prof. Agnew has been a most indefatigable laborer in this department, and his work stands 
deservedly high in the estimation of the profession. It is well illustrated, and full descrip- 
tions of the operations and instruments employed are given. — Canada Lancet. 









ACTON (william), M.R.C.S., ftc 

™e functions and disorders ofthe'reproduc 

1TVE ORGANS In Childhood, Youth, Adult Age, and tdi i 

Life, considered ,n their Physiological, Social, and' Moral K, ,', 

KutSS,t M London Ed,t ' on - ■°-** 

with authority, will assist m combating and arresting the evils whirl, U entails Ti 

SAME AUTHOR. 
PROSTITUTION: Considered in its Moral, Social, and Sanitary As- 
pects. Second Edition, Enlarged. Price . . . $-.00 

ANSTIE (francis e.), M.D., 

Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, etc. 

STIMULANTS AND NARCOTICS. Their Mutual Relations with 
Special Researches on the Action of Alcohol, Ether, and Chloroform 
on the Vital Organism. Octavo. g 3>00 

_ The author has given us, as the result of very many careful observations, an instructive 
interesting, and valuable treatise upon one of the most important departments of th. 
tics — the relations between stimulants and narcotics. His researches in reference to alcohol 
C j r ?« rm -' i r ' are es P ecialI J valuable to the practitioner. The numerous a 

corded hx in the mind of the reader many important points which might otherwise I 
sight of. —New 1 ork Medical Record. 

ESTABLISHED SIXTEEN TEARS. 

BRITISH JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCE. A Monthly 
Chronicle of Dental Literature. 

Terms of Subscription, per annum . . . $4.00 

" for Single Numbers 50 

BASHAM (w. r.), M.D., F.R.C.R, 

Senior Physician to the Westminster Hospital, &c. 

IDS TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES OF THE KID- 
NEYS. With Ten large Plates. Sixty Illustrations. Price . $2.00 

SAME AUTHOR. 
)N DROPSY, AND ITS CONNECTION WITH DISEASES OF 
THE KIDNEYS, HEART, LUNGS AND LIVER. With Sixteen 
Plates. Third Edition. Octavo. S5.00 

M. BARTH and M. HENRI ROGER. 
. MANUAL OF AUSCULTATION AND PERCUSSION. A 

new Translation, from the Sixth French Edition. . . . $1.25 

BOUCHARD AT (a.). 
ANNUAL ABSTRACT OF THERAPEUTICS, MATERIA MED- 
ICA, PHARMACY, AND TOXICOLOGY, for 1867. Translate! by 
M. J. De Rosset, M. D $ l -5° 



8 

BE ALE (lionel s.), M.D. 

DISEASE GERMS: AND ON THE TREATMENT OF DIS- 
EASES CAUSED BY THEM. 

Part L— SUPPOSED NATURE OF DISEASE GERMS. 
Part II. — REAL NATURE OF DISEASE GERMS. 
Part III. — THE DESTRUCTION OF DISEASE GERMS. 

Second Edition, much enlarged, with Twenty-eight full-page Plates, 
containing 117 Illustrations, many of them colored. Demy Octavo. 

Price #5-°° 

This new edition, besides including the contents revised and enlarged of the two former 

editions published by Dr. Beale on Disease Germs, has an entirely new part added on " The 

Destruction of Disease Germs." 

SAME AUTHOR. 

BIOPLASM. A Contribution to the Physiology of Life, or an Intro- 
duction to the Study of Physiology and Medicine, for Students. With 
Numerous Illustrations. Price . . . . . . $3.00 

This volume is intended as a Text-Book for Students of Physiology, explaining the nature 
of some of the most important changes which are characteristic of and peculiar to living 



PROTOPLASM, OR MATTER AND LIFE. Third Edition, very 
much Enlarged. Nearly 350 pages. Sixteen Colored Plates. One 
volume. Price . . . . . . . . . $4.50 

Part I. DISSENTIENT. Part II. DEMONSTRATIVE. Part III. SUGGESTIVE. 

HOW TO WORK WITH THE MICROSCOPE. Fourth Edition, 

containing 400 Illustrations, many of them colored. Octavo. Price $7.50 

This work is a complete manual of microscopical manipulation, and contains a full descrip- 
tion of many new processes of investigation, with directions for examining objects under the 
highest powers, and for taking photographs of microscopic objects. 

ON KIDNEY DISEASES, URINARY DEPOSITS, AND CAL- 
CULOUS DISORDERS. Including the Symptoms, Diagnosis, and 
Treatment of Urinary Diseases. With full Directions for the Chemical 
and Microscopical Analysis of the Urine in Health and Disease. The 
Third Edition. Seventy Plates, 415 figures, copied from Nature. 
Octavo. Price ......... $10.00 

THE USE OF THE MICROSCOPE IN PRACTICAL MEDI- 
CINE. For Students and Practitioners, with full directions for exam- 
ining the various secretions, &c, in the Microscope. Fourth Edition. 
500 Illustrations. Octavo. Preparing. 

BLOXAM (c. l.), 

Professor of Chemistry in King's College, London. 

CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC AND ORGANIC. With Experi- 
ments and a Comparison of Equivalent and Molecular Formulae. With 
276 Engravings on Wood. Second Edition, carefully revised. Octavo. 
Price, in cloth, $4.50; leather, #5-5° 

SAME AUTHOR. 

LABORATORY TEACHING; OR PROGRESSIVE EXER- 
CISES IN PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY. Second Edition. With 
Eighty-nine Engravings. Crown. Price . . . . #2.25 



9 
BRODHURST (b. e.), F.R.C.S., 

Surgeon to the Orthopedic Department of St. George's Hospital, &c 

THE DEFORMITIES OF THE HUMAN BODY. A System of 
Orthopoedic Surgery. With numerous Illustrations. Oetavo. Price $3.00 

BIRCH~JT), M.D., 

Member of the Royal College of Physicians, &c. 

CONSTIPATED BOWELS; the Various Causes and the Din 
Means of Cure. Third Edition. Price j 

BUCKNILL (john charles), M.D., & TUKE (daniel h.), M.I ). 
A MANUAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE: containing the 

Lunacy Laws, the Nosology, CEtiology, Statistics, Description, Diagno- 
sis, Pathology (including Morbid Histology), and Treatment of Insanity. 
Third Edition, much enlarged, with Ten Lithographic Plates, and nu- 
merous other Illustrations. Octavo. Price . . . . $8.00 

This edition contains upwards of 200 pages of additional matter, and, in consequence of 
recent advances in Psychological Medicine, several chapters have been re-written, bringing 
the Classification, Pathology, and Treatment of Insanity up to the present time. 

There are ten lithographic plates representing the handwriting of the insane and the 
morbid cerebral changes revealed by the microscope, assisted by wood-engraving.s indicating 
the classification of the convolutions of the brain. 

Thirty tracings of the pulse in various forms of insanity, made by the Sphygmograph, 
have also been added. 

BIDDLE "(john"b.), M. D., 

Professor of Materia Medicaand Therapeutics in the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, &c. 

MATERIA MEDICA, FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS. With 

Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Price $4. 00 

This new and thoroughly revised edition of Professor Biddle's work has incorporated in 
it all the improvements as adopted by the New United States Pharmacopoeia just issued. It 
is designed to present the leading facts and principles usually comprised under this bead as 
set forth by the standard authorities, and to fill a vacuum which seems to exist in the want 
of an elementary work on the subject. The larger works usually recommended as text-1 « ioks 
in our Medical schools are too voluminous for convenient use. This will be found to contain, 
in a condensed form, all that is most valuable, and will supply students with a reliable guide 
to the course of lectures on Materia Medica as delivered at the various Medical schools in 
the United States. __ 

BYFORD (w. h.), A.M., M.D., 

Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in the Chicago Medical College, &c. 

PRACTICE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Applied to the 

» Diseases and Accidents incident to Women. Second Edition, Revised 
and Enlarged. Octavo. Price, cloth, #5.00; sheep . . $6.00 
This work treats well-nigh all the diseases incident to women, diseases and accidents of 
the vulva and perineum, stone in the bladder, inflammation of the vagina, menstruation and 
its disorders, the uterus and its ailments, ovarian tumors, diseases of the mamms, puerp< raJ 
convulsions, phlegmasia alba dolens, puerperal fever, &c. Its scope is thus ot th< 
extended character, yet the observations are concise, but convey much practical information. 
— London Lancet. 

SAME AUTHOR. 
ON THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND DISPLACED ! 
OF THE UNIMPREGNATED UTERUS. A New, Enlarj 
Thoroughly Revised Edition, with Numerous Illustrations. <>« tavo. $3 
Dr. Byford writes the exact present state of medical knowledge on ^^t^^Tuu- 
and does this so clearly, so concisely, so truthfully, and so completely, tbathiabook 
uterus will always meet the approval of the profession and be everywhere regard* d as a 
popular standard work. —Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal. 



10 
BLACK (d. campbell), M. D., 

L. R, C. S. Edinburgh, Member of the General Council of the University of Glasgow, &c, &c, 

THE FUNCTIONAL DISEASES OF THE RENAL, URINARY, 

and Reproductive Organs, with a General View of Urinary Pathology. 
Price ........... $2.50 

CONTENTS. 

Ch.ap. 1. On the Conditions that affect the Chap. 4. On the Pathology and Treatment of 
Secretion of the Urine, with special Nocturnal Enuresis, and Spermatic 

reference to Suppression. Incontinence. 

" 2. Retention of Urine ; its Varieties, " 5. Sterility in the Male. 
Causes, and Treatment. " 6. Male Impotence. 

" 3. Irritable Bladder, Strangury. " 7. Anomalous Urethral Discharges. 

The style of the author is clear, easy, and agreeable, . . . his work is a valuable contri- 
bution to medical science, and being penned in that disposition of unprejudiced philosophical 
inquiiy which should always guide a true physician, admirably embodies the spirit of its 
opening quotation from Professor Huxley. — Pkilada. Med. Times. 



BEASLEY (henry). 

THE BOOK OF PRESCRIPTIONS. Containing over 3000 
Prescriptions, collected from the Practice of the most Eminent Physi- 
cians and Surgeons — English, French, and American; comprising also 
a Compendious History of the Materia Medica, Lists of the Doses of all 
Officinal and Established Preparations, and an Index of Diseases and 
their Remedies. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Price, $2.50 

This NEW edition of Dr. Beasley's Prescription Book, although presented in a much more 
compact form and at a greatly reduced price, has been thoroughly revised, and an account 
of all the new medicines lately introduced, with the formulas of the new Pharmacopoeias 
added. Carefully selecting from the mass of materials at his disposal, the author has aimed 
to compile a volume sufficiently comprehensive, in which both physician and druggist, 
prescriber and compounder, may find under the head of each remedy the manner in which 
that remedy may be most effectively administered, or combined with other medicines in the 
treatment of disease. The alphabetical arrangement of the book renders this easy. A short 
description of each medicine is also given, and a list of the doses in which its several pre- 
parations may be prescribed. 

BY SAME AUTHOR. 

THE POCKET FORMULARY: A Synopsis of the British and 
Foreign Pharmacopoeias. Ninth Revised Edition. Price . $2.50 

THE DRUGGIST'S GENERAL RECEIPT BOOK and VETERI- 
NARY FORMULARY. Seventh Edition. Price. . . #3.50 

BRUNTON (t. lauder), M.D., D.Sc, 

Lecturer on Materia Medica in the Medical College of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. 

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ACTION OF 
MEDICINES: A Hand-Book of Practical Pharmacology, with Engrav- 
ings. Preparing. 



BRANSTON (thomas f.). 
HAND-BOOK OF PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. For the Chemist, 

Druggist, &c. ; with a Glossary of Medical and Chemical Terms. $1.50 

BEETON (mrs.). 

BOOK OF HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT. Colored and other 
Illustrations. 1100 pages. ....... $3.25 



11 

COHEN (i. sous), M.D. 

ON INHALATION. ITS THERAPEUTICS AND PRACTICE 
Including a Description of the Apparatus employed, and a Record of 
Numerous Experiments, Physiological and Pathological: with Cases 
and Illustrations. i2mo. Price ... « 2 -o 

_ Dr. Cohen has given us briefly and clearly whatever is valuable in relation to the insuffla- 
tion of powders in respiratory affections, with the experimental proofs and pathological evi 
dence of their penetration into the bronchial tubes and lung tissues. — American Journal of 
Medical Science. J 

CARSON (joseph), M.D., 

Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy in the University, 

A HISTORY OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE 
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, from its Foundation in 1765: 

with Sketches of Deceased Professors, &c $2.00 

The history of the University of Pennsylvania has a national as well as a local interest, 
from the early date of its origination, and the connection with it of men of illustrious public 
reputation, such as Drs. Franklin, Rush, Physick, Gibson, Dewees, Chapman, Wood, &c, &c. 
For the labor and love which he has spent in preparing this most interesting and valuable 
work, Prof. Carson has earned the gratittrde of the alumni of the University, and of all others 
interested in medical education in this country. —American Journal of Medical Science. 

CARPENTER (w. b.), M.D., F.R.S. 
THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS REVELATIONS. The Fifth 
London Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with more than 500 Illustra- 
tions. Preparing. 

SAME AUTHOR. 
PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY. The Seventh Revised 
and Enlarged Edition. With nearly 300 Illustrations on Steel and 
Wood. Edited by Mr. Henry Power. Octavo. . . #11.25 

CHAVASSE (p. henry), F.R.C.S., 

Author of Advice to a Wife, Advice to a Mother, &c. 

APHORISMS ON THE MENTAL CULTURE AND TRAIN- 
ING OF A CHILD, and on various other subjects relating to Health 
and Happiness. Addressed to Parents. Price . . . $1.50 
Dr. Chavasse's works have been very favorably received and had a large circulation, the 
value of his advice to WIVES and MOTHERS having thus been very generally recognised 
This book is a sequel or companion to them, and itwill befound both valuable and important 
to all who have the care of families, and who want to bring up their children to become useful 
men and women. It is full of fresh thoughts and graceful illustrations. 

CLARKE (w.fairlie), M.D., 

Assistant Surgeon to Charing Cross Hospital. 

CLARKE'S TREATISE ON DISEASES OF THE TONGUE. 
With Lithographic and Wood-cut Illustrations. Octavo. Eru e $5.00 
It contains The Anatomy and Physiology of the Tongue, Importance of its M mate I 
ination, Its Congenital Defects, Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Parasitic Diseases, Inflammation, 
Syphilis and its effects, Various Tumors to which it is subject, Accidents, Injuries, SO., 00. 



COOPER (s.). 
DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL SURGERY AND ENCY- 
CLOPAEDIA OF SURGICAL SCIENCE. New Edition, brought 
down to the present time. By Samuel A. Lane, F.R.C.S., pasted by 
other eminent Surgeons. In two vols. , of over 1 000 pages each. $ 1 5 . 00 



12 
CHAMBERS (thomas k.), M.D., 

Consulting Physician and Lecturer at St. Mary's Hospital. 

LECTURES, CHIEFLY CLINICAL, Illustrative of a Restorative 
System of Medicine. Second American from the Fourth L^don Edi- 
tion. Octavo. Price . . . . . . . $5.00 

This work is of the highest merit, written in a clear, masterly style, and devoid of techni- 
calities. The Lectures were delivered from cases observed at the bedside; and are valuable 
as enunciating the views and experiences of a practical mind aided by actual observation. 
They are also of deep interest, replete with facts having a practical bearing, and will well 
repay perusal. . . . We can recommend Dr. Chambers's book freely and with confidence as 

the work of a great mind. — Canada Medical Journal. 

CHEW (H^l), M.D., 

Late Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the University of Maryland. 

MEDICAL EDUCATION. A Course of Lectures on the Proper 
Method of Studying Medicine. . . . . . . $1.00 

This is a most excellent manual for the student, as well as a refreshing and suggestive one 
to the practitioner. — Lancet and Observer. 

COBBOLD (t. spencer), M.D., F.R.S. 
WORMS : a Series of Lectures delivered at the Middlesex Hospital 
on Practical Helminthology. Post Octavo. . . . . £2.00 

CLEAVELAxND (c. h.), M.D., 

Member of the American Medical Association, &c. 

A PRONOUNCING MEDICAL LEXICON. Containing the Cor- 
rect Pronunciation and Definition of Terms used in Medicine and the 
Collateral Sciences. Improved Edition, Cloth, 31.25; Tucks, $1-50 
This work is not only a Lexicon of all the words in common use in Medicine, but it is 
also a Pronouncing Dictionary, a feature of great value to Medical Students. To the Dis- 
penser it will prove an excellent aid, and also to the Pharmaceutical Student. It has received 
strong commendation both from the Medical Press and from the profession. 

COLES (oakley), D.D.S. 

Dental Surgeon to the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, &c, 

A MANUAL OF DENTAL MECHANICS. Containing much 
information of a Practical Nature for Practitioners and Students. 

INCLUDING 

The Preparation of the Mouth for Artificial Teeth, on Taking Impressions, Various 
Modes of Applying Heat in the Laboratory, Casting in Plaster of Paris and Metal, 
Precious Metal's used in Dentistry, Making Gold Plates, Various Forms of Porcelain 
used in Mechanical Dentistry, Pivot Teeth, Choosing and Adjusting Mineral Teeth, the 
Vulcanite Base, the Celluloid Base, Treatment of Deformities of the Mouth, Beceipts 
for Making Gold Plate and Solder, etc., etc. 
With 140 Illustrations. Price . . . . . #2.50 

SAME AUTHOR. 
ON DEFORMITIES OF THE MOUTH, CONGENITAL AND 

ACQUIRED, with their Mechanical Treatment. By James Oakley 
Coles, D. D. S., Member of the Odontological Society, etc., etc. 
Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With Eight Colored Engrav- 
ings and Fifty-one Illustrations on Wood. Price . . £2.50 
The second edition of this work shows that the author has continued to devote himself 
with zeal to the investigation and treatment of a very interesting class of cases. He has 
especially stndied the congenital cleft palate, and ha?, with the mirror, detected in several 
cases growths in the naso-pharyngeal tonsil. We recommend the work to the study of hoth 
surgeons and dentists. — London Lancet. 



13 
CLARK (f. le gros), F. R. S„ 

Senior Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital. 

OUTLINES OF SURGERY AND SURGICAL PATHOl OGY 
including the Diagnosis and Treatment of Obscure and Urzent < 
a^nd the Surgical Anatomy of some Important Structures and R, 
Assisted by W W. Wagstaffe, F. R. C. S., Resident Assistant-Su 
of and Joint Lecturer on Anatomy at, St. Thomas's Hospital. S 
Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Price . g- OG 

• Th !f l dit : i0 - n bl ' ing f the , WOrk U P t0 ^e highest level of our present knowledffe JnoorooUfc 
mg all that is sound and recent in Physiology so far as it relates to sul.j,,- L r' , . n 

aid It is not alone an admirable exposition of the principles of Snrgery, but a . S > 7, iW 
to the emergencies of Practice. We cannot too highly estimate the ability to condense 8 and 

^A^fi 6 ^ 8 fUrniSh6d t0 US h6re iU a readaWe -ft"— I K - 

COOLEY (a. j.). 

CYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. Containing Pro- 
cesses and Collateral Information in the Arts, Manufactures, Profes- 
sions, and Trades, including Medicine, Pharmacy, and Domestic 
Economy; designed as a General Book of Reference for the Manufac- 
turer, Tradesman, Amateur, and Heads of Families. The Fifth Edi- 
tion, Revised and partly Rewritten by Richard V. Tuson, F.C.S., &c. 
Over iooo royal-octavo pages, double columns. With Illustrations. 

Pri ce #10.00 

Every part of this edition has been subjected to a thorough and complete revision by the 
editor, assisted by other scientific gentlemen. In the chemical portion of the book, every 
subject of practical importance has been retained, corrected, and added to; to the name of 
every substance of established composition a formula has been attached ; while to the Phar- 
maceutist its value has been greatly increased by the additions which have been made from 
the British, Indian, and United States Pharmacopoeias. 

CAZEAUX (p.), M. D., 

Adjunct Professor of the Faculty of Medicine, Paris, etCi 
A THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON MIDWIFERY, 
including the Diseases of Pregnancy and Parturition. Translated from 
the Seventh French Edition, Revised, Greatly Enlarged, and Improved, 
by S. Tarnier, Clinical Chief of the Lying-In Hospital, Paris, etc., 
with numerous Lithographic and other Illustrations. Price, in Cloth, 
#6.50; in Leather, $7.50. 
M. Cazeaux's Great Work on Obstetrics has become classical in its character, and almost 
an Encyclopaedia in its fulness. Written expressly for the use of students of medicine, its 
teachings are plain and explicit, presenting a condensed summary of the leading principles 
established by the masters of the obstetric art, and such clear, practical directions for tbe 
management of the pregnant, parturient, and puerperal states, as have been sanctioned by 
the most authoritative practitioners, and confirmed by the author's own experience. 

DOBELL (horace), M. D., 

Senior Physician to the Hospital. 

WINTER COUGH (CATARRH, BRONCHITIS, EMPHYSEMA, 
ASTHMA). Lectures Delivered at the Royal Hospital for Diseases ot the 
Chest. New and Enlarged Edition, with Colored Plates. Octavo. 

Price 

This work has been thoroughly revised. Two new Lectures have been added 
Lecture IV., "On the Natural Course of Neglected Winter Congh, and on the Intrnl. pru- 
dence of Winter Cough with other Diseases ; " Lecture IX., "QnChange oj Climatein W inter 
Cough." Also additional matter on Post-nasal Catarrh, Ear-Congh, Artificial Respiration m 
a means of Treatment, Laryngoscopy, New Methods and Instruments m rreatuigol l.mj.hy- 
sema, a good Index, and Colored Plates, with appended Diagnostic Physical signs. 



14 
DIXON (james), F.R.C.S., 

Surgeon to the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital, &c. 

A GUIDE TO THE PRACTICAL STUDY OF DISEASES OF 

THE EYE, with an Outline of their Medical and Operative Treatment, 

with Test Types and Illustrations. Third Edition, thoroughly Revised, 

and a great portion Rewritten. Price ..... $2.50 

Mr. Dixon's book is essentially a practical owe, written by an observant author, who brings 

to his special subject a sound, knowledge of general Medicine and Surgery.— Dublin Quarterly. 

DILLNBERGER (dr. emil). 

A HANDY-BOOK OF THE TREATMENT OF WOMEN AND 
CHILDREN'S DISEASES, according to the Vienna Medical School. 
Part I. The Diseases of Women. Part II. The Diseases of Children. 
Translated from the Second German Edition, by P. Nicol, M. D. 
Price . . . $1.75 

Many practitioners will be glad to possess this little manual, which gives a large mass 
of practical hints on the treatment of diseases which probably make up the larger half of 
every-day practice. The translation is well made, and explanations of reference to German 
medicinal preparations are given with proper fulness. — The Practitioner. 

DARLINGTON (william), M.D. 

FLORA CESTRICA; OR, HERBORIZING COMPANION. Con- 
taining all the Plants of the Middle States, their Linnaean Arrangement, 
a Glossary of Botanical Terms, a complete Index, &c. Third Edition. 

I2ffiO $2.25 

DUCHENNE (dr. g. b.). 
LOCALIZED ELECTRIZATION AND ITS APPLICATION 
TO PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS. Translated by Her- 
bert Tibbits, M.D. With Ninety-two Illustrations. Price . $3.00 
Duchenne's great work is not only a well-nigh exhaustive treatise on the medical uses of 
Electricity, but it is also an elaborate exposition of the different diseases in which Electric- 
ity has proved to be of value as a therapeutic and diagnostic agent. 

Part II., illustrated by chromo-fj.thographs and numerous wood-cuts, is preparing. 

DURKEE (silas), M.D., 

Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society, &c. 

GONORRHCEA AND SYPHILIS. The Fifth Edition, Revised 
and Enlarged, with Portraits and Eight Colored Illustrations. Octavo. 
Price . . . . . . . . . . $5-°o 

Dr. Durkee's work impresses the reader in favor of the author by its general tone, the 
thorough honesty everywhere evinced, the skill with which the book is arranged, the man- 
ner in which the facts are cited, the clever way in which the author's experience is brought 
in, the lucidity of the reasoning, and the care with which the therapeutics of venereal com- 
plaints are treated. — Lancet. 

DRUITT (robert), F.R.C.S. 
THE SURGEON'S VADE-MECUM. A Manual of Modern Sur- 
gery. The Tenth Revised and Enlarged Edition, with 350 Illustra- 
tions #5-°° 






15 
DALBY (w. b.), F. R. C. S., 

Aural Surgeon to St. George's Hospital. 

LECTURES ON THE DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE 

EAR. Delivered at St. George's Hospital. With Illustrati 

Price \ 

This admirable little volume by Mr. Dalby, the accomplished aural Burgeon to St I \< 
Hospital, consists of eleven lectures delivered by him at thai institution. With a 

aim, this work, the latest issued by the English press on Aural Surgery is happy in i ■■ p 

tion and pleasantly written ; further, it shows that its author is thoroughly <m fait in ha 
specialty. The subject of which the volume treats is handled in a terse style, and this if 
we mistake not, will make it acceptable to the student and practitioner who have B fust 
horror of unnecessary details. In conclusion, we hope that we have succeeded in inte 
our readers in the volume. We cordially recommend it as a trustworthy guide in the treat- 
ment of the afiections of the ear. The book is moderate in price, beautifully illustrated by 
wood-cuts^ and got up in the best style. — Glasgow Medical Journal. 

DUNGLISON (robley), M.D., 

Late Professor of Institutes of Medicine, &c, in the Jefferson Medical College, 

A HISTORY OF MEDICINE, from the Earliest Ages to the Com- 
mencement of the Nineteenth Century. Edited by his son, Richard 
J. Dunglison, M.D. ........ £2.50 

ELLIS (EDWARD), M.D. 
Physician to the Victoria Hospital for Sick Children, 4c. 

A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF THE DISEASES OF CHIL- 
DREN, with a Formulary. Second Edition, Revised and Improved. 
One volume. . .- . . . . . ^2.75 

The AUTHOR, in issuing this new edition of his book, says : "I have very carefully revised 
each chapter, adding several new sections, and making considerable additions where the 
subjects seemed to require fuller treatment, without, however, sacrificing conciseness or 
unduly increasing the bulk of the volume." 

ELAM (charles), M.D., F.R.C.P. 
ON CEREBRIA AND OTHER DISEASES OF THE BRAIN. 
Octavo. . . . . . . . . . . #2.50 

FOTHERGILL (j. milner), M. D. 

THE HEART AND ITS DISEASES, AND THEIR TREAT- 
MENT. With Illustrations. Octavo. Price . . . £5.00 

This work gives to the reader a concise view of Cardiac Diseases, uniting the most recent 
information as to the cause of heart-disease, with German Pathology and the latest advances 
in Therapeutics. It is designed to fill the gap between our standard works and the present 

position of our knowledge in diseases of the heart. 

BY SAME AUTHOR. 

DIGITALIS. Its Mode of Action and its Use, illustrating the 
Effect of Remedial Agents over Diseased Conditions of the Heart. 
Price $ 1 - 2 5 



FAGGE (c. hilton), M.D., F.R.C.P., 

Senior Assistant Physician and Demonstrator of Morbid Anatomy at Guy's Hospital. 

THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. 

In preparation. 



16 
FOX (joseph), D.D.S., 

Lecturer on the Structure and Diseases of the Teeth at Guy's Hospital. 

THE NATURAL HISTORY, DISEASES AND STRUCTURE 
OF THE HUMAN TEETH, with 250 Illustrations. Price . $4.00 

FOSTER (BALTHAZAR), M. D., 

Professor of Medicine in Queen's College. 

LECTURES AND ESSAYS ON CLINICAL MEDICINE. With 
Engravings. Preparing. 

FULLER (henry william), M.D., 

Senior Physician to St. George's Hospital. 

RHEUMATISM, RHEUMATIC GOUT, AND SCIATICA, their' 
Symptoms, Pathology and Treatment. The Fourth Revised and En- 
larged Edition. Preparing. 

FEN WICK (samuel), M.D., F.R.C.P. 

THE MORBID STATES OF THE STOMACH AND DUO- 
DENUM, AND THEIR RELATIONS TO THE DISEASES OF 
OTHER ORGANS. With Ten Plates #5.00 

FLINT (austin), M.D., 

Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine, &c, Bellevue Hospital College, New York. 

CLINICAL REPORTS ON CONTINUED FEVER. Based on 

an Analysis of One Hundred and Sixty-four Cases, with Remarks on 
the Management of Continued Fever; the Identity of Typhus and 
Typhoid Fever; Diagnosis, &c., &c. Octavo. Price . . $2.00 

GANT (FREDERICK J.), F. R. C. S., 
Surgeon to the Royal Free Hospital, &c. 

THE IRRITABLE BLADDER. Its Causes and Curative Treat- 
ment ; including a Practical View of Urinary Pathology, Deposits, and 
Calculi. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With New Illustra- 
tions. Price . . . . . . . . . $2.50 

The fact that a third edition of this hook has heen required seems to be sufficient proof 
of its value. The author has carefully revised and added such additional matter as to make 
it more complete and practically useful. 

GODFREY (benjamin), M.D., F.R.A.S. 

THE DISEASES OF HAIR: a Popular Treatise upon the Affec- 
tions of the Hair System. . . . . . . . #1.50 

GROSS (SAMUEL D.), M.D., 
Professor of Surgery in the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, &d 

AMERICAN MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY OF THE NINETEENTH 
CENTURY. With a Portrait of Benjamin Rush, M.D. Octavo. $3.50 



17 
GREENHOW (e. headlam), M.D., 

Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, &c. 

ON CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, Especially as Connected with Gout, 

Emphysema, and Diseases of the Heart. Price . . . $2.50 

Of all works yet written on Chronic Bronchitis, this is undoubtedly the best. The stylo 

is clear and to the point, and the principles of pathology and treatment eminently cornet 

and practical. It is a positive addition to our medical literature.— Journal Psychological 

Medicine. 

HARLEY (george), M. D., F. R. C. P., 

Physician to University College Hospital. 

THE URINE AND ITS DERANGEMENTS: With the Applica- 
tion of Physiological Chemistry to the Diagnosis and Treatment of 
Constitutional as well as Local Diseases; being a Course of Lectures 
delivered at University College. With Engravings. Price #2.75 

CONTENTS. 

1. What is Urine ? 

2. Changes in the Composition of the Urine 



induced by Food, Drink, Medicine, and 
Disease. 

3. Urea, Ammonsemia, Ursemia. 

4. Uric Acid. 

5. Hippuric Acid, Chloride of Sodium. 

6. Urohsematin, Abnormal Pigments in Urine. 



7. Phosphoric Acid, Phosphatic Gravel and 
Calculi. 



8. Oxalic Acid, Oxaluria, Mulberry Calculi. 

9. Inosite in Urine, Creatin and Creatinine, 

Cholesterin, Cystin, Xanthin, Leucin, 
Tyrosin. 

10. Diabetes Mellitus. 

11. Albuminuria. 



On the whole, we have here a valuable addition to the library of the practising physician ; 
not only for the information which it contains, but also for the suggestive way in which 
many of the subjects are treated, as well as for the fact that it contains the ideas of one who 
thoroughly believes in the future capabilities of Therapeutics based on Physiological facta, 
and in the important service to be rendered by Chemistry to Physiological investigation. 

American Journal of the Medical /Science. 

HABERSHON (s. a), M. D., 

Physician to Guy's Hospital, &.C. 

ON THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER. Their Pathology and 
Treatment. Being the Lettsonian Lectures, delivered at the Medical 

Society of London, 1872. Price $i-5° 

' These Lectures contain within a brief compass a large amount of information and many 
practical suggestions that cannot fail to be of great value to every practitioner. 

Dublin Medical Journal. 

HEWITT (graily), M. D., 

Physician to the British Lying-in Hospital, and Lecturer on Diseases of Women and Children, &c. 

THE DIAGNOSIS, PATHOLOGY, AND TREATMENT OF 
DISEASES OF WOMEN, including the Diagnosis of Pregnancy. 
Founded on a Course of Lectures delivered at St. Mary's Hospital 
Medical School. The Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with 
new Illustrations. Octavo. Price in Cloth . . . $5-°° 

« Leather . . - 6 -°° 

This new edition of Dr. Hewitt's book has been so much modified, that ^7^°^^ 
eubstantially a new book ; very much of the matter has been entirely rewritten, jux&U « c 
work has been rearranged in such a manner as to present a most decided JET, J 
previous editions. Dr. Hewitt is the leading clinical teacher on Diseases of A\ omen ul Ijndon, 
and the characteristic attention paid to Diagnosis by him has (given .his ^J^P^P^g 
there. It may unquestionably be considered the most valuable guide to correct Diagnosis to 
be found in the English language. 2 



18 
HILLIER (thomas), M.D., 

Physician to the Hospital for Sick Children, &c. 

A CLINICAL TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF CHILDREN. 
Octavo. Price ......... $3.00 

We have said enough to indicate and illustrate the excellence of Dr. Hillier's volume. It 
is eminently the kind of hook needed by all medical men who wish to cultivate clinical 
accuracy and sound practice. — London Lancet. 

HOLDEN (luther), F.R.C.S. 
A MANUAL OF THE DISSECTION OF THE HUMAN BODY. 

With Notes and Additions. Illustrated. . . . . $5.00 

SAME AUTHOR. 
HUMAN OSTEOLOGY: with numerous Plates, showing the At- 
tachment of the Muscles, &c, &c. Fourth Edition. Octavo. $6.50 

HARRIS (chapin a.), M. D., D. D. S. 

Late President of and Professor of the Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery in the Baltimore College, &c. 

THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF DENTISTRY.' Tenth 
Revised Edition. In great part rewritten, rearranged, and with many 
new and important Illustrations. Including — 1. Dental Anatomy and 
Physiology. 2. Dental Pathology and Therapeutics. 3. Dental Sur- 
gery. 4. Dental Mechanics. Edited by P. H. Austen, M.D., Pro- 
fessor of Dental Science and Mechanism in the Baltimore College of 
Dental Surgery. With nearly 400 Illustrations, including many new 
ones made especially for this edition. Royal octavo. Price, in cloth, 
$6.50; in leather $7-5° 

This new edition of Dr. Harris's work has been thoroughly revised in all its parts — more 
so than any previous edition. So great have been the advances in many branches of dentistry, 
that it was found necessary to rewrite the articles or subjects, and this has been done in the 
most efficient manner by Professor Austen, for many years an associate and friend of Dr. 
Harris, assisted by Professor Gorgas and Thomas S. Latimer, M. D. The publishers feel 
assured that it will now be found the most complete text-book for the student and guide for 
the practitioner in the English language. 

SAME AUTHOR. 
A DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY, DENTAL 
SURGERY, AND THE COLLATERAL SCIENCES. Third Edition, 
Carefully Revised and Enlarged, by Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas, M. D., 
D.D.S., Professor of Dental Surgery in the Baltimore College, &c, &c. 
Royal octavo. Price, in cloth, $6.50; in leather . . $7-5° 

The many advances in Dental Science rendered it necessary that this edition should be 
thoroughly revised, which has been done in the most satisfactory manner by Professor Gorgas, 
Dr. Harris's successor in the Baltimore Dental College, he having added nearly three thou- 
sand new words, besides making many additions and. corrections. The doses of the more 
prominent medicinal agents have also been added, and in every way the book has been greatly 
improved, and its value enhanced as a work of reference. 

HANDY (WASHINGTON R.), M.D. 
Late Professor of Anatomy, &.c, in the Baltimore College^ 

A TEXT-BOOK OF ANATOMY, AND GUIDE TO DISSEC- 
TIONS. For the Use of Students of Medicine and Dental Surgery. 
With 312 Illustrations. Octavo. Price . . . $4.00 

Dr. Handy's work was prepared with special reference to the wants of the Student and 

Practitioner of Dental Surgery. Directing particular attention to the Mouth, it shows step 

by step the important Anatomical and Physiological relations which it has with each and 

all the organs and functions of the general system. 



19 

HARDWICH AND DAWSON. 
HARDWICH'S MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMISTRY 
With Engravings. Eighth Edition. Edited and Rearranged bv <;* 
Dawson, Lecturer on Photography, &c, &c. i 2 mo. . . /2.00 
The s object of the Editor has been to give practical instruction in this fascinating art and 
to lead the novice from first principles to the higher branches, impressing him u 1 tli • 
of care and exactness in every operation. 

HEADLAND (f. w.), M. D., 

Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, &c, &c. 

ON THE ACTION OF MEDICINES IN THE SYSTEM. Sixth 
American trom the Fourth 'London Edition. Revised and Enlarged 
Octavo. Price $ * OQ 

_ Dr. Headland's work gives the only scientific and satisfactorv view of the action of medi- 
cine; and this not in the way of idle speculation, but by demonstration and experiments 
and inferences almost as indisputable as demonstrations. It is truly a great scientific work 
in a small compass, and deserves to be the hand-book of every lover of the Profession It 
has received the approbation of the Medical Press, both in this country and in Europe 'and 
is pronounced by them to be the most original and practically useful work that has been 
issued for many yeara. 

HILLES (m. w.), 

Formerly Lecturer on Anatomy, &c, at Westminster Hospital. 

THE POCKET ANATOMIST. Being a Complete Description of 
the Anatomy of the Human Body; for the Use of Students. Price, in 
cloth, $1.00; in Pocket-book form . . . . #1.25 

HEATH (Christopher), F.R.C.S., 

Surgeon to University College Hospital, &c. 

INJURIES AND DISEASES OF THE JAWS. The Jacksonian 
Prize Essay of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1867. Sec- 
ond Edition, Revised, with over 150 Illustrations. Octavo. Price, 

SAME AUTHOR. 
A MANUAL OF MINOR SURGERY AND BANDAGING, for 

the Use of House Surgeons, Dressers, and Junior Practitioners. With 
a Formulae and Numerous Illustrations. i6mo. Price . $2.25 

HOLMES (t. m. a.), 

Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery to St. George's Hospital, &c 

THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF THE DISEASES OF 
INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD. Second Edition, Revised and En- 
larged, containing Seven large Colored Plates and over One Hu 
other Illustrations. Price £5-°° 

HUFELAND (c. w.), M.D. 
THE ART OF PROLONGING LIFE. Edited by Erasmus Wil- 
son, M. D., F.R.S., &c. i2mo. Cloth $1-25 

The highly practical character of Dr. Hufeland's book, the sound advice which it con- 
tains, and its elevated moral tone, recommend it for extensive circulation both among 
professional and non-professional readers. 



20 
HEWSON (addinell,) M.D. 

Attending Surgeon Pennsylvania Hospital, &.C. 

EARTH AS A TOPICAL APPLICATION IN SURGERY. 
Being a full Exposition of its use in all the Cases requiring Topical 
Applications admitted in the Surgical Wards of the Pennsylvania Hospi- 
tal during a period of Six Months. With Four full -page Illustrations. 

CONTENTS. 
Preface; Introduction; Histories of Cases ; Comments as to the Effects of the Contact of 
the Earth ; Its Effects on Pain ; Its Power as a Deodorizer ; Its Influence over Inflammation ; 
Its Influence over Putrefaction; Its Influence over the Healing Processes; Modus Operandi 
of the Earth ; As a Deodorizer and other Putrefaction ; In its Effects on Living Parts. 

Price, $2.50 

It presents the results of researches by the author into the action of Earth as a surgical 
dressing, and embraces the histories of over ninety cases which occurred in the wards of the 
Pennsylvania Hospital some three years since, but whose publication has been delayed, for 
the double purpose of weighing them by subsequent experience, and of interpreting their 
meaning by a careful study of the various subjects which they involve. 

HODGE (hugh l.), M. D. 

Emeritus Professor in the University of Pennsylvania. 

HODGE ON FCETICIDE, OR CRIMINAL ABORTION. 

Fourth Edition. Price, in paper covers, . . . . $0.30 
" flexible cloth, . . . .0.50 

This little book is intended to place in the hands of professional men and others the means 
of answering satisfactorily and intelligently any inquiries that may be made of them in con- 
nection with this important subject. 

HOLDEN (edgar), A.M., M.D., 

Of Newark, New Jersey. 
CONTAINING THEEE HUNDEED ILLUSTRATIONS. 
THE SPHYGMOGRAPH. Its Physiological and Pathological In- 
dications. The Essay to which was awarded the Stevens Triennial 
Prize in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, April, 
1873. Illustrated by Three Hundred Engravings on Wood. One vol- 
ume octavo. Price $3.00 

HOOD (p.), M.D. 

A TREATISE ON GOUT, RHEUMATISM, AND THE ALLIED 
AFFECTIONS. Crown octavo. #4.25 



HANCOCK (heney),F.R.C.S. 

ON THE OPERATIVE SURGERY OF THE FOOT AND 
ANKLE. Numerous Illustrations. Octavo. . . . $6.00 

JONES' (T. WHARTON), F.R.S. 

DEFECTS OF SIGHT AND HEARING. Their Nature, Causes, 
Prevention, &c. Second Edition. Price . . . ^ £1.25 

p JONES, SIEVEKING, and PAYNE. 

A MANUAL OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY. By C. Hand- 
field Jones, M. D., F. R. S., Physician to St. Mary's Hospital; and 
Edward H. Sieveking, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to St. Mary's Hos- 
pital. A New and Enlarged Edition. Edited by J. F. Payne, M.B., 
F.R.C.P., Assistant Physician and Lecturer on Morbid Anatomy at St. 
Thomas's Hospital. With Numerous Illustrations. Preparing. 



21 
LAWSON (george), F.R.C.S., 

Surgeon to the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital. 

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EYE, THEIR MEDICAL 

AND SURGICAL TREATMENT. Containing a Formulary IW 

Types, and Numerous Illustrations. Price . . . . $2.50 

This Manual is admirably clear and eminently practical. The reader feels that he is in 

the hands of a teacher who has a right to speak with authority, and who, if he ma? be raid 

to be positive, is so from the fulness of knowledge and experience, and who while well ac 

quainted with the writings and labors of other authorities on the matters he treats of has 

himself practically worked out what he teaches. —London Medical Times and Gazette. 

LEBER & ROTTENSTEIN (drs.). 

DENTAL CARIES AND ITS CAUSES. An Investigation into 
the Influence of Fungi in the destruction of the Teeth, translated by 
Thomas H. Chandler, D.M.D., Professor of Mechanical Dentistry in 
the Dental School of Harvard University. With Illustrations. Octavo. 
Price ^.50 

This work is now considered the best and most elaborate work on Dental Caries. It is 
everywhere quoted and relied upon as authority by the profession, who have seen it in the 
original, and by authors writing on the subject. 

LEGG (j. wickham), M. D. 

Member of the Royal College of Physicians, &c. 

A GUIDE TO THE EXAMINATION OF THE URINE. For 
the Practitioner and Student. Third Edition. i6mo. Cloth. Price, $0.75 

Dr. Legg's little manual has met with remarkable success; the speedy exhaustion of two 
editions has enabled the author to make certain emendations which add greatly to its value. 
It oan confidently be commended to the student as a safe and reliable guide. 

LEARED (arthur), M.D., F.R.C.P. 

IMPERFECT DIGESTION: ITS CAUSES AND TREATMENT. 
The Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged gi.75 

LESCHER (f. harwood). 
THE ELEMENTS OF PHARMACY. For Students. The Fourth 
Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Octavo $3°° 

LIEBREICH (dr.). 
ATLAS OF OPHTHALMOSCOPY: Representing the Normal and 
Pathological Conditions of the Fundus Oculi as seen with the Ophthal- 
moscope. Composed of Twelve Chromo-lithographic Plates (containing 
Fifty-nine Figures), accompanied by an Explanatory Text, translated 
into English. Second Edition, Enlarged and Revised. 4to. £15.00 

LIVEING (edward), M.D. 
ON MEGRIM, SICK-HEADACHE, AND SOME ALLIED 
DISORDERS. With Colored Plate. Octavo. . . . £6.00 



22 
LEWIN (dr. george). 

Professor at the Fr.-Wilh. University, and Surgeon-in-Chief of the Syphilitic Wards and Skin Diseases of 

the Charity Hospital, Berlin. 

THE TREATMENT OF SYPHILIS by Subcutaneous Sublimate 
Injections. With a Lithographic Plate illustrating the Mode and Proper 
Place of administering the Injections, and of the Syringe used for the 
purpose. Translated by Carl Prcegler, M.D., late Surgeon in the 
Prussian Service, and E. H. Gale, M.D., late Surgeon in the United 

States Army. Price $2.25 

The great number of cases treated, some fourteen hundred, within a period of four years, 
in the wards of the Charity Hospital, Berlin, only twenty of which were returned on 
account of Syphilitic relapses, certainly entitles the method of treatment advocated by this 
distinguished syphilographer to the attention of all physicians under whose notice syphilitic 
cases come. 

LIZARS (john), M. D. 

Late Professor of Surgery in the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, 

THE USE AND ABUSE OF TOBACCO. From the Eighth 
Edinburgh Edition. i2mo. Price, in flexible cloth, . $0.60 

This little work contains a History of the introduction of Tobacco, its general characteris- 
tics ; practical observations upon its effects on the system ; the opinion of celebrated profes- 
sional men in regard to it, together with cases illustrating its deleterious influence, &c, &c. 

MACNAMARA (a). 

Surgeon to the Ophthalmic Hospital, and Professor of Ophthalmic Medicine in the Medical College, Calcutta. 

MANUAL OF THE DISEASES OF THE EYE. The Second 
Edition, carefully Revised; with Additions, and numerous Colored 
Plates, Diagrams of the Eye, many Illustrations on Wood, Snellen's 
Test Types, &c, &c. Price $5-°° 

" This work when first published took its place in medical literature as the most complete, 
condensed, and well-arranged manual on ophthalmic surgery in the English language. 
Arranged especially for medical students, it became, however, the work of reference for the 
busy practitioner, who could obtain nearly all that was best worth knowing on this subject, 
tersely stated, and easily found by the aid of the excellent marginal notes on the contents 
of the paragraphs." — Philadelphia Medical Times. 

MACKENZIE (morell), M. D. 

Physician to the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, London, &c. 

GROWTHS IN THE LARYNX. Their History, Causes, Symp- 
toms, Diagnosis, Pathology, Prognosis, and Treatment. With Reports 
and Analysis of One Hundred Consecutive Cases treated by the Author ; 
and a Tabular Statement of every published case treated since the in- 
vention of the Laryngoscope. With numerous Colored and other 

Illustrations. Octavo. Price $3- 00 

Dr. Mackenzie's position has given him great advantages and a large experience in the 

treatment of Diseases of the Throat, and for many years he has been regarded as a leading 

authority in this department of Surgery. The Illustrations have been prepared with great 

care and expense. 

OTHER WORKS BY SAME AUTHOR. 
THE LARYNGOSCOPE IN DISEASES OF THE THROAT. 

With an Appendix on Rhinoscopy, and an Essay on Hoarseness and 
Loss of Voice. With Additions by J. Solis Cohen, and Numerous 
Illustrations on Wood and Stone. Price . . . . $3.00 

PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE HOSPITAL for Diseases of the 
Throat; with One Hundred and Fifty Formulae for Gargles, &c, &c. 

Price #1.25 

9 



23 

MEIGS and PEPPER. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF CHIL- 
DREN. By J. Forsyth Meigs, M.D., Fellow of the College of Physi- 
cians of Philadelphia, &c, &c, and William Pepper, M.D., Physic ian 

to the Philadelphia Hospital, &c. Fifth Edition, thoroughly k 
and greatly Enlarged, forming a Royal Octavo Volume of over iooo 
pages. Price, bound in cloth, $6.00; leather . . . g 7 . o 

It is the most complete work on the subject in our language. It contains at once the re- 
sults of personal, and the experience of others. Its quotations from the mostrecrnt author- 
ities, at home and abroad, are ample, and we think the authors deserve congratulati 
having produced a book unequalled for the use of the student and indispensable as u work 
of reference for the practitioner. — American Medical Journal. 

MURPHY (john g.), M.D. 
A REVIEW OF CHEMISTRY FOR STUDENTS. Adapted to 
the Courses as Taught in the Principal Medical Schools in the United 
States. £1-25 

MENDENHALL (george), M.D., 

Professor of Obstetrics in the Medical College of Ohio, &c. 

MEDICAL STUDENT'S VADE MECUM. A Compendium of 
Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry, the Practice of Medicine, Surgery, 
Obstetrics, Diseases of the Skin, Materia Medica. Pharmacy, Poisons, 
&c, &c. Eleventh Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with 224 Illustra- 
tions. . . . . . . . . . . . $2.50 

MAXSON (edwin r.), M.D., 

Formerly Lecturer on the Practice of Medicine in the Geneva Medical College, &c. 

THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE $4. 00 

MARSHALL (john), F.R.S., 

Professor of Surgery, University College, London. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL DIAGRAMS. Life-size, and Beautifully Col- 
ored. An Entirely New Edition, Revised and Improved, illustrating 
the whole Human Body, each Map printed on a single sheet of paper, 
seven feet long and three feet nine inches broad. 



No. 7. The Brain and Nerves. 

No. 8. The Organs of the Senses and Organs 

of the Voice. Plate 1. 
No. 9. The Organs of the Senses. Plate 2. 
No. 10. The Microscopic Structure <>! U e 

Textures. PJate 1. 
No. 11. The Microscopic Structure of lliu 

Textures. Plate 2. 



No. 1. The Skeleton and Ligaments. 

No. 2. The Muscles, Joints, and Animal Me- 
chanics. 

No. 3. The Viscera in Position. — The Struc- 
ture of the Lungs. 

No. 4. The Organs of Circulation. 

No. 5. The Lymphatics or Absorbents. 

No. 6. The Digestive Organs. 

Price of the Set, Eleven Maps, in Sheets, . '■'.'.' S5°- 00 
u a a « handsomely Mounted on 

Canvas, with Rollers, and varnished, $So.co 

An Explanatory Key to the Diagram. Price . 
SAME AUTHOR. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE HUMAN BODY. Its Structure and 
Functions. Illustrated by Physiological Diagrams Designed for the 
Use of Teachers in Schools, Students of Medicine, &c. New Ed 
A Quarto Volume of Text and a Folio Volume containing 193 Colored 
Illustrations. Price ,..••• 



24 
MAUNDER (c. f.), F. R. C. S. 

Surgeon to the London Hospital 5 formerly Demonstrator of Anatomy at Guy's Hospital. 

OPERATIVE SURGERY. Second Edition, with One Hundred 

& and Sixty-four Engravings on Wood. 

CONTENTS. 



Chap. 1. Compress, Splint, Bandage Strap- 
ping. 
" 2. Ligature. 

" 3. Operations on the Vascular System. 
" 4. Operations on Arteries. 
" 5. Ligature of special ditto. 
" 6. Operations on the Bones. 

Price • #2.50 



Chap. 7. Operations on the Surface of the 
Body. 
" 8. Amputation. 
" 9. Lower Extremity. 
" 10. Upper ditto. 
" 11. Special Operations. 



MARTIN (jqhnh.). 

Author of Microscopic Objects, die. 

A MANUAL OF MICROSCOPIC MOUNTING. With Notes on 
the Collection and Examination of Objects, and upwards of One Hun- 
dred Illustrations on Stone and Wood, drawn by the Author. 
Price . . . . . . . . . $3.00 

" This book is more than its title indicates. It gives a description of the apparatus neces- 
sary for microscopical research, as well as the methods of preparation and preserving the 
various objects. It is a complete and well-illustrated work on its subject, which is daily 
becoming more valuable to the scientist and more cultivated as an elegant and interesting 
study." — Scientific American. 

MEADOWS (alfred), M. D. 

Physician to the Hospital for Women, and to the General Lying-in Hospital, &c 

MANUAL OF MIDWIFERY. A New Text-Book. Including the 
Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy, Obstetric Operations, Diseases of 
the Puerperal State, &c, &c. First American from the Second London 
Edition. With numerous Illustrations. Price . . . $3.00 

This book is especially valuable to the Student as containing in a condensed form a large 
amount of valuable information on the subject which it treats. It is also clear and methodi- 
cal in its arrangement, and therefore useful as a work of reference for the practitioner. The 
Illustrations are numerous and well executed. 

MILLER (james), F. R. C. S. 

Professor of Surgery University of Edinburgh. 

ALCOHOL, ITS PLACE AND POWER. From the Nineteenth 

Glasgow Edition. i2mo. Cloth flexible. Price . . $0.75 

This work was prepared by Professor Miller at the special request of the Scottish Temper- 
ance League, who were anxious to have a work of high authority, presenting the medical 
view of the subject that could be freely disseminated among all classes. * 



MILLER and LIZARS. 

ALCOHOL: Its Place and Power. By James Miller, F.R.S.E., late 
Professor of Surgery in the University of Edinburgh, &c. — THE USE 
AND ABUSE OF TOBACCO. By John Lizars, late Professor to the 
Royal College of Surgeons., &c. The Two Essays in One Volume. 
i2mo. .......... #1.00 



25 

MARSDEN (ALEXANDER) M D 

A NEW AND SUCCESSFUL MODE OF TRFATINr hpt, ,x, 
FORMS OF CANCER. Se^^^^^ING CERTAIN 

N ORRIS (GEORGE w.), M.D. 

Late Surgeon to the Pennsylvania Hospital, 4c. 

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PRACTICAL SURGERY, including 
numerous Clinical Histories, Drawn from a Hospital Service of T "v 
Years. In one volume, Octavo. Price \ } 

$4-00 

OTT (adolph), 

Practical and Analytical Chemist. 

ON SOAPS AND CANDLES. Including the Most Recent Dis- 
coveries in the Manufacture of all kinds of Ordinary Hard, Soft, and 
loilet Soaps, and Tallow and Composite Candles. With Illustrations. 
£2.50 

OVERMAN (FREDERICK), 

Mining Engineer, &c, 

PRACTICAL MINERALOGY, ASSAYING AND MINING 

With a Description of the Useful Minerals, and Instructions for Assay- 
ing, according to the Simplest Methods #!.2 5 

PHYSICIAN'S VISITING LIST, PUBLISHED ANNUALLY. 

SIZES AND PRICES. 

For 25 Patients weekly. Tucks, pockets, and pencil, . . . gi.oo 
50 " " " " "... 1.25 

*7C " " il " " T -~ 

ID ... I.sO 



IOO 



2.00 



IOO 



: "•**■{{££&:} " • • 3-co 

INTERLEAVED EDITION. 

For 25 Patients weekly, interleaved, tucks, pockets, &c, . . 1.50 

50' - "-01, {{--{;-} - - '. '. 3- 

This Visiting List has now been published over Twenty Years, and has met with such uni- 
form and hearty approval from the Profession, that the demand for it has steadily increased 
from year to year. 

POWER, HOLMES, ANSTIE, and BARNES. 

REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF MEDICINE AND SUR- 
GERY, PHYSIOLOGY, OPHTHALMIC MEDICINE, MID- 
WIFERY, DISEASES OF WOMEN AND CHILI >REN, MATERIA 
MEDICA, &c. Edited for the Sydenham Society of London. Octavo. 
Price . £2.00 



26 

PARKES (EDWARD A.), M.D., 

Professor of Military Hygiene in the Army Medical School, &c. 

A MANUAL OF PRACTICAL HYGIENE.. The Fourth Revised 

and Enlarged Edition, for Medical Officers of the Army, Civil Medical 
Officers, Boards of Health, &c, &c. With many Illustrations. One 
volume Octavo. Price . . . . . . . $6.00 

This work, previously unrivalled as a text-book for medical officers of the army, is now 
equally unrivalled as a text-book for civil medical officers. The first book treats in succes- 
sive chapters of water, air, ventilation, examination of air, food, quality, choice, and cooking 
of food, beverages, and condiments; soil, habitations, removal of excreta, warming of houses, 
exercise, clothing, climate, meteorology, individual hygienic management, disposal of the 
dead, the prevention of some common diseases, disinfection, and statistics. The second 
book is devoted to the service of the soldier, but is hardly less instructive to the civil officer 
of health. It is, in short, a comprehensive and trustworthy text-book of hygiene for the 
scientific or general reader. — London Lancet. 

POWER (henry), M.B., F.R.C.S., 

Senior Ophthalmic Surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. 

THE STUDENT'S GUIDE TO THE DISEASES OF THE EYE. 

With Engravings. Preparing. 

PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL REPORTS. 

EDITED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE HOSPITAL STAFF. 
J. M. Da Costa, M.D., and William Hunt, M.D. Vols. 1 and 2 ; each 
volume containing upwards of Twenty Original Articles, by former 
and present Members of the Staff, now eminent in the Profession, with 
Lithographic and other Illustrations. Price per volume . $4.00 

The first Reports were so favorably received, on both sides of the Atlantic, that it is hardly 
necessary to speak for them the universal welcome of which they are deserving. The papers 
are all valuable contributions to the literature of medicine, reflecting great credit upon their 
authors. The work is one of which the Pennsylvania Hospital may well be proud. It will 
do much towards elevating the profession of this country. — American Journal of Obstetrics. 

PAGET (james), F.R.S., 

Surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, &c 

SURGICAL PATHOLOGY. Lectures delivered at the Royal Col- 
lege of Surgeons of England. Third London Edition, Edited and 
Revised by William Turner, M. D. With Numerous Illustrations. 

Price, in cloth, $7.50; in leather $8.50 

A new and revised edition of Mr. Paget's Classical Lectures needs no introduction to our 
readers. Commendation would be as superfluous as criticism out of place. Every page bears 
evidence that this edition has been " carefully revised." — American Medical Journ-al. 

PEREIRA (Jonathan), M.D., F.R.S., &c. 

PHYSICIAN'S PRESCRIPTION BOOK. Containing Lists of 
Terms, Phrases, Contractions, and Abbreviations used in Prescriptions, 
with Explanatory Notes, the Grammatical Constructions of Prescrip- 
tions, Rules for the Pronunciation of Pharmaceutical Terms, a Proso- 
diacal Vocabulary of the Names of Drugs, &c, and a Series of Abbre- 
viated Prescriptions illustrating the use of the preceding terms, &c. ; to 
which is added a Key, containing the Prescriptions in an unabbreviated 
Form, with a Literal Translation, intended for the use of Medical and 
Pharmaceutical Students. From the Fifteenth London Edition. Price, 
in cloth, $1.25; in leather, with Tucks and Pocket, . #1.50 



27 

PROCTOR (BARNARD S.). 
PRACTICAL PHARMACY. A Course of Lectures comprising 
Descriptions of General Processes, Lessons in Dispensing, Pharmaco- 
poeia! Testing, Qualitative and Quantitative, &c. With Illustrations 
Octavo. Price ^ OQ 

PARKER (langston), F.R.C.S.L. 
THE MODERN TREATMENT OF SYPHILITIC DISEASES. 

Containing the Treatment of Constitutional and Confirmed Syphilis, 
with numerous Cases, Formulae, &c, &c. Fifth Edition, Enlarged. $4. 25 

PRINCE (david), M.D. 
PLASTIC AND ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY. Containing 1. A 
Report on the Condition of, and Advances made in, Plastic and Ortho- 
pedic Surgery up to the Year 187 1. 2. A New Classification and Brief 
Exposition of Plastic Surgery. With numerous Illustrations. 3. Ortho- 
pedics : A Systematic Work upon the Prevention and Cure of Deformities. 
With numerous Illustrations. Octavo. Price . . . $4.50 

This is a good book upon an important practical subject; carefully written, and abun- 
dantly illustrated. It goes over the whole ground of deformities — from cleft-palate and 
club-foot to spinal curvatures and ununited fractures. It appears, moreover, to be an original 
book. — Medical and Surgical Reporter. 

SAME AUTHOR. 
GALVANO-THERAPEUTICS. A Revised reprint of A Report 
made to the Illinois State Medical Society. With Illustrations. Price, 

$1.25 

PIESSE (gi w. septimus), 

Analytical Chemist. 

WHOLE ART OF PERFUMERY. And the Methods of Obtaining 
the Odors of Plants ; the Manufacture of Perfumes for the Handkerchief, 
Scented Powders, Odorous Vinegars, Dentifrices, Pomatums, Cosmet- 
ics, Perfumed Soaps, &c. ; the Preparation of Artificial Fruit Essences, 
&c. Second American from the Third London Edition. With Illus- 
trations $3-°° 

PIGGOTT (a. snowden), M.D., 

Practical Chemist. 

COPPER MINING AND COPPER ORE. Containing a full Descrip- 
tion of some of the Principal Copper Mines of the United States, the Art 
of Mining, the Mode of Preparing the Ore for Market, &c, &c. $1.50 

PHYSICIAN'S CASE RECORD & PRESCRIPTION BLANKS. 
Containing Blanks for Prescriptions and a Marginal Copy, also Btenks 
fnr TinHno- T)*tR Name. Address. Diagnosis, Age, Physique, 1 ulse, I em- 



noting Date, Name, Address, Diagnosis, Age, Physique, I 1 
iture, Respiration, Tongue, Urine, and Stools of Patients 
Edition, price per copy, 40 cents; per dozen, #3-75; olh(C &<"" OII > 
4to, price per copy, #1.50. 
This book will be found an invaluable aid in the thorough study of Dueue, and of m 
finite relief to the overtasked memory. 



' 28 
RINDFLEISCH (dr. edward). 

Professor of Pathological Anatomy, University of Bonn. 

TEXT-BOOK OF PATHOLOGICAL HISTOLOGY. An Intro. 

duction to the Study of Pathological Anatomy. Translated from the 
German, by Wm. C. Kloman, M.D., assisted by F. T. Miles^ M.D., 
Professor of Anatomy, University of Maryland, &c, &c. Containing 
Two Hundred and Eight elaborately executed Microscopical Illustra- 
tions. Octavo. Price, bound in Cloth, . . . . $6.00 
" " Leather, .... 7.00 

This is now confessedly the leading book, and the only complete one on the subject in 
the English language. The London Lancet says of it: " Rindfleisch's work forms a mine 
which no pathological writer or student can afford to neglect, who desires to interpret aright 
pathological structural changes, and his book is consequently well known to readers of Ger- 
man medical literature. What makes it especially valuable is the fact that it was originated, 
as its author himself tells us, more at the microscope than at the writing-table. Altogether 
the book is the result of honest hard labor. It is admirably as well as profusely illustrated, 
furnished with a capital Index, and got up in a way that is worthy of what must continue 
to be the standard book of the kind." 

ROBERTS (FREDERICK T.)., M. D., B. Sc. 

Assistant Physician and Teacher of Clinical Medicine in the University College Hospital) Assistant Physician 
Brompton Consumption Hospital, &c. 

A HAND-BOOK OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF 
MEDICINE: One volume medium octavo, containing over 1000 
pages. Price ......... $5.00. 

This work has been prepared mainly for the use of Students, and its object is to 
present in as condensed a form as the present extent of Medical Literature will permit, 
and in one volume, such information with regard to the Principles and Practice of 
Medicine, as shall be sufficient not only to enable them to prepare for the various 
examinations which they may have to undergo, but also to guide them in acquiring 
that Clinical Knowledge which can alone n/operly fit them for assuming the active 
duties of their profession. The work is also adapted to the wants of very many 
members of the profession who are already busily engaged in general Practice, and 
consequently have but little leisure and few opportunities for the perusal of the larger 
works on Practice or of the various special monographs. 



REYNOLDS (j. russell), M. D., F. R. S., 

Lecturer on the Principles and Practice of Medicine, University College, London. 

LECTURES ON THE CLINICAL USES OF ELECTRICITY. 

Delivered at University College Hospital. Second Edition, Revised 
and Enlarged. Price . . . . . . . ' . £1.25 

RYAN (MICHAEL), M. D. 

Member of the Royal College of Physicians. 

PHILOSOPHY OF MARRIAGE, in its Social, Moral, and Physi- 
cal Relations ; with an Account of the Diseases of the Genito-Urinary 
Organs, &c. Price $1.00 

This is a philosophical discussion of the whole subject of Marriage, its influences and 
results in all their varied aspects, together with a medical history of the reproductive func- 
tions of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, and of tbe abuses and disorders resulting from 
it in the latter. It is intended both for the professional and general reader. 

11 



29 
RADCLIFFE (charles eland), M.D., 

Fellow cf the Royal College of Physicians of London, &c. 

LECTURES ON EPILEPSY, PAIN, PARALYSIS, and other 

Disorders of the Nervous System. With Illustrations. . . $2.00 

The reputation which Dr. Eadcliffe possesses as a very able authority on nervous iff 

-will commend his work to every medical practitioner. " We recommend i< aa a « 

throw much light upon the Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous System.— Canada 

Medical Journal. 

ROBERTSON (a.), M.D., D.D.S. 
A MANUAL ON EXTRACTING TEETH. Founded on the 
Anatomy of the Parts involved in the Operation, the kinds and proper 
construction of the instruments to be used, the accidents likely to o 
from the operation, and the proper remedies to retrieve such accidents. 
A New Revised Edition $ 1 -5° 

' ' The author is well known as a contributor to the literature of the profession, and as a 
clear, terse, and practical writer. The subject is one to which he has devoted considerable 
attention, and is treated with his usual care and ability. The work is valuable not only 
to the dental student and practitioner, but also to the medical student and surgeon, — Denial 
Cosmos. 

REESE (john j.), M.D., 

Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology in the University of Pennsylvania. 

AN ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOLOGY. Being a Condensed View 
of the most important Facts and Doctrines, designed especially for the 
Use of Students. Second Edition, Enlarged. . . . $1.50 

SAME AUTHOR. 
THE AMERICAN MEDICAL FORMULARY. Price . 31.50 
A SYLLABUS OF MEDICAL CHEMISTRY. Price . 31.00 



RICHARDSON (joseph), D.D.S. 

Late Professor of Mechanical Dentistry, &c, &c. 

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON MECHANICAL DENTISTRY 

Second Edition, much Enlarged. With over 150 beautifully executed 

Illustrations. Octavo. Price, in leather . . • • $4-5° 

This work does infinite credit to its author. Its comprehensive style has in no way in- 

tions are easily understood. —Edinburgh Med. Journal. 

ROBERTS (lloyd d.), M.D., 

Vice-President of the Obstetrical Society of London, Physician to St. Mar/s Hospital, Manchester 

THE STUDENT'S GUIDE TO THE PRACTICE OP MID- 
WIFERY. With Engravings. In Preparation. 

ROSS (james), M.D. 
T u F rT >AFT THEORY OF DISEASE. Being an Application 

Phenomena of the Zymotic Diseases. Price 



30 

RIGBY and MEADOWS. 

DR. RIGBY'S OBSTETRIC MEMORANDA. Fourth Edition, 

Revised and Enlarged, by Alfred Meadows, M.D., Author of "A 
Manual of Midwifery," &c. Price 50 

RIHL and O'CONNOR. 

THE PHYSICIAN'S DIARY. Monthly, Semi-Annual, and Annual 
Journal and Cash-Book Combined. The Fourth Revised Edition. A 
large folio volume, with printed Heads, Index, &c.,&c. Bound in full 
leather. Price . . . $7-5° 

RUPPANER (antoine), M.D. 

THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LARYNGOSCOPY 
AND RHINOSCOPY IN DISEASES OF THE THROAT, &c. 
Fifty-nine Illustrations. Price I 1 -5° 

SANDERSON, KLEIN, FOSTER, and BRUNTON. 

A HAND-BOOK FOR THE PHYSIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. 

Being Practical Exercises for Students in Physiology and Histology, by 

E. Klein, M. D. , Assistant Professor in the Pathological Laboratory 
of the Brown Institution, London; J. Burdon-Sanderson, M. D., 

F. R. S., Professor of Practical Theology in University College, Lon- 
don; Michael Foster, M.D., F.R.S., Fellow of and Praelector of Phys- 
iology in Trinity College, Cambridge; andT. Lauder Brunton, M.D. , 
D.Sc, Lecturer on Materia Medica in the Medical College of St. Bar- 
tholomew's Hospital. Edited by J. Burdon-Sanderson. The Illus- 
trations consist of One Hundred and Twenty-three octavo pages, 
including over Three Hundred and Fifty Figures, with appropriate 
letter-press explanations attached and references to the text, and bound 
in a separate volume. Price of the two volumes, text and plates, $8.00 

We feel that we cannot recommend this work too highly. To those engaged in physiologi- 
cal work as students or teachers, it is almost indispensable ; and to those who are not, a 
perusal of it will by no means be unprofitable. The execution of the plates leaves nothing 
to be desired. They are mostly original, and their arrangement in a separate volume has 
great and obvious advantages. — Dublin Journal of Medical Sciences. 

SIEVEKING (e. h.), M.D., F.R.CS. 
THE MEDICAL ADVISER IN LIFE ASSURANCE. Price I2.25 

This book supplies, in a concise and available form, such facts and figures as are required 
by the Physician or Examiner to assist him in arriving at a correct estimate of the many 
contingencies upon which life insurance rests. 

SWAIN (WILLIAM PAUL), F.R.C.S., 
Surgeon to the Royal Albert Hospital, Devonport. 

SURGICAL EMERGENCIES: A MANUAL CONTAINING 
CONCISE DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIOUS" ACCIDENTS AND 
EMERGENCIES, WITH DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR IMME- 
DIATE TREATMENT. With numerous Wood Engravings. 



31 

STILLE (ALFRED), M.D., 
Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, &c. 

EPIDEMIC MENINGITIS; or, Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. In on 

volume, Octavo. . . . . . . t $2.00 

This monograph is a timely publication, comprehensive in its scope, and presenting within 
a small compass a fair digest ofour existing knowledge of the disease, particularly accepl 
able at the present time. It is just such a one as is needed, and may be taken as B model 
for similar works. — American Journal Medical /Sciences. 

SAME AUTHOR. 

ELEMENTS OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY. A Practical Treat- 
ise on the Causes, Forms, Symptoms, and Results of Disease. Second 
Edition preparing. 

SCHULTZE (dr. b. s.), 

Professor of Midwifery at the University of Jena. 

LECTURE DIAGRAMS FOR INSTRUCTION IN PREG- 
NANCY AND MIDWIFERY. Twenty Plates of the largest Imperial 
size, printed in colors. Drawn and Edited with Explanatory Notes, 
and a 4to volume of letter-press. Prices, in sheets, $15.00. Hand- 
somely mounted on rollers for hanging up. ... $30.00 

SANSOM (ARTHUR ERNEST), M .B, 
Physician to King's College Hospital, &c. 
CHLOROFORM. Its Action and Administration. Price £2.00 
This work may be characterized as most excellent. "Written not alone from a theoretical 
point of view, bat showing very considerable experimental study, and an intimate clinical 
acquaintance with the administration of these remedies, — passing concisely over the whole 
ground, giving the latest information upon every point. It is just the work for the student 
and practitioner. — American Medical Journal. 

SCANZONI (f. w. von), 

Professor in the University of Wurzburg. 

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF THE 
SEXUAL ORGANS OF WOMEN. Translated from the French. 
By A. K. Gardner, M.D. With Illustrations. Octavo. . $5-°° 

STOKES (WILLIAM), 
Regius Professor of Physic in the University of Dublin. 

THE DISEASES OF THE HEART AND THE AORTA. 
Octavo 33 -°° 

SYDENHAM SOCIETY'S PUBLICATIONS. New Series 1859 
to 1873 inclusive, 15 years, 56 vols. Subscriptions ««^"™^ 
years furnished at $\o. 00 per year. Full prospectus, w,t h the K 
of the Society and a list of the Books published, furnished free upon 
application. 

SANKEY (w. h. o.), M.D., F.R.C.P. 
LECTURES ON MENTAL DISEASES. Octavo. . • B-*S 



32 
SWERINGEN (hiram v.). 

Member American Pharmaceutical Association, &c. 

PHARMACEUTICAL LEXICON. A Dictionary of Pharmaceu- 
tical Science. Containing a concise explanation of the various subjects 
and terms of Pharmacy, with appropriate selections from the collateral 
sciences. Formulse for officinal, empirical, and dietetic preparations; 
selections from the prescriptions of the most eminent physicians of 
Europe and America; an alphabetical list of diseases and their defini- 
tions; an account of the various modes in use for the preservation of 
dead bodies for interment or dissection ; tables of signs and abbrevia- 
tions, weights and measures, doses, antidotes to poisons, &c, &c. 
Designed as a guide for the Pharmaceutist, Druggist, Physician, &c. 

Royal Octavo. Price in cloth $5.00 

" leather ...... 6.00 

" We have received from publishers so many English reprints ill adapted to the needs of 
this country, that it is with pleasure we welcome a thorough American book, written for the 
uses of the American pharmaceutist. Besides, the work is well written, creditably arranged, 
and neatly printed. It will be found very useful to the druggist as well as to the physician. 
Being in the form of a dictionary, its aim is to give immediate information in a concise man- 
ner, and not a complete treatise on each subject. So far as we have been able to see, the 
Pharmaceutical Lexicon is remarkably correct. " — Druggist's Circular. 

SHEPPARD (edgar), M. D. 

Professor of Psychological Medicine in King's College, London. 

MADNESS, IN ITS MEDICAL, SOCIAL, AND LEGAL AS- 
PECTS. A series of Lectures delivered at King's College, London. 
Octavo. Price $2.50 

SAVAGE (henry), M. D., F. R. C. S. 

Consulting Physician to the Samaritan Free Hospital, London. 

THE SURGERY, SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, and Surgical Anat- 
omy of the Female Pelvic Organs, in a Series of Colored Plates 
taken from Nature : with Commentaries, Notes, and Cases. Third 
Edition, greatly enlarged. A quarto volume. Price 

SAME AUTHOR 
AN EXPOSITION OF THE NATURE OF THE SURGICAL 
DISEASES OF THE FEMALE PELVIC ORGANS. With a View 
to their Rational Treatment. Preparing. 

SYDENHAM SOCIETY. 

A COMPLETE SET OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE OLD 
SYDENHAM SOCIETY, in Thirty-nine Volumes Octavo, together 
with a Folio Volume of Plates. Price .... $60.00 

SQUIRE (peter), F.L.S. 
A COMPANION TO THE BRITISH PHARMACOPOEIA, Com- 
paring the Strength of its Various Preparations with those of the Edinburgh, 
Dublin, United States, and other Pharmacopoeias. 9th Ed. Price $4.50 



33 

TANNER (thomas hawkes), M.D., F.R.C.P., &c 
THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE Sixth American from the last 

London Edition. Revised, much Enlarged, and thoroughly brought up 
to the present time. With a complete Section on the Diseases Peculiar 
to Women, an extensive Appendix of Formulae for Medicines, Baths, 
&c.,&c. Royal Octavo, over noo pages. Price, in cloth, <,h.oo; 

leather £ 7 .oo 

There is a common character about the writings of Dr. Tanner — a characteristic which 
constitutes one of their chief values: they are all essentially and thoroughly practical. Dr. 
Tanner never, for one moment, allows this utilitarian end to escape his mental view. 1 1 
aims at teaching how to recognize and how to cure disease, and in this he is thoroughly suc- 
cessful. ... It is, indeed, a wonderful mine of knowledge. —Medical Times. 

SAME AUTHOR. 

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF IN- 
FANCY AND CHILDHOOD. Third American from the last Lon- 
don Edition, Revised and Enlarged. By Alfred Meadows, M.D., 
London, M.R.C.P., Physician to the Hospital for Women and to the 
General Lying-in Hospital, &c, &c. Price . . . . $3.50 

This book of Dr. Tanner's has been much enlarged and the plan altered by Dr. Meadows. 
As it now stands, it is probably one of the most complete in our language. It no longer 
deals with children's diseases only, but includes the peculiar conditions of childhood, both 
normal and abnormal, as well as the therapeutics specially applicable to that class of patients. 
The articles on Skin Diseases have been revised by Dr. Tilbury Fox, and those on Diseases 
of the Eye by Dr. Brudenell Carter, both gentlemen distinguished in these specialties. — 
Medical Times and Gazette. 

A MEMORANDA OF POISONS. A New and much Enlarged 
Edition. Price 75 

This manual is intended to assist the practitioner in the diagnosis and treatment of poison- 
ing, and especially to prevent his attributing to natural disease symptoms due to the admin- 
istration of deadly drugs. 

TYSON (james), M.D., 

Lecturer on Microscopy in the University of Pennsylvania, &c 

THE CELL DOCTRINE. Its History and Present State, with a 
Copious Bibliography of the Subject, for the use of Students of Medi- 
cine and Dentistry. With Colored Plate, and numerous Illustrations 

on Wood. Price . $ 2 -°° 

Dr. Tvson furnishes in this work a concise and instructive rSsumi of the origin ami ad- 
vance of the doctrine of Cell Evolution. In it we find the theories of Vircnow. -Robin, 
Huxlev, Hughes, Bennett, Beale, and other distinguished men. It contains what could other- 
wise onlv be learned bv a perusal of many works; and it supplies the reader with a con- 
tinuous, "complete, and general knowledge of the history, progress, and peculiar phases of 
the Cell Doctrine, accompanied by careful references and a copious bibliography. 

TAFT (JONATHAN), D.D.S., 
Professor of Operative Dentistry in the Ohio College, &c. 

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON OPERATIVE DENTISTRY 
Second Edition, thoroughly Revised, with Additions, and fully broughi 
up to the Present State of the Science. Containing over 100 Illus- 
trations. Octavo. Price, in leather, . • • ■ 
Professor Taft has done good service in thus embodying, in a "W^^S^ 
hensive view of operative dentistry. This gentleman's position as a t teach* r *m I . ren 
deredhim familiar with the most recent views which areen^ .» : n ■ » 
matter, while his extensive experience and well-earned repujation » P™*"" 
rendered him a competent judge of their merits. We willingy eommead liul^r 
able and useful work to the profession. — London Dental Xeacw. 

3 



34 

TROUSSEAU (a.), 

Professor of Clinical Medicine to the Faculty of Medicine, Paris, &c. 

LECTURES ON CLINICAL MEDICINE. Delivered at the HStel 
Dieu, Paris. Translated from the Third Revised and Enlarged Edition 
by P. Victor Bazire, M.D., London and Paris; and John Rose Cor- 
mack, M.D., Edinburgh, F.R.S., &c. With a full Index, Table of Con- 
tents, &c. Complete in Two volumes, royal octavo, bound in cloth. 

Price $10.00; in leather $12.00 

Trousseau's Lectures have attained a reputation both in England and this country far 
greater than any work of a similar character heretofore written ; and, notwithstanding but few 
medical men could afford to purchase the expensive edition issued by the Sydenham Society, 
it has had an extensive sale. In order, however, to bring the work within the reach of all 
the profession, the publishers now issue this edition, containing all the lectures as contained 
in the five-volume edition, at one-half the price. The London Lancet, in speaking of the 
work, says: " It treats of diseases of daily occurrence and of the most vital interest to the 
practitioner. And we should think any medical library absurdly incomplete now which did 
not have alongside of Watson, Graves, and Tanner, the ' Clinical Medicine ' of Trousseau." 
The Sydenham Society's Edition of Trousseau can also be furnished in sets, or in separate 
volumes, as follows : Volumes I., II., and III., £5.00 each. Volumes IV. and V., $4.00 each. 

TILT (edward john), M.D. 

THE CHANGE OF LIFE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. A 

Practical Treatise on the Nervous and other Affections incidental to 
Women at the Decline of Life. From the Third London Edition. 
Price ........... $3.00 

The work is rich in personal experience and observation, as well as in ready and sensible 
reflection on the experience and observation of others. The book is one that no practitioner 
should be without, as the best we have on a class of diseases that makes a constant demand 
upon our care, and requires very judicious management on the part of the practitioner. — 
London Lancet, 



TOYNBEE (j.), F.R.S. 

ON DISEASES OF THE EAR. Their Nature, Diagnosis, and 
Treatment. A new London Edition, with a Supplement. By James 
Hinton, Aural Surgeon to Guy's Hospital, &c. And numerous Illus- 
trations. Octavo. . . . . . . . . $5.00 

THOMPSON (siRfflMWY), F.R.C.S., &c. 

ON THE PREVENTIVE TREATMENT OF CALCULOUS 
DISEASE, and the Use of Solvent Remedies. Price . . #1.00 

SAME AUTHOR. 

CLINICAL LECTURES IN DISEASES OF THE URINARY 
ORGANS. Third London Edition, with additional Lectures and 
Illustrations. $2. 50 

PRACTICAL LITHOTOMY AND LITHOTRITY. Second Edi- 
tion, with Illustrations. $4.00 

THOROWGOOd7john a), M.D., 

Lecturer on Materia Medicaatthe Middlesex Hospital. 

THE STUDENT'S GUIDE TO MATERIA MEDICA. With 
Engravings on Wood. # 2 «5° 

TYLER SMITH (w.), M.D., 

Physician, Accoucheur, and Lecturer on Midwifery, &.C. 

ON OBSTETRICS. A Course of Lectures. Edited by A. K. 
Gardner, M.D. With Illustrations. Octavo. . . - . $5.00 



35 
THOROWGOOD (j. c ), M. D. 

Physician to the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, aid to the West London Hospital 4c 
NOTES ON ASTHMA. Its various Forms, their n£T£ 

^Slo^ ^ ASthma ' W " h a " ****«"< *>"»"*■ S ■ 

IM-75 

TOMES (john), F. R. S. 

Late Dental Surgeon to the Middlesex and Dental Hospitals, &c 

A SYSTEM OF DENTAL SURGERY. The Second Revised and 
Enlarged Edition, by Charles S. Tomes, M.A., Lecturer on Dental 
Anatomy and Physiology, and Assistant Dental Surgeon to the Dental 
Hospital of London. With 263 Illustrations. Price . .55.00 

iJrtl* b? ° k ha ? ^ en /fl° me tim ? Out . of P rint in this country. The material progress made 
in the science of Dental Surgery since its first publication has rendered largfe^itiona and 
many revisions necessary to the New Edition : in order to bring it fully up to the time ■ I i ' 
ha^ been done without increasing the size of the book more than possible. Many improve- 
ments, however, will be found added to the Text, and some Sixty new illustrations ire in- 
corporated in the volume. 

TOMES (c. s.), B.A. 

Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology, and Assistant Surgeon to the Dental Hospital of London. 

A MANUAL OF DENTAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 

with Numerous Illustrations. Preparing. 

TROUSSEAU (a.), M. D. 

Professor of Clinical Medicine to the Faculty of Medicine, Paris j Physician to the Hotel Dieu, &c, Slc. 

LECTURES ON CLINICAL MEDICINE. Delivered at the Hotel 
Dieu, Paris. Sydenham Society's Edition. 

Price of Vols. 1, 2, and 3, each, $500 

" " 4 and 5 " . . • • • . 4 00 

TUKE (DANIEL H.), M. D. 
Associate Author of "A Manual of Psychological Medicine," &c. 

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE MIND 
UPON THE BODY. Octavo. Price .... $400 

The author shows very clearly in this book the curative influence of the mind, as well as 
its effect in causing disease, and the use of the imagination and emotions as therapeutic 
agents. His object is also to turn to the use of legitimate medicine the means so frequently 
employed successfully in many systems of quackery. 

TIBBITS (HERBERT), M. D. 
Medical Superintendent of the National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic, 4c. 

i. HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL ELECTRICITY. With Sixty- 
four large Illustrations. Small octavo. Price . . . $2.oc 

The author of this volume is the translator of Duchenne's great work on " Lorali/. -d I ■ 
trization." Avoiding contested points in electro-physiology and merapeutics, he dm pre- 
pared this handbook as containing all that is essential for the busy practitioner to know, noi 
only when, but in explicit and full detail, how to use gectnaty n. the Ucatmentof 
disease, and to make the practitioner as much at home in the use ol his electrical M nU 
other medical instruments. 



36 
VIRCHOW (rudolphe), 

Professor, University of Berlin. 

CELLULAR PATHOLOGY. Translated from the Second Edition, 
with Notes and Emendations, by Frank Chance, B.A., M.A., 144 

Illustrations. . . . . . . . . jjk.oo 



VAN DER KOLK (j. l. c. schroeder), 

THE PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS OF MENTAL 
DISEASES. Translated by Mr. Rudall, F.R.C.S. Octavo. $3.00 



WARING (edward john), F.R.C.S., F.L.S., &c, &c. 

PRACTICAL THERAPEUTICS. Considered chiefly with refer- 
ence to Articles of the Materia Medica. Third American from the last 
London Edition. Price, in cloth, $5.00 ; leather . . $6.00 

There are many features in Dr. Waring's Therapeutics which render it especially valuable 
to the Practitioner and Student of Medicine, much important and reliable information being 
found in it not contained in similar works ; also in its completeness, the convenience of its ar- 
rangement, and the greater prominence given to the medicinal application of the various 
articles of the Materia Medica in the treatment of morbid conditions of the Human Body, &c. 
It is divided" into two parts, the alphabetical arrangement being adopted throughout. It 
contains also an excellent Index of Diseases, with a list of the medicines applicable as 
remedies, and a full Index of the medicines and preparations noticed in the work. 



WYTHES (joseph h), A.M., M.D., &c. 

THE PHYSICIAN'S POCKET, DOSE, AND SYMPTOM BOOK. 

Containing the Doses and Uses of all the PrincipalArticles of the Materia 
Medica, and Original Preparations ; A Table of Weights and Measures, 
Rules to Proportion the Doses of Medicines, Common Abbreviations 
used in Writing Prescriptions, Table of Poisons and Antidotes, Classifi- 
cation of the Materia Medica, Dietetic Preparations, Table of Symptom- 
atology, Outlines of General Pathology and Therapeutics, &c. The 
Eleventh Revised Edition. Price, in cloth, $1.25; in leather, tucks, 
with pockets, ......... $1.50 

This manual has been received with much favor, and a large number of copies sold. It 
was compiled for the assistance of students, and as a vade mecum for the general practitioner, 
to save the trouble of reference to larger and more elaborate works. This edition has under- 
gone a careful revision. The therapeutical arrangement of the Materia Medica has been 
added, together with other improvements of value to the work. 



WILKS and MOXON. 

LECTURES ON PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY. By Samuel 
Wilks, M.D., F.R.S., Physician to, and Lecturer on Medicine at, Guy's 
Hospital. Second Edition, Enlarged and Revised. By Walter Moxon, 
M.D., F.R.S., Physician to, and late Lecturer on Pathology at, Guy's 
Hospital. Preparing. 

WILSON (erasmus), F.R.S. 

HEALTHY SKIN. A Popular Treatise on the Skin and Hair, their 

Preservation and Management. Seventh Edition. . . $1.25 



37 



WILSON (george), M.A., M. D. 

Medical Officer to the Convict Prison at Portsmouth. 

A H ^^ B ° 0K ° F HYGIEN E AND SANITARY SCIENCE 
With Engravings. Second-Edition, carefully Revised 

CONTENTS. 



Chap. 1. Introductory — Public Health and 
Preventable Disease. 

" 2. Food — Construction of Dietaries; 
Examination; Effects of Un- 
wholesome Food. 

" 3. Air: its Impurities; Unwholesome 
Trades. 

" 4. Ventilation and Warming. 

" 5. Examination of Air. 

" 6. Water, Waterworks, Water Analy- 
sis. 

" 7. Effects of Impure Water on Public 
Health. 

" 8. Dwellings, Structural Arrange- 
ments, Dwellings of the Poor. 

" 9. Hospitals ; Plans of Pavilion, Cot- 
Price .... 



tege, and Contagious Din 

Hospitals. 
Chap. 10. Removal of Sewage and l: 
Matter. 

11. Purification and Utilization of 
Sewage. 

12. Effects of Improved Sewerage and 
Drainage on Public Health. 

13. Preventive Measures; Disinfec- 
tion; Managemenl of Epidemics. 

14. Duties of Medical Officii- of 

Health. 
Appendix I. Excerpts from the various 
Public Health and limitary Acts. 
II. List of Analytical Apparatus and Re- 
agents, with prices. 

£2.50 



WARD (stephen h.), M.D., F. R. C. P. • 

Physician to the Seaman's Hospital, &c, &c. 

ON SOME AFFECTIONS OF THE LIVER and Intestinal Canal; 

with Remarks on Ague and its Sequelae, Scurvy, Purpura, &c. 

Price £3.00 

"Dr. Ward's book is of a purely practical character, embodying the author's experience 
from his long connection as physician to the Seaman's Hospital. His accurate description 
ot the diseases treated will amply repay the reader." — Dublin Medical Journal. 



WILSON (erasmus), F. R. C. S., &c. 

CONTAINING THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-ONE ILLUSTRATIONS. 

THE ANATOMIST'S VADE MECUM. A Complete System of 
Human Anatomy:. The Ninth Revised and Enlarged London Edition. 
Edited and fully brought to the Science of the day by Prof. George 
Buchanan, Lecturer on Anatomy in Anderson's University, Glasgow, 
with many New Illustrations, prepared expressly for this Edition. 
Price $5-5° 

WEDL (carl), M. D. 

Professor of Histology, &c, in the University of Vienna, 

DENTAL PATHOLOGY. The Pathology of the Teeth. With 
Special Reference to their Anatomy and Physiology. First American 
Edition, translated by W. E. Boardman, M.D., with Notes by Tho& 
B. Hitchcock, M.D., Professor of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics 
in the Dental School of Harvard University, Cambridge. With 105 
Illustrations. . . . Price, in Cloth, #4.50 ; Leather, £5. 50 

This work exhibits laborious research and medical culture of no ordinary character. It 
overs the entire field of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Teeth. Tin- author, 
*rof. Wedl, has thoroughly mastered the subject, using with great benefit to the book the 
ery valuable material left 'by the late Dr. Heider, Professor of Dental Pathology in the Uni- 
versity of Vienna, the result" of the life-long worlj of this eminent man. 



38 

WOODMAN and TIDY. 

A HANDY-BOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXI- 
COLOGY. By W. Bathurst Woodman, M. D. St. And., Assistant 
-Physician and Lecturer on Physiology at the London Hospital; and C. 
Meymott Tidy, M.A., M.B., Lecturer on Chemistry, and Professor of 
Medical Jurisprudence and Public Health, at the London Hospital. 
With numerous Illustrations. Preparing. 

WELLS (j. scelberg), 

Ophthalmic Surgeon to King's College Hospital, &c. 

TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF THE EYE. Illustrated by 
Ophthalmoscopic Plates and numerous Engravings on Wood. The 
Third London Edition. Cloth, $5.00; leather . . . $6.00 

This is the author's own edition, printed in London under his supervision, and issued in 
this country by special arrangement with him. 

SAME AUTHOR. 

ON LONG, SHORT, AND WEAK SIGHT, and their Treatment 
by the Scientific Use of Spectacles. Third Edition Revised, with Ad- 
ditions and numerous Illustrations. Price . . . . $3.00 

WRIGHT (henry g.), M.D., 

Member of the Royal College of Physicians, &c, 

ON HEADACHES. Their Causes and their Cure. From the Fourth 

London Edition. i2mo. Cloth. . . . . $ 1 - 2 5 

The author's plan is simple and practical. He treats of headaches in childhood and youth, 
in adult life and old age, giving in each their varieties and symptoms, and their causes and 
treatment. It is a most satisfactory monograph, as the mere fact that this is a reprint of the 
fourth edition testifies. 

WALTON (haynes), 

Surgeon in Charge of the Ophthalmic Department of, and Lecturer on Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery 

in, St. Mary's Hospital. 

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON DISEASES OF THE EYE, 
with an Introductory Chapter on the Anatomy of the Eyeball. With 
nearly 300 Engravings on Wood and about 20 Chromo-Lithographs. 
Third Edition. Octavo. Nearly Ready. 

WATERS (a. t. h.), M.D., F.R.C.P., &c. 

DISEASES OF THE CHEST. Contributions to their Clinical His- 
tory, Pathology, and Treatment. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 
With numerous Illustrative Cases and Chapters on Haemoptysis, Hay 
Fever, Thoracic Aneurism, and the Use of Chloral in certain Diseases 
of the Chest, and Plates. Octavo. Price . . . . $5- 00 

WALKER (ALEXANDER), 
Author of " Woman," ".Beauty," &c. 

INTERMARRIAGE; or, the Mode in which, and the Causes why, 
Beauty, Health, Intellect result from certain Unions, and Deformity, 
Disease, and Insanity from others. With Illustrations. i2mo. #i-5° 



"The leading feature of this book is its essentially practical character."— 

London Lancet. 

Tanner's Practice of Medicine. 

SIXTH AMERICAN, FROM THE LAST LONDON EDITION 

ENLARGED AND THOROUGHLY REVISED. 

JUST READY. 

THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, by Thomas IIawkks Tanhik, 
M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Author of Tanner'* 
Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Children, &c, <$c. Sixth Ame- 
rican Edition, with a very Extensive Appendix of Formulae. In- 
cluding also Climates for Invalids, Baths, Mineral Waters, dec. 

Price, handsomely bound in Cloth, 

Leather. . 



$6 00 
7 00 



OOITTEITTS. 



p art 1. General Diseases. 

" 2. Fevers. 

" 3. Venereal Diseases. 

" 4. Diseases of the Nervous System. 

" 5. Diseases of the Organs of Respi- 
ration and Circulation. 

" 6. Diseases of the Thoracic Walls. 

" 7. Diseases of the Alimentary Canal. 

" 8. Diseases of the Liver. 

" 9. Diseases of the Pancreas and 
Spleen. 



Part 10. Diseases of the Abdominal Walls. 
" 11. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 
" 12. Diseases of the Uterine Organs. 
" 13. Diseases of the Skin. 
" 14. Diseases of Cutaneous Append- 
ages. 
" 15. Diseases of the Bloodvessels. 
" 16. Diseases of the Absorbent System. 

Appendix of Formulae 

General Index. 



"The rapidity with which edition after edition of this work has appeared and dis- 
appeared id, on the whole, a true test of its merits. The fifth edition was, we believe, 
a very large one, yet the book was for some time out of print before the present one 
could be prepared. Dr. Tanner has chosen his title well ; his work is essentially one 
on the practice of medicine in its widest sense, and it is in what relates to pure prac- 
tice, as contradistinguished from the theory of medicine, that the book is strongest; 
for it has been the author's aim to collect everything he could think of which would 
aid the practitioner in the discharge of his duties. But it is not to men engaged in 
the active discharge of the duties of their profession alone to whom the book is wel- 
come. With the student, preparing himself to enter upon these duties, the book has 
long been a favorite, chiefly, we believe, from the lucidity of its style and the character 
of its substance. Other books there are, more eloquent and more recondite, but none 
excel Dr. Tanner's work in these important features. All that is necessary to know 
is here, disposed in such a manner as to admit of the readiest reference, and of being 
most easily retained in the memory. Our limits will not admit of an extended review, 
which would be out of place with regard to a book practically established as a standard. 
It carries its own recommendation, and is its own best passport to general use. It baa 
been the result of very great labor — labor well spent ; and it appears in a form which 
is creditable to its publishers as it is pleasing to those who have to use the hook. — 
British and Foreign Medico- Chirurgical Review, April, 1870. 

"Dr. Tanner's works are all essentially and thoroughly practical,— he never for one 
moment allows this utilitarian end to escape his mental view. He aims at teaching how 
to recognize and how to cure disease, and in this he is thoroughly successful. It n 
indeed a wonderful mine of knowledge." — Medical Times and Gazette, July, 1809. 



THE LATEST TEXT-BOOK 

ON THE 

PEACTICE OF MEDICINE. ( 

Uniformly Commended by the Profession and the Press. 

A HAND-BOOK OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MEDI- 
CINE. By Frederick T. Roberts, M.D., M.R.C.P., Assistant Pro- 
fessor and Teacher of Clinical Medicine in University College Hospital, 
Assistant Physician in Brompton Consumptive Hospital, &c, &c. 
In One Volume, Octavo, of over 1000 pages. Price, in cloth . $5.00 

leather . $6.00 
The Publishers are in receipt of numerous letters from Professors in the various Med- 
ical Schools, uniformly commending this book ; whilst the following extracts from the 
Medical Press, both English and American, fully attest its superiority and great value 
not only to the student, but also to the busy practitioner. 

This is a good book, yea, a very good book. It is not so full in its Pathology as " Aitken," 
so charming in its composition as " Watson," nor so decisive in its treatment as " Tanner; " 
but it is more compendious than any of them, and therefore more useful. We know of no 
other work in the English language, or in any other, for that matter, which competes with 
this one. — Edinburgh Medical Journal. 

We have much pleasure in expressing our sense of the author's conscientious anxiety to 
make his work a faithful representation of modern medical beliefs and practice. In this he 
has succeeded in a degree that will earn the gratitude of very many students and practition- 
ers: it is a remarkable evidence of iudustry, experience, and research. — Practitioner. 

That Dr. Roberts's book is admirably fitted to supply the want of a good hand-book of 
medicine, so much felt by every medical student, does not admit of a question. — Students' 
Journal and Hospital Gazette. 

Dr. Roberts has accomplished his task in a satisfactory manner, and has produced a work 
mainly intended for students that will be cordially welcomed by them ; most of the observa- 
tions on treatment are carefully written and worthy of attentive study; the arrangement is 
good, and the style clear and simple. — London Lancet. 

It contains a vast deal of capital instruction for the student, much valuable matter in it to 
commend, and merit enough to insure for it a rapid sale. — London Medical Times and Gazette. 

There are great excellencies in this book, which will make it a favorite both with the 
accurate student and busy practitioner. The author has had ample experience.— Richmond 
and Louisville Journal. 

We confess ourselves most favorably impressed with this work. The author has performed 
his task most creditably, and we cordially recommend the book to our readers. — Canada 
Medical and Surgical Journal. 

A careful reading of the book has led us to believe that the author has written a work 
more nearly up to the times than any that we have seen ; to the student, it will be a gift of 
priceless value. — Detroit Review of Medicine. 

Our opinion of it is one of almost unqualified praise. The style is clear, and the amount of 
useful and, indeed, indispensable information which it contains is marvellous. We heartily 
recommend it to students, teachers, and practitioners. — Boston Med. and Surgical Journal. 

It is of a much higher order than the usual compilations and abstracts placed in the hands 
of students. It embraces many suggestions and hints from a carefully compiled hospital 
experience ; the style is clear and concise, and the plan of the work very judicious. — Medical 
and Surgical Reporter. 

It is unsurpassed by any work that has fallen into our hands as a compendium for students 
preparing for examination. It is thoroughly practical and fully up to the times. — The Clinic. 

We find it an admirable book. Indeed, we know of no hand-book on the subject just now 
to be preferred to it. We particularly commend it to students about to enter upon the 
practice of their profession. — St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal. 

If there is a book in the whole of medical literature in which so much is said in so 
few words, it has never come within our reach. So clear, terse, and pointed is the style ; 
so accurate the diction, and so varied the matter of this book, that it is almost a dictionary 
of practical medicine. — Chicago Medical Journal. 

The author's style is clear, concise, and methodical.— Chicago Medical Examiner. 
Dr. Roberts has given us a work of real value, and especially for the use of students is 
the book a good one. — Lancet and Observer. 



to .^ * r <■:, aV 



■ 










./ 



,0o. 



A* 



«V3 

A 0> 



As 









^ * 



^ 



\ ^ 






76 ' '-X ^\ 









v V-3 



* -^ *& C v A '•?, * 



A^> * , -Vd O 
















e> ^ 



iOo. 






















































- 












/. 



.0 o 









- 







iBSffl 



r't'J' 

B 

» ? 



■ 'On 



h 






Ha II p 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



DDDEblEflS^b 



■■« 



HSJutlMJUut 



